Use of Soils to Identify Glacial Deposits of Various Ages East of Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A.

References Cited

• Alden, W. C., 1924: Physiographic development of the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 35: 385–424.
   Google Scholar
• Alden, W. C., 1932: Physiography and glacial geology of the northern Great Plains. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 174. 133 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Barendregt, R. W., 1996: Personal communication. Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1L 3M4, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Barendregt, R. W. and Irving, E., 1998: Changes in the extent of North American ice sheets during the late Cenozoic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 35: 504–509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barendregt, R. W., Irving, E., and Karlstrom, E. T., 1991: Paleomagnetism of Quaternary and late Tertiary sediments on Mokowan Butte, southwestern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28: 1956–1964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkeland, P. W., 1999: Soils and Geomorphology. New York: Oxford University Press. 430 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Cioppa, M. T., Karlstrom, E. T., Irving, E., and Barendregt, R. W., 1995: Paleomagnetism of tills and associated paleosols in southwestern Alberta and northern Montana: Evidence for late Pliocene-early Pleistocene glaciations. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32: 555–564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colman, S. M. and Pierce, K. L., 1986: Glacial sequence near McCall, Idaho: Weathering rinds, soil development, morphology and other relative-age criteria. Quaternary Research, 25: 25–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreimanis, A., 1962: Quantitative gasometric determination of calcite and dolomite by using Chittick apparatus. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 2: 520–529.
   Google Scholar
• Foscolos, A. E., Rutter, N. W., and Hughes, O. L., 1977: The use of pedological studies in interpreting the Quaternary history of Central Yukon Territory. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 271. 48 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Fullerton, D. S. and Colton, R. B., 1986: Stratigraphy and correlation of the glacial deposits on the Montana Plains. In Sibrava, V., Bowen, D. Q., and Richmond, G. M. (eds.), Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere, Report on the International Geological Correlation Programme Project 24, Quaternary Science Reviews, 5: 69–82.
   Google Scholar
• Haigh, J. G., Southard, A. R., Klages, M. G., and Nielson, G. A., 1979: Soil Characterization Data: Glacier County and Part of Pondera County, Montana. Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report 131. Montana State University, Bozeman. 38 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Haigh, J.G., Tarrell, R. D., Parcell, J. T., and Hunter, H. E., 1980: Soil Survey of Glacier County Area and Part of Pondera County, Montana. U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service and U.S. Dept of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs. 161 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, R. D. and Shroba, R. R., 1993: Soils developed in the glacial deposits of the Type Areas of the Pinedale and Bull Lake Glaciations, Wind River Range, Wyoming, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 25: 368–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harden, J. W., 1982: A quantitative index of soil development from field descriptions: examples from a chronosequence in central California. Geoderma, 28: 1–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horberg, L., 1954: Rocky Mountain and continental Pleistocene deposits in the Waterton region, Alberta. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 65: 1093–1150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenny, H., 1980: The Soil Resource: Origin and Behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag. 377 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Jungerius, P. D., 1966: Age and origin of the Cypress Hills Plateau surface in Alberta. Geographical Bulletin, 8: 307–318.
   Google Scholar
• Jungerius, P. D., 1967: The influence of Pleistocene climatic changes on the development of the polygenetic pediments in the Cypress Hills area, Alberta. Geographical Bulletin, 9: 218–231.
   Google Scholar
• Karlstrom, E. T., 1981: Late Cenozoic soils of the Glacier and Waterton Parks area, northwestern Montana and southwestern Alberta, and paleoclimatic implications. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Calgary. 358 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Karlstrom, E. T., 1987a: Zone of interaction between Laurentide and Rocky Mountain glaciers east of Waterton-Glacier Parks, northwestern Montana and southwestern Alberta. In Beus, S. S. (ed.), Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide—Rocky Mountain Section, 2: 19–24.
   Google Scholar
• Karlstrom, E. T., 1987b: Stratigraphy and genesis of five superposed soils in pre-Wisconsinan drift on Mokowan Butte, southwestern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24: 1135–1153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlstrom, E. T., 1988a: Soil development in late Quaternary deposits, Waterton Park area, southwestern Alberta. Geographie Physique et Quaternaire, 42: 147–162.
   Google Scholar
• Karlstrom, E. T., 1988b: Multiple paleosols in pre-Wisconsinan drift, northwestern Montana and southwestern Alberta. Catena, 15: 147–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlstrom, E. T., 1990: Relict periglacial features east of Waterton-Glacier Parks, Alberta and Montana, and their paleoclimatic significance. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 1: 221–234.
