Matters of Consequence: An Empirical Investigation of the WAIS-III and WAIS-IV and Implications for Addressing the Atkins Intelligence Criterion

REFERENCES

• American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council of Measurement in Education . 1999 . Standards for educational and psychological testing , Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. C. and Gerbing , D. W. 1988 . Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 411 – 423 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbuckle , J. L. 2007 . Amos 7.0 [Computer software] , Chicago , IL : Smallwaters .
   Google Scholar
• 2002 . Atkins v. Virginia, 536, U.S. 304 ,
   Google Scholar
• Benson , N. , Hulac , D. M. and Kranzler , J. H. 2010 . Independent examination of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV): What does the WAIS-IV measure? . Psychological Assessment , 22 ( 1 ) : 121 – 130 . doi: 10.1037/a0017767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. and Bonnett , D. G. 1980 . Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures . Psychological Bulletin , 88 : 588 – 606 . doi: 10.1037/0033–2909.88.3.588
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaujean , A. and Osterlind , S. J. 2008 . Using item response theory to assess the Flynn effect in the national longitudinal study of youth 79 children and young adults’ data . Intelligence , 36 : 455 – 463 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand , C. R. 1996 . The g factor: General intelligence and its implications , Chichester , , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , B. M. 2010 . Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming , Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Carroll , J. B. 1993 . Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor analytic studies , New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carroll , J. B. 1997 . “ The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities ” . In Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues , Edited by: Flanagan , D. P. , Genshaft , J. L. and Harrison , P. L. 122 – 130 . Needham Heights , MA : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Fleishman , J. and Benson , J. 1987 . Using LISREL to evaluate measurement models and scale reliability . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 47 : 925 – 939 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn , J. R. 1984 . The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978 . Psychological Bulletin , 95 : 29 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn , J. R. 2007 . What is intelligence? , New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hu , L. and Bentler , P. M. 1999 . Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives . Structural Equation Modeling , 6 : 1 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman , A. S. 2010 . “In what way are apples and oranges alike?” A critique of Flynn's interpretation of the Flynn effect . Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment , 28 : 382 – 398 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith , T. Z. , Fine , J. G. , Taub , G. E. , Reynolds , M. R. and Kranzler , J. H. 2006 . Higher order, multisample, confirmatory factor analysis of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition: What does it measure? . School Psychology Review , 35 ( 1 ) : 108 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith , T. Z. and Reynolds , M. R. 2012 . “ Using confirmatory factor analysis to aid in understanding the constructs measured by intelligence tests ” . In Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues , 3rd , Edited by: Flanagan , D. P. , Genshaft , J. L. and Harrison , P. L. 758 – 799 . New York , NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. , Hua , K. T. , Balla , J. R. and Grayson , D. 1998 . Is more ever too much? The number of indicators per factor in confirmatory factor analysis . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 33 : 181 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrew , K. S. 2009 . CHC theory and the human cognitive abilities project: Standing on the shoulders of the giants of psychometric intelligence research . Intelligence , 37 : 1 – 10 . doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2008.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrew , K. S. 2010 . The Flynn effect and its critics: Rusty linchpins and “lookin’ for g and Gf in some of the wrong places.” . Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment , 28 : 448 – 468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers , J. L. 1999 . A critique of the Flynn Effect: Massive IQ gains, methodological artifacts, or both? . Intelligence , 26 : 337 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers , J. L. and Wanstrom , L. 2007 . Identification of a Flynn effect in the NLSY: Moving from the center to the boundaries . Intelligence , 35 : 187 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taub, G. E. (2001). A confirmatory analysis of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition: Is the verbal/performance discrepancy justified? Practical Assessment, Research, & Evaluation. http:/pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=7&n=22 (http://http:/pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=7&n=22)
   Google Scholar
• Taub , G. E. , McGrew , K. S. and Witta , E. L. 2004 . A confirmatory analysis of the factor structure and cross-age invariance of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition . Psychological Assessment , 16 ( 1 ) : 85 – 89 . doi: 10.1037/1040–3590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1939 . Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale , New York , NY : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1955 . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale , New York , NY : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1981 . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised , San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1997a . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition , San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1997b . WAIS-III WMS-III Technical Manual , San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , L. W. 2010 . Considerations on the Flynn effect . Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment , 28 ( 5 ) : 482 – 493 . doi: 10.177/0734282910377372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 2008a . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition , San Antonio , TX : Pearson Assessment .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 2008b . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition: Technical and interpretive manual , San Antonio , TX : Pearson Assessment .
   Google Scholar
• Wicherts , J. M. , Dolan , C. V. , Hessen , D. J. , Oosterveld , P , van Baal , G. C. M. , Boomsma , D. I. , … and Span , M. M. 2004 . Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect . Intelligence , 32 : 509 – 537 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar