Triangulating perspectives to inform the development of a smartphone application for foster, kinship, and adoptive parents

References

• Abroms, L. C., Westmaas, J. L., Bontemps-Jones, J., Ramani, R., & Mellerson, J. (2013). A content analysis of popular smartphone apps for smoking cessation. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45(6), 732–736. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguirre, R. T., McCoy, M. K., & Roan, M. (2013). Development guidelines from a study of suicide prevention mobile applications (apps). Journal of Technology in Human Services, 31(3), 269–293. doi:10.1080/15228835.2013.814750
   Google Scholar
• Alford, K. A., Denby, R. W., & Gomez, E. (2019). Use of smartphone technology in foster care to build relational competence: Voices of caregivers and implications for prudent parenting. Journal of Family Social Work, 22(3), 209–230. doi:10.1080/10522158.2018.1558428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ault, M. J., Baggerman, M. A., & Horn, C. K. (2017). Effects of an app incorporating systematic instruction to teach spelling to students with developmental delays. Journal of Special Education Technology, 32(3), 123–137. doi:10.1177/0162643417696931
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayala, G. X., & Elder, J. P. (2011). Qualitative methods to ensure acceptability of behavioral and social interventions to the target population. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 71, S69–S79. doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.2011.00241.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, D., Kazantzis, N., Rickwood, D., & Rickard, N. (2018). A randomized controlled trial of three smartphone apps for enhancing public mental health. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 109, 75–83. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Barsky, A. E. (2017). Social work practice and technology: Ethical issues and policy responses. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 35(1), 8–19. doi:10.1080/15228835.2017.1277906
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbee, A. P., & Martin, M. L. (2013). Skill-based training and transfer of learning. In H. Cahalane (Ed.), Contemporary issues in child welfare practice. Contemporary social work practice (pp.183–204). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bateman, J., Allen, M., Samani, D., Kidd, J., & Davies, D. (2013). Virtual patient design: Exploring what works and why. A grounded theory study. Medical Education, 47(6), 595–606. doi:10.1111/medu.12151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berzin, S. C., Singer, J., & Chan, C. (2016). Practice Innovation through technology in the digital age: A grand challenge for social work (Grand Challenges for Social Work Initiative Working Paper No. 12). Cleveland, OH: American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare. Retrieved from http://aaswsw.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Practice-Innovation-through-Technology-in-the-Digital-Age-A-Grand-Challenge-for-Social-Work-GC-Working-Paper-No-12.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bielawski-Branch, A., Jorgenson, J., Bresland, N., Forehand, R., & Strolin-Goltzman, J. (2017). TIPS: A trauma informed parenting workshop for foster families - Three day outline. Unpublished training manual, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.
   Google Scholar
• Bijker, T. P. H, & T. J. Pinch. (Eds.). (1989). The social constructions of technological systems: New directions in the sociology and history of technology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, T., Gielen, A., & Glass, N. (2016). Developing an app for college women in abusive same-sex relationships and their friends. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(6), 855–874. doi:10.1080/00918369.2015.1112597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitenstein, S. M., Fogg, L., Ocampo, E. V., Acosta, D. I., & Gross, D. (2016). Parent use and efficacy of a self-administered, tablet-based parent training intervention: A randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and Uhealth, 4(2), e36. doi:10.2196/mhealth.5202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitenstein, S. M., Gross, D., & Christophersen, R. (2014). Digital delivery methods of parenting training interventions: A systematic review. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 11(3), 168–176. doi:10.1111/wvn.12040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bricker, J. B., Mull, K. E., Kientz, J. A., Vilardaga, R., Mercer, L. D., Akioka, K. J., & Heffner, J. L. (2014). Randomized, controlled pilot trial of a smartphone app for smoking cessation using acceptance and commitment therapy. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 143, 87–94. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J. D., & Bednar, L. M. (2006). Foster parent perceptions of placement breakdown. Children and Youth Services Review, 28(12), 1497–1511. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2006.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruskas, D. (2008). Children in foster care: A vulnerable population at risk. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 21(2), 70–77. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2008.00134.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burns, B., Phillips, S., Wagner, H., Barth, R., Kolko, D., Campbell, Y., & Landsverk, J. (2004). Mental health need and access to mental health services by youths involved in child welfare: A national survey. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(8), 960–970. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000127590.95585.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare. (2010). CW360° A comprehensive look at a prevalent child welfare issues: Promoting Placement Stability. University of Minnesota. Retrieved from, https://cascw.umn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/CW360_2010.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlain, P., Moreland, S., & Reid, K. (1992). Enhanced services and stipends for foster parents: Effects on retention rates and outcomes for children. Child Welfare, 71(5), 387–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain, P., Price, J. M., Reid, J. B., Landsverk, J., Fisher, P. A., & Stoolmiller, M. (2006). Who disrupts from placement in foster and kinship care? Child Abuse & Neglect, 30(4), 409–424. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain, P., Price, J., Leve, L. D., Laurent, H., Landsverk, J. A., & Reid, J. B. (2008). Prevention of behavior problems for children in foster care: outcomes and mediation effects. Prevention Science, 9(1), 17–27. doi:10.1007/s11121-007-0080-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain, P., Price, J., Reid, J., & Landsverk, J. (2008). Cascading implementation of a foster and kinship parent intervention. Child Welfare, 87(5), 27–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, C., & Holosko, M. J. (2016). A review of information and communication technology enhanced social work interventions. Research on Social Work Practice, 26(1), 88–100. doi:10.1177/1049731515578884
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2012). Adoption disruption and dissolution. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2015). Developing a trauma-informed child welfare system. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2019). Foster care statistics 2017. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/foster.pdf#page=4&view=Placement settings
   Google Scholar
• The Chronicle of Social Change. (2017). Foster parents lean on tech [Magazine and eBook]. FosterTech: A Special Issue on Technology and Child Welfare. Fostering Media Connections, 11.
   Google Scholar
• Conn, A. M., Szilagyi, M. A., Alpert-Gillis, L., Webster-Stratton, C., Manly, J. T., Goldstein, N., & Jee, S. H. (2018). Pilot randomized controlled trial of foster parent training: A mixed-methods evaluation of parent and child outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review, 89, 188–197. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.04.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell, C. M., Vanderploeg, J. J., Flaspohler, P., Katz, K. H., Saunders, L., & Tebes, J. K. (2006). Changes in placement among children in foster care: A longitudinal study of child and case influences. Social Service Review, 80(3), 398–418. doi:10.1086/505554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connelly, L. (2016). Trustworthiness in qualitative research. MedSurg Nursing, 25(6), 435–436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Crompton, H., Burke, D., & Gregory, K. H. (2017). The use of mobile learning in PK-12 education: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 110, 51–63. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2017.03.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Andrea, W., Ford, J., Stolbach, B., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2012). Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: Why we need a developmentally appropriate trauma diagnosis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(2), 187–200. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01154.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darlington, Y., Healy, K., Yellowlees, J., & Bosly, F. (2012). Parents’ perceptions of their participation in mandated family group meetings. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(2), 331–337. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.10.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dedoose. (2017). Version 7.6.21 web application for managing, analyzing, and presenting qualitative and mixed method research data. Los Angeles, CA: SocioCultural Research Consultants, LLC www.dedoose.com.
   Google Scholar
• Denby Brinson, R., Gomez, E., & Alford, K. A. (2015). Becoming “smart” about relationship building: Foster care youth and the use of technology. The Lincy Institute Issue Brief Social Services, 3, 1–12. Retrieved from https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/lincy_publications/19/
   Google Scholar
• Denby, R. W., Gomez, E., & Alford, K. A. (2016). Promoting well-being through relationship building: The role of smartphone technology in foster care. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 34(2), 183–208. doi:10.1080/15228835.2016.1168761
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donker, T., Petrie, K., Proudfoot, J., Clarke, J., Birch, M. R., & Christensen, H. (2013). Smartphones for smart delivery of mental health programs: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(11), e247. doi:10.2196/jmir.2791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsey, S., Farmer, E. M., Barth, R. P., Greene, K. M., Reid, J., & Landsverk, J. (2008). Current status and evidence base of training for foster and treatment foster parents. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(12), 1403–1416. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dourish, P. (2006, April). Implications for design. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Durkin, E., & Fanelli, J. (2017, May 16). Exclusive: New tech for NYC child welfare investigators to alert police in dangerous situations. New York Daily News. Retrieved from https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/phone-tech-nyc-child-welfare-workers-alerting-cops-article-1.3168879
   Google Scholar
• Fanning, J., Roberts, S., Hillman, C. H., Mullen, S. P., Ritterband, L., & McAuley, E. (2017). A smartphone “app”-delivered randomized factorial trial targeting physical activity in adults. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40(5), 712–729. doi:10.1007/s10865-017-9838-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawley-King, K., Trask, E. V., Zhang, J., & Aarons, G. A. (2017). The impact of changing neighborhoods, switching schools, and experiencing relationship disruption on children’s adjustment to a new placement in foster care. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 141–150. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, T. (2002). After adoption: Dissolution or permanence? Child Welfare, 81(3), 515–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, T. (2017). Adoption disruption. In G. P. Mallon & P. M. Hess (Eds.), Child welfare for the twenty-first century: A handbook of practices, policies, and programs (2d ed., pp. 437–454). New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Festinger, T., & Maza, P. (2009). Displacement or post-adoption placement? A research note. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 3(3), 275–286. doi:10.1080/15548730903129889
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, P. A., Stoolmiller, M., Mannering, A. M., Takahashi, A., & Chamberlain, P. (2011). Foster placement disruptions associated with problem behavior: Mitigating a threshold effect. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(4), 481–487. doi:10.1037/a0024313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia, A. R., Gupta, M. S. N., Greeson, J. K. P., Thompson, A. E., & DeNard, C. M. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences among youth reported to child welfare: Results from the national survey of child & adolescent wellbeing. Child Abuse & Neglect, 70, 292–302. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gikas, J., & Grant, M. M. (2013). Mobile computing devices in higher education: Student perspectives on learning with cellphones, smartphones & social media. The Internet and Higher Education, 19, 18–26. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladstone, J., Dumbrill, G., Leslie, B., Koster, A. J., Young, M., & Ismaila, A. S. (2012). Looking at engagement and outcome from the perspectives of child protection workers and parents. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 112–118. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greeson, J. K. P., Briggs, E. C., Kisiel, C. L., Layne, C. M., Ake, G. S., Ko, S. J., … Fairbank, J. A. (2011). Complex trauma and mental health in children and adolescents placed in foster care: Findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Child Welfare, 90(6), 91–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, G., Martinovich, Z., Gawron, T., & Lyons, J. S. (2009). Strengths moderate the impact of trauma on risk behaviors in child welfare. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 26, 105–118. doi:10.1080/08865710902872994
   Google Scholar
• Grillo, C. A., Lott, D. A., & Foster Care Subcommittee of the Child Welfare Committee, National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (2010). Caring for children who have experienced trauma: A workshop for resource parents—Facilitator’s guide. Los Angeles, CA: National Center for Child Traumatic Stress.
   Google Scholar
• Goerge, R. M., Howard, E. C., Yu, D., & Radomsky, S. (1997). Adoption, disruption, and displacement in the child welfare system, 1976-94. Chicago: University of Chicago, Chapin Hall Center for Children.
   Google Scholar
• Gurwitch, R. H., Messer, E. P., Masse, J., Olafson, E., Boat, B. W., & Putnam, F. W. (2016). Child–Adult Relationship Enhancement (CARE): An evidence-informed program for children with a history of trauma and other behavioral challenges. Child Abuse & Neglect, 53, 138–145. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardaway, C. R., Mcloyd, V. C., & Wood, D. S. (2012). Exposure to violence and socioemotional adjustment of low-income youth: An examination of protective factors. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49(1–2), 112–126. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9440-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsh-Pasek, K., Zosh, J. M., Golinkoff, R. M., Gray, J. H., Robb, M. B., & Kaufman, J. (2015). Putting education in “educational” apps: Lessons from the science of learning. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(1), 3–34. doi:10.1177/1529100615569721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, B., Tarasuik, J., Antoniou, M. N., Garrett, C., Bowe, S. J., Kaufman, J., & The, S. B. T. (2016). Young children’s transfer of learning from a touchscreen device. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 56–64. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, K. (2018, May). Southern Area Consortium of Human Services research summary: Innovative technologies in child welfare services. The Academy for Professional excellence: San Diego State University School of Social Work. Retrieved from https://theacademy.sdsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/innovative-technology-in-cw-may-2018.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, T. K. A., Slack, K. S., & Berger, L. M. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences and behavioral problems in middle childhood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 67, 391–402. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, S. (2004). Why do foster care placements disrupt? An investigation of reasons for placement change in foster care. Social Service Review, 78(4), 601–627. doi:10.1086/424546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, L. M. (2015, September 2). Foster care: There’s an app for that. The Chronicle of Social Change. Retrieved from https://chronicleofsocialchange.org/featured/foster-care-theres-an-app-for-that
   Google Scholar
• Jones, N., & Moffitt, M. (2016). Ethical guidelines for mobile app development within health and mental health fields. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 47(2), 155–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., & Baek, T. H. (2018). Examining the antecedents and consequences of mobile app engagement. Telematics and Informatics, 35(1), 148–158. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.10.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, E., Lin, J., & Sung, Y. (2013). To app or not to app: Engaging consumers via branded mobile apps. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 13(1), 53–65. doi:10.1080/15252019.2013.782780