   Google Scholar
• Karlstrom, E. T., 1991: Paleoclimatic significance of late Cenozoic paleosols east of Waterton-Glacier Parks, Alberta and Montana. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatolgy, and Palaeoecology, 85: 71–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlstrom, E. T., 1999: Evidence for coalescence of Laurentide and Rocky Moutain glaciers east of Glacier National Park. Physical Geography, 20: in press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlstrom, E. T., 2000: Fabric and origin of multiple diamicts within pre-Illinoian Kennedy Drift on interfluves east of Waterton-Glacier Parks, Montana and Alberta. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112: in press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leboe, E. R., 1995: Quaternary geology and terrain inventory, Eastern Cordillera NATMAP Project. Report 2: surficial geology and Quaternary stratigraphy, Pincher Creek and Brocket map areas, Alberta. In: Current Research 1995-A. Geological Survey of Canada: 167–175.
   Google Scholar
• Little, E. C., 1995: Quaternary geology and terrain inventory, Eastern Cordillera NATMAP Project. Report 3: two continental glacial advances in Waterton and Cardston map areas, Alberta. In: Current Research 1995-A, Geological Survey of Canada: 177–182.
   Google Scholar
• Levine, E. R. and Ciolkosz, E. J., 1983: Soil development in tills of various ages in northeastern Pennsylvania. Quaternary Research, 19: 85–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, A. R. and Shroba, R. R., 1998: Soil relative dating of moraine and outwash-terrace sequences in the Northern Part of the Upper Arkansas Valley, Central Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 30: 349–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper, C. S., 1950: Soil and Plant Analysis. Adelaide: Hassel Press. 368 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Reeves, B. O. K., 1973: The nature and age of the contact between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets in the western interior of North America. Arctic and Alpine Research, 5: 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Richmond, G. M., 1986. Stratigraphy and correlation of glacial deposits of the Rocky Mountains, the Colorado Plateau and the Ranges of the Great Basin. In Sibrava, V., Bowen, D. Q., and Richmond, G. M. (eds.), Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere. Report of the International Geological Correlation Programme Project 24. Quaternary Science Reviews, 5: 99–128.
   Google Scholar
• Richmond, G. M., Mudge, M. R., Lemke, R. W., and Fryxell, R., 1965: Relation of alpine glaciation to the Continental and Cordilleran ice sheets. Pt. E, In Guidebook for Field Conference E, Northern and Middle Rocky Mountains. International Association for Quaternary Research: Lincoln, Nebraska Academy of Science: 53–68.
   Google Scholar
• Ruhe, R. V., 1974: Sangamon paleosols and Quaternary environments in mid-western United States. In Mahaney, W. C. (ed.), Quaternary Environments: Proceedings of a Symposium. Geographical Monographs. Toronto: York University Press, 153–167.
   Google Scholar
• Shroba, R. R., 1977: Soil development in Quaternary tills, rock-glacier deposits, and taluses, southern and central Rocky Mountains. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder. 424 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Shroba, R. R. and Birkeland, P. W., 1983: Trends in late-Quaternary soil development in the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada of the western United States. In Porter, S. C., (ed.), Late Quaternary Environments of the United States. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 145–156.
   Google Scholar
• Sibrava, V., Bowen, D. Q., and Richmond, G. M. (eds.), 1986: Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere, Report of the International Geological Correlation Programme Project 24. Quaternary Sciences Reviews, 5. 513 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Sims, J. R. and Haby, V. A., 1971: Simplified colorimetric determination of soil organic matter. Soil Science, 112: 137–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soil Survey Staff, 1962: Soil Survey Manual. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 503 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Soil Survey Staff, 1975: Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 754 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Stalker, A. MacS., 1960: Surficial geology of the Red Deer-Stettler map-area, Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir, 306. 140 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Stalker, A. MacS., 1963: Quaternary stratigraphy in southern Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 62–34. 52 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Stalker, A. MacS., 1983: Quaternary stratigraphy in southern Alberta report III: The Cameron Ranch section. Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 83–10. 20 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Stalker, A. MacS., 1984: Personal communication. Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E8, Canada,
   Google Scholar
• Stalker, A. MacS. and Harrison, H. E., 1977: Quaternary glaciation of the Waterton-Castle River region of Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, 25: 882–906.
   Google Scholar
• du Toit, C., 1988: Fluvial geomorphology, sedimentology and paleohydrology of the Piedmont East of Glacier National Park, Montana. M.S. thesis, University of Calgary. 181 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, W. P., 1966: Correlation of Rocky Mountain and Laurentide glacial chronologies in southwest Alberta, Canada. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, B. H. and Bowser, W. E., 1952: Gray wooded soils in parts of Alberta and Montana. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 16: 130–133.
   Google Scholar
• Young, R. R., Burns, J. A., Smith, D. G., Arnold, L. D., and Rains, R. B., 1994: A single, late Wisconsin, Laurentide glaciation, Edmonton area and southwestern Alberta. Geology, 22: 683–686.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar