REFERENCES
- Anderson , G. S. 2006 . Biological influences on criminal behavior , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
- Aromaki , A. S. , Lindmann , R. E. and Erikson , C. J. P. 2000 . Testosterone, sexuality and anstisocial personality disorder in rapists and child molesters: A pilot study . Psychiatry Research , 110 : 239 – 247 .
- Bach y Rita , G. , Lion , J. R. , Climent , C. E. and Ervin , F. 1971 . Episodic dyscontrol: A study of 130 violent patients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 27 : 1473 – 1478 .
- Beaver , K. M. , DeLisi , M. , Vaughn , M. G. and Wright , J. P. 2008 . The prediction of adolescent delinquency and low self-control . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. , doi:10.1177/0306624X08325349
- Beitchman , J. H. , Mik , H. M. , Ehtesham , S. , Douglas , L. and Kennedy , J. L. 2004 . MAOA and persistent, pervasive childhood aggression . Molecular Psychiatry , 1–2 : 401 – 492 .
- Bernhardt , P. C. 1997 . Influence of serotonin and testosterone aggression and dominance: convergence with social psychology . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 6 : 44 – 48 .
- Blackstone , T. E. and Tartar , R. E. 1994 . Individual, family, and peer affiliation factors predisposing factors to early onset of alcohol and drug abuse . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 18 : 813 – 821 .
- Blair , R. J. R. 2004 . The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior . Brain and Cognition , 55 : 198 – 208 .
- Bohman , M. 1996 . Predisposition to criminality: Swedish adoption studies in retrospect . Ciba Foundation Symposium , 194 : 99 – 109 .
- Brennan , P. A. , Raine , A. , Schulsinger , F. , Kirkegaard-Sorensen , L. , Knop , J. Hutchings , B. 1997 . Psychophysiological protective factors for male subjects at high risk for criminal behavior . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 853 – 855 .
- Brown , G. , Ballanger , J. , Minichiello , M. and Goodwin , F. 1979 . “ Human aggression and its relationship to cerebrospinal fluid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phyenylglycol, and homovanilllic acid ” . In Psychopharmacology of aggression , Edited by: Sandler , M. 131 – 148 . New York : Raven Press .
- Brunner , H. G. 1996 . MAOA deficiency and abnormal behavior: Perspectives on an association . Ciba Foundation Symposium , 194 : 155 – 164 .
- Brunner , H. G. , Nelen , M. , Breakefield , X. O. , Ropers , H. H. and van Oost , B. A. 1993 . Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A . Science , 262 : 578 – 580 .
- Buikhuisen , W. 1982 . Aggressive behavior and cognitive disorders . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , 5 : 205 – 217 .
- Cadoret , R. J. , Caine , C. A. and Crowe , R. R. 1983 . Evidence for gene-environment interaction the development of adolescent antisocial behavior . Behavior Genetics , 13 : 301 – 310 .
- Cadoret , R. J. 1995 . Adoption studies . Alcohol, Health and Research World , 19 : 195 – 201 .
- Cadoret , R. J. , Yates , W. R , Troughton , E. , Woodworth , G. and Stewart , M. A. 1995 . Genetic-environmental interaction in the genesis of aggressivity and conduct disorders . Archives of General Psychiatry , 52 : 916 – 924 .
- Carmichael , L. 1947 . The growth of the sensory control of behavior before birth . Psychological Review , 54 : 322 – 322 .
- Caspi , A. , McClay , J. , Moffitt , T. E. , Mill , J. , Martin , J. Craig , I. W. 2002 . Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children . Science , 297 : 851 – 854 .
- Chiavegatto , S. , Dawson , V. L. , Mamounas , L. A. , Koliatsos , V. E. , Dawson , T. M. and Nelson , R. J. 2001 . Brain serotonin dysfunction accounts for aggression in male mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase . Neurobiology , 98 : 1277 – 1281 .
- Christiansen , K. O. 1977 . “ A preliminary study of criminality among twins ” . In Biosocial bases of criminal behaviour , Edited by: Mednick , S. and Christiansen , K. O. 36 – 45 . New York : Gardner Press, Inc .