   Google Scholar
• Koh, E., Rolock, N., Cross, T. P., & Eblen-Manning, J. (2014). What explains instability in foster care? Comparison of a matched sample of children with stable and unstable placements. Children and Youth Services Review, 37, 36–45. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb, D. A. (2015). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development (2nd ed.) Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn, E., Kanuri, N., Hoffman, J. E., Garvert, D. W., Ruzek, J. I., & Taylor, C. B. (2017). Brief report: A randomized controlled trial of a smartphone app for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(3), 267–273. doi:10.1037/ccp0000163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaLiberte, T., & Snyder, E. (2011, Spring). CW360˚ a comprehensive look at a prevalent child welfare issue: Child welfare and technology [PDF file]. Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare: School of Social Work, University of Minnesota. Retrieved from https://cascw.umn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/CW360_2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, S. D., & Loiselle, C. G. (2008). Combining individual interviews and focus groups to enhance data richness. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(2), 228–237. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04559.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langlois, M. (2011). Reset: Video games & psychotherapy. [E-reader version]. Cambridge, MA: Chateau Escargot Publishing. Retrieved from https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B00BYHU2DI
   Google Scholar
• Law, G. C., Neihart, M., & Dutt, A. (2018). The use of behavior modeling training in a mobile app parent training program to improve functional communication of young children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 22(4), 424–439. doi:10.1177/1362361316683887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layne, C. M., Greeson, J. K. P., Ostrowski, S. A., Kim, S., Reading, S., Vivrette, R. L., … Pynoss, R. S. (2014). Cumulative trauma exposure and high-risk behavior in adolescence: Findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(Suppl 1), S40–S49. doi:10.1037/a0037799
   Google Scholar
• Leathers, S. J. (2006). Placement disruption and negative placement outcomes among adolescents in long-term foster care: The role of behavior problems. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 307–324. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, L. (2015). Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 4(3), 324–327. doi:10.4103/2249-4863.161306
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Lub, V. (2015). Validity in qualitative evaluation: Linking purposes, paradigms, and perspectives. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 14, 1–8. doi:10.1177/1609406915621406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubit, R., Rovine, D., Defrancisci, L., & Eth, S. (2003). Impact of Trauma on Children. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 9(2), 128–138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maaskant, A. M., van Rooij, F. B., Overbeek, G. J., Oort, F. J., & Hermanns, J. M. (2016). Parent training in foster families with children with behavior problems: Follow-up results from a randomized controlled trial. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 84–94. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon, R. J., & Forehand, R. L. (2005). Helping the noncompliant child: Family-based treatment for oppositional behavior (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Messer, E., Boat, B., Olafson, E., Gurwitch, R., Putnam, F., Connelly, L., … Sharp, D. (2014). CARE Curriculum Guide. Trauma Treatment Training Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. Cincinnati, OH. Los Angeles, CA & Durham, NC: National Center for Child Traumatic Stress.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, L., Patton, C., & Strolin-Goltzman, J. (2018). TIPS for tuning in: Trauma informed strategies for foster families and educators in supporting children with disabilities. Young Exceptional Children Monograph #17.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, J. J., Chih, M. Y., & Washington, E. (2016). Conceptualizing a mobile app for foster youth transitioning to adulthood: A mixed-method approach. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 34(2), 145–170. doi:10.1080/15228835.2015.1108260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, K. M., Cahn, K., & Orellana, R. E. (2012). Dynamics that contribute to racial disproportionality and disparity: Perspectives from child welfare professionals, community partners, and families. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(11), 2201–2207. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.07.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouza, C., & Barrett-Greenly, T. (2015). Bridging the app gap: An examination of a professional development initiative on mobile learning in urban schools. Computers & Education, 88, 1–14. 10.1016/j.compedu.2015.04.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mummah, S. A., King, A. C., Gardner, C. D., & Sutton, S. (2016). Iterative development of vegethon: A theory-based mobile app intervention to increase vegetable consumption. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 13(1), 90. doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0400-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mummah, S. A., Robinson, T. N., King, A. C., Gardner, C. D., & Sutton, S. (2016). IDEAS (Integrate, Design, Assess, and Share): A framework and toolkit of strategies for the development of more effective digital interventions to change health behavior. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(12), e317. doi:10.2196/jmir.5927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton, R. R., Litrownik, A. J., & Landsverk, J. A. (2000). Children and youth in foster care: Disentangling the relationship between problem behaviors and number of placements. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(10), 1363–1374. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00189-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, H. L., & Toms, E. G. (2008). What is user engagement? A conceptual framework for defining user engagement with technology. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59, 938–955. doi:10.1002/asi.20801
