Alpine Debris-flows in Leirdalen, Jotunheimen, Norway, with Particular Reference to Distal Fans, Intermediate-type Deposits, and Flow Types

References Cited

• Batalla, R. J., de Jong, C., Ergenzinger, P., and Sala, M., 1999: Field observations on hyperconcentrated flows in moutain torrents. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 24: 247–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battey, M. H. and McRitchie, W. D., 1975: The petrology of the pyroxene-granulite facies rocks of Jotunheimen. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 55: 1–49.
   Google Scholar
• Beaty, C. B., 1963: Origin of alluvial fans, White Mountains, California and Nevada. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 51: 234–240.
   Google Scholar
• Beaty, C. B., 1990: Anatomy of a White Mountains debris flow. In Rachocki, A. H. and Church, M. (eds.), Alluvial Fans: a Field Approach. Chichester: Wiley, 69–89.
   Google Scholar
• Beverage, J. P. and Culbertson, J. K., 1964: Hyperconcentration of suspended sediments. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 90: 117–128.
   Google Scholar
• Blikra, L. H. and Nemec, W., 1998: Depositional processes and facies of the postglacial colluvium in western Norway. Sedimentology, 45: 909–959.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull, W. B., 1962: Relation of textural (CM) patterns to depositional environment of alluvial-fan deposits. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 32: 211–216.
   Google Scholar
• Bull, W. B., 1977: The alluvial fan environment. Progress in Physical Geography, 1: 222–270.
   Google Scholar
• Corominas, J., Remondo, J., Farias, P., Estevao, M., Zézere, J., Díaz de Terán, Dikau, R., Schrott, L., Moya, J., and González, A., 1996: Debris flow. In Dikau, R., Brunsden, D., Schrott, L., and Ibsen, M.-L. (eds.), Landslide Recognition: Identification, Movement and Causes. Chichester: Wiley, 161–180.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, J. E., 1984: Physical geomorphology of debris flows. In Costa, J. E. and Fleischer, P. J. (eds.), Developments and Applications of Geomorphology. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 268–317.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, J. E., 1988: Rheological, geomorphic, and sedimentologic differentiation of water floods, hyperconcentrated flows and debris flows. In Baker, V. R., Kochel, R. C., and Patton, P. C. (eds.), Flood Geomorphology. Wiley: New York, 113–122.
   Google Scholar
• Curry, R. R., 1966: Observation of alpine mudflows in the Tenmile Range, central Colorado. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 77: 771–776.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, T. R., Phillips, C. J., Pearce, A. J., and Zhang, X. B., 1992: Debris flow behaviour—an integrated overview. In: Proceedings of the Chengdu Symposium: Erosion, Debris Flows and Environment in Mountain Regions. International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) Publication, 209: 217–225.
   Google Scholar
• DeGraff, J. V., 1994: The geomorphology of some debris flows in the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Geomorphology, 10: 231–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellen, S. D. and Fleming, R. W., 1987: Mobilization of debris flows from soil slips, San Francisco Bay Region, California. Geological Society of America Reviews in Engineering Geology, 7: 31–40.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, R. V., 1971: Features of coarse-grained, high concentration fluids and their deposits. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 41: 916–927.
   Google Scholar
• Hampton, M. A., 1979: Buoyancy in debris flows. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 49: 753–758.
   Google Scholar
• Head, M., 1980: Manual of Soil Laboratory Techniques. Volume 1. London: Pentech Press. 339 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hungr, O., Morgan, G. C., and Kellerhals, R., 1984: Quantitative analysis of debris torrent hazard for design of remedial measures. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 21: 663–677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innes, J. L., 1983: Debris flows. Progress in Physical Geography, 7: 469–501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, L. E., Kostaschuk, R. A., and MacDonald, G.M., 1987: Identification of debris flow hazard on alluvial fans in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Geological Society of America Reviews in Engineering Geology, 7, 115–124.
   Google Scholar
• Jibson, R. W., 1989: Debris flows in southern Puerto Rico. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 236: 29–55.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, A. M. and Rodine, J. R., 1984: Debris flow. In Brunsden, D. and Prior, D. B. (eds.), Slope Instability. Chichester: Wiley, 257–361.
   Google Scholar
• Keefer, D. K., Wilson, R. C., Mark, R. K., Brabb, E. E., Brown III, W. M., Ellen, S. D., Harp, E. L., Wieczorek, G. F., Alger, C. S., and Zatkin, R. S., 1987: Real-time landslide warning during heavy rainfall. Science, 238: 921–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochel, R. C., 1990: Humid fans of the Appalachian Mountains. In Rachocki, A. H. and Church, M. (eds.), Alluvial Fans: a Field Approach. Chichester: Wiley, 109–127.
   Google Scholar
• Kochel, R. C. and Johnson, R. A., 1984: Geomorphology, sedimentology, and depositional processes of humid-temperate alluvial fans in central Virginia, U.S.A. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 10: 108–122.
   Google Scholar
• Kostaschuk, R. A., MacDonald, G. M., and Putnam, P. E., 1986: Depositional process and alluvial fan-drainage basin morphometric relationships near Banff, Alberta, Canada. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 11: 471–484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurdin, R. D., 1973: Classification of mudflows. Soviet Hydrology, 4: 310–316.
   Google Scholar
• Lawson, D. E., 1982: Mobilization, movement and deposition of active subaerial sediment flows, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska. Journal of Geology, 90: 279–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Jian and Luo Defu, 1981: The formation and characteristics of mudflow and flood in the mountain area of the Dachao River and its prevention. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie NF, 25: 470–484.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe, D. R., 1979: Sediment gravity flows: their classification and some problems of application to natural flows and deposits. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication, 27: 75–82.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, J. A., Brunsden, D., Frenzel, B., Gläser, B., and Weiss, M. M. (eds.), 1997a: Rapid Mass Movement as a Source of Climatic Evidence for the Holocene. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 444 pp. [Paläoklimaforschung 19, European Science Foundation Project: ‘European Palaeoclimate and Man’, Special Issue No. 12.]
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, J. A., Dahl, S.-O., Berrisford, M. S., Nesje, A., Dresser, P. Q., and Dumayne-Peaty, L., 1997b: A preliminary history of Holocene colluvial (debris-flow) activity, Leirdalen, Jotunheimen, Norway. Journal of Quaternary Science, 12: 117–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardin, T. R., Hein, F. J., Gorsline, D. S., and Edwards, B. D., 1979: A review of mass movement processes, sediment and acoustic characteristics, and contrasts in slope and base-of-slope systems versus canyon-fan-basin floor systems. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication, 27: 61–73.
   Google Scholar
• Naylor, M. A., 1980: The origin of inverse grading in muddy debris flow deposits—a review. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 50: 1111–1116.
   Google Scholar
• Nieuwenhuijzen, M. E. and van Steijn, H., 1990: Alpine debris flows and their sedimentological properties. A case study from the French Alps. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 1: 111–128.
   Google Scholar
• Ono, Y., 1990: Alluvial fans in Japan and South Korea. In Rachocki, A. H. and Church, M. (eds.), Alluvial Fans: a Field Approach. Chichester: Wiley, 91–107.
   Google Scholar
• Pierson, T. C., 1980: Erosion and deposition by debris flows at Mt. Thomas, North Canterbury, New Zealand. Earth Surface Processes, 5: 227–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierson, T. C., 1986: Flow behaviour of channelized debris flows, Mount St. Helens, Washington. In Abrahams, A. D. (ed.), Hillslope Processes. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 269–296.
   Google Scholar
• Pierson, T. C. and Costa, J. E., 1987: A rheological classification of subaerial sediment and water flows. Geological Society of America, Reviews in Engineering Geology, 7: 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Pierson, T. C. and Scott, K. M., 1985: Downstream dilution of a lahar: transition from debris flow to hyperconcentrated streamflow. Water Resources Research, 21: 1511–1524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postma, G., 1986: Classification for sediment gravity-flow deposits based on flow conditions during sedimentation. Geology, 14: 291–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickenmann, D. and Zimmermann, M., 1993: The 1987 debris flows in Switzerland: documentation and analysis. Geomorphology, 8: 175–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachocki, A. H. and Church, M. (eds.), 1990: Alluvial Fans: a Field Approach. Wiley: Chichester. 391 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Rodine, J. D. and Johnson, A. M., 1976: The ability of debris, heavily freighted with coarse clastic materials, to flow on gentle slopes. Sedimentology, 23: 213–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandersen, F., 1997: The influence of meteorological factors on the initiation of debris flows in Norway. In Matthews, J. A., Brunsden, D., Frenzel, B., Gläser, B., and Weiss, M. M. (eds.), Rapid Mass Movement as a Source of Climatic Evidence for the Holocene. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 321–332. [Paläoklimaforschung 19, European Science Foundation Project: ‘European Palaeoclimate and Man’, Special Issue No. 12.]
   Google Scholar
• Schrott, L., Dikau, R., and Brunsden, D., 1996: Soil flow (mudflow). In Dikau, R., Brunsden, D., Schrott, L., and Ibsen, M.-L. (eds.), Landslide Recognition: Identification, Movement and Causes. Chichester: Wiley, 181–187.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, K. M., 1971: Origin and sedimentology of the 1969 debris flows near Glendora, California. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 750-C: C242–247.
   Google Scholar
• Selby, M. J., 1993: Hillslope Materials and Processes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 451 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Sigmond, E. M. O., Gustavson, M., and Roberts, D., 1984: Berggrunnskart over Norge. Målestokk 1:1 million. Trondheim: Norges Geologisk Undersøkelse. [map]
   Google Scholar
• Sulebak, J. R., 1969: Mudflow in the low alpine region. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrifi, 23: 15–23.
   Google Scholar
• Wasson, R. J., 1978: A debris flow at Reshun, Pakistan, Hindu Kush. Geografiska Annaler, 60A: 151–159.
   Google Scholar
• Wells, S. G. and Harvey, A. M., 1987: Sedimentologic and geomorphic variations in storm-generated alluvial fans, Howgill Fells, northwest England. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 98: 182–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wentworth, C. K., 1922: A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments. Journal of Geology, 30: 377–392.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmermann, M. and Haeberli, W., 1992: Climatic change and debris flow activity in high-mountain areas. A case study in the Swiss Alps. Catena Supplement, 22: 59–72.
   Google Scholar