- Costa , L. , Bauer , L. , Kuperman , S. , Porjesz , B. , O'Connor , S. Hesselbrock , V. 2000 . Frontal P300 decrements, alcohol dependence, and antisocial personality disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 47 : 1064 – 1071 .
- Crowe , R. R. 1974 . An adoption study of antisocial personality . Archives of General Psychiatry , 31 : 785 – 791 .
- Dabbs , J. M. Jr. , Frady , R. L. , Carr , T. S. and Besch , N. F. 1987 . Saliva testosterone and criminal violence in young adult prison inmates . Psychosomatic Medicine , 49 : 174 – 182 .
- Dabbs , J. M. Jr. , Carr , T. S. , Frady , R. L. and Riad , J. K. 1995 . Testosterone, crime, and misbehavior among 692 male prison inmates . Personality and Individual Differences , 18 : 627 – 633 .
- Dabbs , J. M. Jr. , Riad , J. K. and Chance , S. E. 2001 . Testosterone and ruthless homicide . Personality and Individual Differences , 31 : 599 – 603 .
- Degler , C. N. 1991 . In search of human nature: The decline and revival of Darwinism in American social thought , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Eichelman , B. , Elliott , G. and Barchas , J. 1981 . “ Biological, pharmacological, and genetic aspects of aggression ” . In Biobehavioral aspects of aggression , Edited by: Hamburg , D. A. and Trudeau , M. B. New York : Liss .
- Eley , T. C. , Lichtenstein , P. and Stevenson , J. 1999 . Sex differences in the etiology of aggressive and non-aggressive antisocial behavior: Results from two twin studies . Child Development , 70 : 155 – 168 .
- Elliott , F. A. 1987 . Neuroanatomy and neurology of aggression . Psychiatric Annals , 17 : 385 – 388 .
- Ellis , L. 2003 . “ Genes, criminality, and the evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory ” . In Biosocial criminology: Challenging environmentalism's supremacy , Edited by: Walsh , S. and Ellis , L. 12 – 34 . Hauppauge, NY : Nova Science .
- Fu , C. H. Y. and McGuire , P. K. 1999 . Functional neuroimaging in psychiatry . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , 354 : 1359 – 1370 .
- Gibbs , F. A. , Bagchi , B. K. and Bloomberg , W. 1947 . Electroencephalographic study of criminals . American Journal of Psychiatry , 102 : 294 – 298 .
- Giotakos , O. , Markianos , M. , Vaidakis , N. and Christodoulou , G. N. 2003 . Aggression, impulsivity, plasma sex hormone and biogenic amine turnover in a forensic population of rapists . Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy , 29 : 215 – 225 .
- Goldberg , E. 2001 . The executive brain: Frontal lobes and the civilized mind , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Goodman , M. , Triebwasser , J. , Shah , S. and New , A. S. 2007 . Neuroimaging in personality disorders: Current concepts, findings and implications . Psychiatric Annals , 37 : 100 – 108 .
- Gove , W. and Wilmoth , C. 2003 . “ The neurophysiology of motivation and habitual criminal behavior ” . In Biosocial criminology: Challenging environmentalism's supremacy , Edited by: Walsh , A. and Ellis , L. 227 – 245 . Hauppauge, NY : Nova Science .
- Greenberg , A. S. and Coleman , M. 1976 . Depressed 5-hydroxyindole levels associated with hyperactive and aggressive behavior . Archives of General Psychiatry , 33 : 331 – 336 .
- Hare , R. D. 1978a . “ Electrodermal and cardiovascular correlates of psychopathy ” . In Psychopathic behavior: Approaches to research , Edited by: Hare , R. D. and Schalling , D. 107 – 144 . Chichester, , England : John Wiley & Sons .
- Hare , R. D. 1978b . “ Psychopathy and crime ” . In Colloquium on the correlates of crime and the determinants of criminal behavior , Edited by: Otten , L. 95 – 132 . McClean, VA : The Mitre Corporation .
- Hariri , A. R. , Mattay , V. S. , Tessitore , A. , Kolachana , B. , Fera , F. Goldman , D. 2002 . Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala . Science , 297 : 400 – 403 .
- Hariri , A. R. , Drabant , E. M. , Munoz , K. E. , Kolachana , B. S. , Mattay , V. S. Egan , M. F. 2005 . A susceptibility gene for affective disorders and the response of the human amygdala . Archives of General Psychiatry , 62 : 146 – 152 .
- Herpertz , S. C. and Sass , H. 2000 . Emotional deficiency and psychopathy . Behavioral Sciences and the Law , 18 : 567 – 580 .
- Hill , D. and Watterson , D. 1942 . Electroencephalographic studies of psychopathic personalities . Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry , 5 : 47 – 65 .
- Hillbrand , M. , Spitz , R. T. and Foster , H. G. 1995 . Serum cholesterol and aggression in hospitalized male forensic patients . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 18 : 33 – 43 .
- Hirsch , J. 1967 . Behavior-genetics, or “experimental,” analysis: The challenge of science versus the lure of technology . American Psychologist , 22 : 118 – 130 .
- Janssen , P. A. , Nicholls , T. L. , Kumar , R. A. , Stefanakis , H. , Spidel , A. L. and Simpson , E. M. 2005 . Of mice and men: Will the intersection of social science and genetics create new approaches for intimate partner violence? . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 20 : 61 – 71 .
- Kiehl , K. A. , Smith , A. M. , Hare , R. D. , Mendrek , A. , Forster , B. B. Brink , J. 2001 . Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging . Biological Psychiatry , 50 : 677 – 684 .
- Kiehl , K. A. , Smith , A. M. , Mendrek , A. , Forster , B. B. , Hare , R., D. and Liddle , P. F. 2004 . Temporal lobe abnormalities in semantic processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging . Psychiatry Research-Neuroimaging , 130 : 297 – 312 .
- Kretschmer , E. 1970 . Koperbau und charakter , Edited by: Sprott , W. J. H. New York : Cooper Square . [Body build and character]
- Lange , J. 1931 . Crime as destiny , London : Allen & Unwin Ltd .
- Malouf , R. and Brust , J. C. M. 1985 . Hypoglycemia: Causes, neurological manifestations, and outcome . Annals of Neurology , 17 : 421 – 430 .
- Mason , D. A. and Frick , P. J. 1994 . The heritability of antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 16 : 301 – 323 .
- Mawson , A. R. and Jacobs , K. W. 1978 . Corn consumption, tryptophan, and cross national homicide rate . Orthomolecular Psychiatry , 7 : 227 – 230 .
- Mazur , A. 1985 . A biosocial model of status in face-to-face primate groups . Social Forces , 64 : 377 – 402 .
- Mazur , A. and Booth , A. 1998 . Testosterone and dominance in men . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 21 : 353 – 363 .
- McBurnett , K. , Lahey , B. B. , Rathouz , P. J. and Loeber , R. 2000 . Low salivary cortisol and persistent aggression in boys referred for disruptive behavior . Archives of General Psychiatry , 57 : 38 – 43 .
- Mednick , S. A. and Finello , K. M. 1983 . Biological factors in crime: Implications for forensic psychiatry . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , 6 : 1 – 15 .
- Mednick , S. A. , Gabrielli , W. H. and Hutchings , B. 1984 . Genetic evidence in criminal convictions: Evidence from an adoption cohort . Science , 224 : 891 – 894 .
- Mednick , S. A. and Volavka , J. 1980 . “ Biology and crime ” . In Crime and justice: An annual review of research , Edited by: Morris , N. and Tonry , N. Vol. 2 , 85 – 158 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Meloy , J. R. 1996 . The psychopathic mind: Origins, dynamics, ad treatment , Northvale, NJ : Jason Aronson .
- Miles , D. and Carey , G. 1997 . Genetic and environmental architecture of human aggression . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 207 – 217 .
- Moffitt , T. E. 2005 . The new look of behavioral genetics in developmental psychopathology: Gene-environment interplay in antisocial behaviors . Psychological Bulletin , 131 : 533 – 554 .
- Moffitt , T. E. and Caspi , A. 2006 . “ Evidence from behavioral genetics for environmental contributions to antisocial conduct ” . In Crime and schizophrenia: Causes and sures , Edited by: Raine , A. 45 – 81 . New York : Nova Science Publishers .
- Monroe , R. 1970 . Episodic behavioral disorders , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
- O'Connor , T. G. , Deater-Deckard , K. , Fulker , D. , Rutter , M. and Polmin , R. 1998 . Genotype-environment correlations in late childhood and early adolescence: Antisocial behavioral problems and coercive parenting . Developmental Psychology , 34 : 970 – 981 .
- Pajer , K. , Gardner , W. , Robin , R. T. , Perel , J. and Neals , S. 2001 . Decreased cortisol levels in adolescent girls with conduct disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 58 : 297 – 302 .
- Petronis , A. 2001 . Human morbid genetics revisited: Relevance of epigenetics . Trends in Genetics , 17 : 142 – 146 .
- Pratt , T. C. , McGloin , J. M. and Fearn , N. E. 2006 . Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and criminal/deviant behavior . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 50 : 672 – 690 .
- Raine , A. 1993 . The psychopathology of crime: Criminal behavior as a clinical disorder , San Diego : Academic Press .
- Raine , A. 1997 . “ Antisocial behavior and psychophysiology: A biosocial perspective and a prefrontal dysfunction hypothesis ” . In Handbook of antisocial behavior , Edited by: Stoff , D. , Greiling , J. and Maswer , J. 289 – 304 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
- Raine , A. 2002 . “ The biological basis of crime ” . In Public policies for crime control , Edited by: Wilson , J. Q. and Petersilia , J. 43 – 74 . Oakland, CA : ICS Press .
- Raine , A. , Lencz , T. , Bihrle , S. , LaCasse , L. and Colletti , P. 2000 . Reduced prefrontal grey matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 57 : 119 – 127 .
- Raine , A. , Lencz , T. , Taylor , K. , Hellige , J. B. , Bihrle , S. Lacasse , L. 2003 . Corpus callosum abnormalities in psychopathic antisocial individuals . Archives of General Psychiatry , 50 : 1134 – 1142 .
- Raine , A. , Reid Meloy , J. , Bihrle , S. , Stoddard , J. , LaCasse , L. and Buchsbaum , M.S. 1998 . Reduced prefrontal and increased subcortical brain functioning assessed using positron emission tomography in predatory and affective murderers . Behavioral Sciences and the Law , 16 : 319 – 332 .
- Raine , A. , Venables , P. H. and Mednick , S. A. 1997 . Low resting heart rate at age 3 years disposes to aggression at age 11 years: Findings from the Mauritius Joint Child Health Project . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 : 1457 – 1464 .
- Raine , A. , Venables , P. H. and Williams , M. 1990 . Autonomic orienting responses in 15-year-old male subjects and criminal behavior at age 24 . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 : 933 – 937 .
- Räsänen , P. , Hakko , H. , Isohanni , M. , Hodgins , S. , Järvelin , M. R. and Tiihonen , J. 1999 . Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of criminal behavior among adult male offspring in the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 857 – 862 .
- Redding, R. E. (2006). The brain disordered defendant: Neuroscience and legal insanity in the twenty-first century. Villanova Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper Series, No. 2006-17, 1–78 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=937349 (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=937349) (Accessed: 9 January 2009 ).
- Rhee , S. H. and Waldman , I. D. 2002 . Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies . Psychological Bulletin , 128 : 490 – 529 .
- Riggins-Caspers , K. M. , Cadoret , R. J. , Knutson , J. F. and Langbehn , D. 2003 . Biology-environment interaction and evocative biology-environment correlation: Contribution of harsh discipline and parental psychopathology to problem adolescent behaviors . Behavior Genetics , 33 : 205 – 220 .
