1,868
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Animals as Erosion Agents in the Alpine Zone: Some Data and Observations from Canada, Lesotho, and Tibet

, &
Pages 436-446 | Published online: 02 May 2018

References Cited

  • Ahnert, F., 1998: Introduction to Geomorphology. London: Arnold. 352 pp.
  • Alkon, P. and Olsvig-Whittaker, L., 1989: Crested porcupine digs in the Negev desert highlands. Journal of Arid Environments, 17: 83–95.
  • Anon., 1998: Stop III-6 The Pingo at No. 62 HMS and Stope III-7 Rock Glaciers on the Kunlun Mountains, In Zhu, L., Zheng, D., and Pan, Y. (eds.), Guide Book for the Excursion. International Symposium on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, Beijing: 59–63.
  • Ballantyne, C. K. and Harris, C., 1994: The Periglaciation of Great Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 330 pp.
  • Banfield, A. W. F., 1974: The Mammals of Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 438 pp.
  • Boeken, B., Shachak, M., Gutterman, Y., and Brand, S., 1995: Patchiness and disturbance: plant community responses to porcupine diggings in the central Negev. Ecography, 18: 410–422.
  • Boelhouwers, J., 1988: An interpretation of valley asymmetry in the Natal Drakensberg, South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 84: 913–916.
  • Butler, D. R., 1992: The grizzly bear as an erosional agent in mountainous terrain. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, N.F., 36: 179–189.
  • Butler, D. R., 1995: Zoogeomorphology: Animals as Geomorphic Agents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 231 pp.
  • Craighead, J. J., Sumner, J. S., and Scaggs, G. B., 1982: A definitive system for analysis of grizzly bear habitat and other wilderness resources utilizing LANDSAT multispectral imagery and computer technology. Wildlife-Wildlands Institute, Monograph, 1. 40 pp.
  • Evans, R., 1998: The erosional impacts of grazing animals. Progress in Physical Geography, 22: 251–268.
  • Gillham, M. E., 1961: Modification of sub-Antarctic flora on Macquarie Island by sea birds and sea elephants. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 74: 1–12.
  • Godin, A. J., 1977: Wild Mammals of New England. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. 304 pp.
  • Govers, G. and Poesen, J., 1998: Field experiments on the transport of rock fragments by animal trampling on scree slopes. Geomorphology, 23: 193–203.
  • Guo, D. and Zhao, X. (eds.), 1993: A Guide to the Permafrost and Environment of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Field Guide of the Sixth International Conference on Permafrost, Lanzhou to Lhasa Field Excursion. 56 pp.
  • Gutterman, Y., 1988: An ecological assessment of porcupine activity in a desert biome, In Ghosh, P. K. and Prakash I. (eds.), Ecophysiology of Desert Vertebrates. Jodhpur, India: Scientific Publ.: 289–372.
  • Gutterman, Y., Golan, T., and Garsani, M., 1990: Porcupine diggings as a unique ecological system in a desert environment. Oecologia, 85: 122–127.
  • Hall, K., 1977: Some observations on the former sea levels of Marion Island. South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 7: 19–22.
  • Hall, K., 1979: Population pressures in the Roaring Forties. The Geographical Magazine, 51: 707–710.
  • Hall, K., 1997: Zoological erosion in permafrost environments: A possible origin of dells? Polar Geography, 21: 1–9.
  • Hall, K. and Williams, A. J., 1981: Animals as agents of erosion at sub-Antarctic Marion Island. South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 10/11: 18–24.
  • Hall, K. and Meiklejohn, I., 1997: Some observations regarding protalus ramparts. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 8: 245–249.
  • Happold, D. C. D., 1998: The subalpine climate at Smiggin Holes, Kosciusko National Park, Australia, and its influence on the biology of small mammals. Arctic and Alpine Research, 30: 241–251.
  • Harris, S. A., Cui, Z. and Cheng, G., 1998: Origin of a bouldery diamicton, Kunlun Pass, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, Peoples Republic of China: Gelifluction deposit or rock glacier? Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23: 943–952.
  • Heal, O. W., Callaghan, T. V., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Körner, C., and Lee, S. E. (eds), 1998: Global Change in Europe's Cold Regions. European Commission, Ecosystems Research Report, 27. 137 pp.
  • Hövermann, J. and Wang, W., 1987: Reports of the Northeastern Part of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Beijing: Science Press. 510 pp.
  • Imeson, A., 1976: Some effects of burrowing animals on slope processes in Luxembourg Ardennes. Geografiska Annaler, 58A: 115–125.
  • IGBC: Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee, 1987: Grizzly Bear Compendium. Washington, D.C: The National Wildlife Federation.
  • Kühle, M., 1985: Permafrost and periglacial indicators on the Tibetan Plateau from the Himalaya Mountains in the south to the Quilin Shan in the north (28–40 N). Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N.F., 29: 183–192.
  • Li, M., 1992: National exploitation of grassland resources in the northern Tibetan Plateau. International Symposium on the Karakorum and Kunlun Mountains, Abstracts: 124.