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, C. (2011). Critical realist grounded theory: A new approach for social work research. The British Journal of Social Work, 42(2), 371–387. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcr064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterman, M., Schuengel, C., Slot, N. M., Bullens, R. A. R., & Doreleijers, T. A. H. (2007). Disruptions in foster care: A review and meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(1), 53–67. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2006.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2018). Mobile fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/mobile/
   Google Scholar
• Pickin, L., Brunsden, V., & Hill, R. (2011). Exploring the emotional experiences of foster carers using the photovoice technique. Adoption & Fostering, 35, 61–75. doi:10.1177/030857591103500207
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, S. E. (1996). Placement stability and inclusive practice in foster care: An empirical study. Children and Youth Services Review, 18(7), 589–601. doi:10.1016/0190-7409(96)00025-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam, F. W. (2009). The impact of trauma on child development. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 57, 1–11. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6988.2006.tb00110.x
   Google Scholar
• Rajendran, K., Smith, B. D., & Videka, L. (2015). Association of caregiver social support with the safety, permanency, and well-being of children in child welfare. Children and Youth Services Review, 48, 150–158. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.12.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathbone, A. L., & Prescott, J. (2017). The use of mobile apps and SMS messaging as physical and mental health interventions: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(8), e295. doi:10.2196/jmir.7740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickard, N., Arjmand, H., Bakker, D., & Seabrook, E. (2016). Development of a mobile phone app to support self-monitoring of emotional well-being: A mental health digital innovation. JMIR Mental Health, 3(4), e49. doi:10.2196/mental.6202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, M. C., Tsai, E., Lyons, E. J., Srinivasan, S., Swartz, M. C., Baum, M. L., & Basen-Engquist, K. M. (2017). Mobile health physical activity intervention preferences in cancer survivors: A qualitative study. Jmir Mhealth and Uhealth, 5, e3. doi:10.2196/mhealth.6970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, T., & Simonsen, J. (2013). Participatory design: An introduction. In J. Simonsen, & T. Robertson (Eds.). Routledge international handbook of participatory design (pp. 1–18). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, J. A., & Villegas, S. (2010). Living situation and placement change and children’s behavior. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(12), 1648–1655. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. M., O'Reilly, A. L. R., Luan, X., & Localio, A. R. (2007). The impact of placement stability on behavioral well-being for children in foster care. Pediatrics, 119(2), 336–344. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salazar, A. M., Keller, T. E., Gowen, K., & Courtney, M. E. (2013). Trauma exposure and PTSD among older adolescents in foster care. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(4), 545–551. doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0563-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schley, C. (2018, April 25). Our favorite learning apps for tablets and smartphones. Wirecutter: A New York Times Company. Retrieved from https://thewirecutter.com/reviews/our-favorite-learning-apps-for-tablets-and-smartphones/
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, M. C., & Treinen, J. (2017). Using kinship navigation services to support the family resource needs, caregiver self-efficacy, and placement stability of children in informal and formal kinship care. Child Welfare, 95, 69–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnall, R., Rojas, M., Bakken, S., Brown, W., Carballo-Diequez, A., Carry, M., … Travers, J. (2016). A user-centered model for designing consumer mobile health (mHealth) applications (apps). Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 60, 243–251. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2016.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, S. J., Evans, M. (2011, Spring). Mobile technologies and child welfare. In T. L. & E., S, (Eds.), CW360˚ a comprehensive look at a prevalent child welfare issue: Child welfare and technology [PDF file] (pp.16, 26). Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare: School of Social Work, University of Minnesota. Retrieved from https://cascw.umn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/CW360_2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Schoech, D., Boyas, J. F., Black, B. M., & Elias-Lambert, N. (2013). Gamification for behavior change: Lessons from developing a social, multiuser, web-tablet based prevention game for youths. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 31(3), 197–217. doi:10.1080/15228835.2013.812512
   Google Scholar
• Schuler, D., & Namioka, A. (Eds.). (1993). Participatory design: Principles and practices. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, C. M., & Tan, S. A. (2015). Integration of mobile technology in educational materials improves participation: Creation of a novel smartphone application for resident education. Journal of Surgical Education, 72(4), 670–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. (2011). Smartphone adoption and usage. Pew Research Center: Internet & Technology. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2011/07/11/smartphone-adoption-and-usage/