- Rowe , D. C. 2001 . Biology and crime , Los Angeles : Roxbury .
- Rutter , M. 2006 . Genes and behavior: Nature-nurture interplay explained , Oxford : Blackwell .
- Sanchez-Martin , J. R. , Fano , E. , Ahedo , L. , Cardas , A. J , Brain , P. F. and Azpiroz , A. 2000 . Relating testosterone level and free play social behaviours in male and female preschool children . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 25 : 773 – 783 .
- Schoenthaler , S. J. and Bier , I. D. 2000 . The effect of vitamin-mineral supplementation on juvenile delinquency among American schoolchildren: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial . Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine , 6 : 31 – 35 .
- Silverman , D. 1944 . The electroencephalogram of criminals . Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry , 52 : 38 – 42 .
- Slutske , W. , Heath , A. , Dinwiddie , S. , Madden , P. , Bucholz , K. Dunne , M. 1997 . Modeling genetic and environmental influences in the etiology of conduct disorder: A study of 2,682 adult twin pairs . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 : 266 – 279 .
- Soler , J. , Vinayak , P. and Quadagno , D. 2000 . Biosocial aspects of domestic violence . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 25 : 721 – 739 .
- Spinath , F. M. and O'Connor , T. G. 2003 . A behavioral genetic study of the overlap between personality and parenting . Journal of Personality , 71 : 785 – 808 .
- Sudack , H. W. and Maas , J. W. 1964 . Behavioral neurochemical correlation in reactive and non-reactive strains of rats . Science , 146 : 418 – 420 .
- Swann , A. C. 2003 . Neuroreceptor mechanisms of aggression and its treatment . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 64 : 26 – 35 .
- Taylor , J. , Loney , B. R. , Bodabilla , L. , Iacono , W. G. and McGue , M. 2003 . Genetic and environmental influences on psychopathy trait dimensions in a community sample of male twins . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 31 : 633 – 645 .
- Tehrani , J. and Mednick , S. 2000 . Genetic factors and criminal behavior . Federal Probation , 64 : 24 – 28 .
- Trainor , B. C. , Workman , J. L. , Jessen , R. and Nelson , R. J. 2007 . Impaired nitric oxide synthase signaling dissociates social investigation and aggression . Behavioral Neuroscience , 121 : 362 – 369 .
- Tremblay , R. E. , Hartup , W. W. and Archer , J. 2005 . Developmental origins of aggression , New York-London : The Guilford Press .
- Valzelli , L. 1981 . Psychobiology of aggression and violence , New York : Raven Press .
- van den Oord , E. J. C. G. , Boomsma , D. I. and Verhulst , F. C. 1994 . A study of problem behaviors in 10- to 15-year-old biologically related and unrelated international adoptees . Behavior Genetics , 24 : 193 – 205 .
- Vernon , P. A. , McCarthy , J. M. , Johnson , A. M. , Jang , K. L. and Harris , J. A. 1999 . Individual differences in multiple dimensions of aggression: A univariate and multivariate genetic analysis . Twin Research , 2 : 16 – 21 .
- Virkkunen , M. 1985 . Urinary free corticol secretion in habitually violent offenders . Acta Psychatrica Scandanavica , 72 : 40 – 44 .
- Virkkunen , M. , Goldman , D. and Linnoila , M. 1996 . Serotonin in alcoholic violent male offenders . Ciba Foundation Symposium , 194 : 168 – 177 .
- Volavka , J. V. 1995 . Neurobiology of violence , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
- Walsh , A. and Hemmens , C. 2008 . Introduction to criminology: A text reader , Los Angeles : Sage .
- Walters , G. D. 1992 . A meta-analysis of the gene-crime relationship . Criminology , 27 : 455 – 485 .
- Willhoite , F. H. Sr. 1976 . Primate and political authority: A behavioral perspective . American Political Science Review , 70 : 1010 – 1126 .
- Yoshimasu , S. 1961 . The criminological significance of the family in the light of the studies of criminal twins . Acta Criminologiae et Medicinae Legalis Japanica , 27 : 117 – 141 .