  • Ma, Y. S., Lang, B. N., Shi, D. J. and Wang, Q. J., 1998: Establishing practacultural system—A strategy for rehabilitation of “black soil” on the Tibetan Plateau. Abstracts, International Symposium on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Xinging, China: 172.
  • Mahaney, W. C. and Boyer, M. G., 1986 Appendix: Small herbivores and their influence on landform origins. Mountain Research and Development, 6: 256–260.
  • Mahaney, W.C. and Zhang, L., 1991: Removal of local alpine vegetation and overgrazing in the Dalijia Mountains, northwestern China. Mountain Research and Development, 11: 165–167.
  • Meiklejohn, K. I., 1992: Some aspects of valley asymmetry in the high Drakensberg. South African Geographical Journal, 74: 49–53.
  • Meiklejohn, K. I. 1994: Valley asymmetry on south-eastern Alexander Island, Antarctica, and valley forms in the high Drakensberg, southern Africa. South African Geographical Journal, 76: 68–72.
  • Meiklejohn, K. I., 1998: Personal communication during field excursion to Lesotho.
  • Miehe, G., 1994: Recent climatic changes in subhumid to arid regions of High Asia (Karakorum, Kunlun, Himalaya, Tibet) as indicated by vegetation features. In D. Zheng, Q. Zhang and Y. Pan (eds.), Proceedings of International Symposium on the Karakorum and Kunlun Mountains. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 333–346.
  • Nakhutsrishvili, G. S., 1998: The vegetation of the subnival belt of the Caucasus Mountains. Arctic and Alpine Research, 30: 222–226.
  • Nowak, R. M. and Paradiso, J. L., 1983: Walkers Mammals of the World, Volumes I and II. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. 1362 pp.
  • Price, L. W., 1971: Geomorphic effects of the Arctic ground squirrel in an alpine environment. Geografiska Annaler, 53A: 172–177.
  • Rutin, J., 1996: The burrowing activity of scorpions (Scorpio maurus palmatus) and their potential contribution to the erosion of Hamra soils in Karkur, central Israel. Geomorphology, 15: 159–168.
  • Schäppi, B. and Körner, Ch., 1997: In situ effects of elevated CO2 on the carbon and nitrogen status of alpine plants. Functional Ecology, 11: 290–299.
  • Shachak, M., Jones, C., and Granot, Y., 1987: Herbivory in rocks and the weathering of a desert. Science, 236: 1098–1099.
  • Smith, A. T., 1998: The plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) is a keystone species for biodiversity on the Tibetan Plateau. Abstracts, International Symposium on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Xinging, China: 172.
  • Smith, D. J. and Gardner, J. S., 1985: Geomorphic effects of ground squirrels in the Mount Rae area, Canadian Rocky Mountains. Arctic and Alpine Research, 17: 205–210.
  • Splettstoesser, J. F., 1985: Note on rock striations caused by penguin feet, Falkland Islands. Arctic and Alpine Research, 17: 107–111.
  • Sun, H., 1994: The Hinterland of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers. 108 pp.
  • Swanepoel, P., 1975: Small mammals of the Addo Elephant National Park. Koedoe, 18: 103–130.
  • Thorn, C. E., 1978: A preliminary assessment of the geomorphic role of pocket gophers in the alpine zone of the Colorado Front Range. Geografiska Annaler, 60A: 181–187.
  • Thorn, C. E., 1982: Gopher disturbance: Its variability by Braun-Blanquet vegetation units in the Niwot Ridge alpine tundra zone, Colorado Front Range, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 14: 45–51.
  • Trimble, S. W. and Mendel, A. C., 1995: The cow as a geomorphic agent—A critical review. Geomorphology, 13: 233–253.
  • Wang, J. and Derbyshire, E., 1987: Climatic geomorphology of the north-eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, People's Republic of China. The Geographical Journal, 153: 59–71.
  • Yair, A., 1995: Short and long term effects of bioturbation on soil erosion, water resources and soil development in an arid environment. Geomorphology, 13: 87–99.
  • Yair, A. and Rutin, J., 1981: Some aspects of the regional variation in the amount of available sediment produced by isopods and porcupines, northern Negev. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 6: 221–234.
  • Zhang, W., Shi, S., Chen, F., and Xu, S., 1989: The characteristic of cryoplanation landform in the ineterior area of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. In Senneset K. (ed.), Vth International Conference on Permafrost. Vol. 1, Trondheim: Tapir, 903–905.
  • Zhao, M. and Zhang, M., 1998: The qualitative estimation of the ecology in southern Qinghai. Abstracts, International Symposium on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Xinging, China: 172.
  • Zhu, J., 1986: Periglacial landforms in the northern part of the greater Xingan Ranges, China, In Gardiner, V. (ed.), International Geomorphology, Part II. Chichester: John Wiley, 281–284.
  • Zhu, L., 1998: Personal Communication during field excursion across the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.
  • Zhu, L., Zheng, D. and Pan, Y., 1998: Guide Book for the Excursion. International Symposium on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, Beijing, 1998. 109 pp.
  • Zimina, R. P. and Gerasimov, I. P., 1973: The periglacial expansion of marmots (Marmota) in middle Europe during late Pleistocene. Journal of Mammalogy, 54: 327–340.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.