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D. K., Stormshak, E., Chamberlain, P., & Whaley, R. B. (2001). Placement disruption in treatment foster care. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 9(3), 200–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, D. T., Niec, L. N., & Schoonover, C. E. (2017). The impact of foster parent training on parenting skills and child disruptive behavior: A meta-analysis. Child Maltreatment, 22(1), 3–13. doi:10.1177/1077559516679514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinuzzi, C. (2005). The methodology of participatory design. Technical Communication, 52(2), 163–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statista. (2018). Number of apps available in leading app stores as of March 2017. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/276623/number-of-apps-available-in-leading-app-stores/
   Google Scholar
• Steele, J. S., & Buchi, K. F. (2008). Medical and mental health of children entering the Utah foster care system. PEDIATRICS, 122(3), e703–e709. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, B. D., Zima, B. T., Elliott, M. N., Burnam, M. A., Shahinfar, A., Fox, N. A., & Leavitt, L. A. (2001). Violence exposure among school-age children in foster care: Relationship to distress symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(5), 588–594. doi:10.1097/00004583-200105000-00019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1994). Grounded Theory Methodology. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp. 217–285). Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Strolin-Goltzman, J., McCrae, J., & Emery, T. (2018). Trauma-informed resource parent training and the impact on knowledge acquisition, parenting self-efficacy, and child behavior outcomes: A pilot of the Resource Parent Curriculum Parent Management Training (RPC + TIPS). Journal of Public Child Welfare, 12(2), 136–152. doi:10.1080/15548732.2017.1352555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung, Y. T., Chang, K. E., & Liu, T. C. (2016). The effects of integrating mobile devices with teaching and learning on students’ learning performance: A meta-analysis and research synthesis. Computers & Education, 94, 252–275. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2015.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, D. R. (2006). A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237–246. doi:10.1177/1098214005283748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner-McGrievy, G. M., Beets, M. W., Moore, J. B., Kaczynski, A. T., Barr-Anderson, D. J., & Tate, D. F. (2013). Comparison of traditional versus mobile app self-monitoring of physical activity and dietary intake among overweight adults participating in an mHealth weight loss program. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 20(3), 513–518. doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turney, K., & Wildeman, C. (2016). Mental and physical health of children in foster care. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20161118. doi:10.142/peds.2016-0687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. (2013). The AFCARS Report: Preliminary FY 2012 Estimates as of November 2013. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/afcarsreport20.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. (2018a). The AFCARS Report: Preliminary FY 2017. Estimates as of August 2018. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/afcarsreport25.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. (2018b). Trends in Foster Care and Adoption: FY 2008 – FY 2017. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/trends_fostercare_adoption_08thru17.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. General Accounting Office. (2003). Foster care: States focusing on finding permanent homes for children, but longstanding barriers remain (GAO-03-626T). Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03626t.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Weiner, D. A., Leon, S. C., & Stiehl, M. J. (2011). Demographic, clinical, geographic predictors of placement disruption among foster care youth receiving wraparound services. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20(6), 758–770. doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9469-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, J., Zhang, A., Zhou, L., Huang, Z., Zhang, P., & Yang, G. (2017). Development and effectiveness of a mobile phone application conducting health behavioral intervention among men who have sex with men, a randomized controlled trial: Study protocol. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 355. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4235-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yardley, L., Morrison, L., Bradbury, K., & Muller, I. (2015). The person-based approach to intervention development: Application to digital health-related behavior change interventions. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(1), e30. doi:10.2196/jmir.4055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, S., Steigerwald, S., Holmes, M. R., & Perzynski, A. T. (2016). Children’s exposure to violence: The underlying effect of posttraumatic stress symptoms on behavior problems. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(1), 72–79. doi:10.1002/jts.22063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, E. Y., Heffner, J. L., Copeland, W. K., Mull, K. E., & Bricker, J. B. (2016). Get with the program: Adherence to a smartphone app for smoking cessation. Addictive Behaviors, 63, 120–124. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zickuhr, K., & Smith, A. (2012, April 13). Digital differences. Pew Research Center: Internet & Technology. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2012/04/13/digital-differences/
   Google Scholar