Early Spring Nitrogen Uptake by Snow-Covered Plants: A Comparison of Arctic and Alpine Plant Function under the Snowpack

References Cited

• ARC LTER, 1999: Arctic Long-Term Ecological Research Site: Toolik Lake main weather database. www.mbl.edu/html/ECOSYSTEMS/lterhtml/arc.html.
   Google Scholar
• Berendse, F. and Jonasson, S., 1992: Nutrient use and nutrient cycling in northern ecosystems. In Chapin, F. S. III, Jeffries, R. L., Reynolds, J. F., Shaver, G. R., Svoboda, J. (eds), Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: an Ecophsyiological Perspective. San Diego: Academic Press, 337–358.
   Google Scholar
• Bilbrough, C. J. and Bowman W. D., submitted: Early season uptake of snowmelt nitrogen by snow-covered plants: implications for ecosystem nitrogen retention and biodiversity. Ecology.
   Google Scholar
• Bilbrough, C. J. and Welker J. M., submitted: Arctic plant nitrogen acquisition during snowmelt: evidence from a 15N labeling experiment. Oecologia.
   Google Scholar
• Bilbrough, C. J., Schimel, J. P., and Welker, J. M., submitted: Year-round inorganic soil N dynamics in Arctic tundra systems. Ecology.
   Google Scholar
• Billings, W. D. and Bliss L. C., 1959: An alpine snowbank environment and its effects on vegetation, plant development, and productivity. Ecology, 40: 388–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman, W. D. 1992: Inputs and storage of nitrogen in winter snowpack in an alpine ecosystem. Arctic and Alpine Research, 24: 211–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman, W. D., Theodose, T. A., Schardt, J. C., and Conant, R. T., 1993: Constraints of nutrient availability on primary production in two alpine tundra communities. Ecology, 74: 2085–2097.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, P. D., Williams, M. W., and Schmidt, S. K., 1996: Microbial activity under alpine snowpacks. Biogeochemistry, 32: 9–113.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, P. D., Williams, M. W., and Schmidt, S. K., 1998: Inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass dynamics before and during snowmelt. Biogeochemistry, 43: 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caine, N. and Thurman, E., 1990: Temporal and spatial variations in the solute content of an alpine stream. Geomorphology, 4: 55–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin, F. S., III, 1980: The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 11: 233–260.
   Google Scholar
• Chapin, ES., III and Shaver, G. R., 1985: Individualistic growth responses of tundra plant species to environmental manipulations in the field. Ecology, 66: 564–576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin, F. S., III, Fetcher, J., Kielland, K., Everett, A. R., and Linkins, A. E., 1988: Productivity and nutrient cycling of Alaskan tundra: enhancement by flowing soil water. Ecology, 69: 693–702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin, F. S., III and Shaver, G. R., 1989: Differences in growth and nutrient use among arctic plant growth forms. Functional Ecology, 3: 73–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin, F. S., III, Van Cleve, K., and Tieszen, L. L., 1975: Seasonal nutrient dynamics of tundra vegetation at Barrow, Alaska Arctic and Alpine Research, 7: 209–226.
   Google Scholar
• Chapin, F. S., III, Johnson, D. A., and McKendrick, J. D., 1980: Seasonal movement of nutrients in plants of differing growth form in an Alaskan tundra ecosystem: Implications for herbivory. Journal of Ecology, 68: 189–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin, F. S., III, Shaver, G. R., and Kedrowski, R. A., 1986: Environmental controls over carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fractions in Eriophorum vaginatum in Alaskan tussock tundra. Journal of Ecology, 74: 167–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clein, J. S. and Schimel, J. P., 1995: Microbial activity of tundra and taiga soils at subzero temperatures. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 27: 1231–1234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coxson D. S. and Parkinson, D., 1987: Winter respiratory activity in aspen woodland forest floor litter and soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 19: 49–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahnestock, J. T., 1999: Personal communication. Department of Renewable Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, U.S.A.
   Google Scholar
• Fahnestock, J. T., Jones, M. H., and Welker, J. M., 1999: Wintertime CO2 efflux from arctic soils: Implications for annual carbon budgets. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 13: 775–779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giblin, A. E., Nadelhoffer, K. J., Shaver, G. R., Laundre, J. A., and McKerrow, A. J., 1991: Biogeochemical diversity along a riverside toposequence in arctic Alaska. Ecological Monographs, 61: 415–435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland, D., 1989: The climate of Niwot Ridge, Front Range, Colorado U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 21: 380–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamerlynck, E. P. and Smith, W. K., 1994: Subnivean and emergent microclimate, photosynthesis, and growth in Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh, a snowbank geophyte. Arctic and Alpine Research, 26: 21–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinzman, L. D., Kane, D. L., Benson, C. S., and Everett, K. R., 1996: Energy Balance and Hydrological processes in an arctic watershed. In Reynolds, J. F. and Tenhunen, J. D. (eds.), Landscape Function and Disturbance in Arctic Tundra. New York: Springer, 131–154.
   Google Scholar
• Hobbie, S. E. and Chapin, F. S., III, 1996: Winter regulation of tundra litter carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Biogeochemistry 35: 327–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ives, J. D., 1980: Permafrost and its relationship to other environmental parameters in a midlatitude, high-altitude setting, Front Range, Colorado Rocky Mountains. In Ives, J. D. (ed.), Geoecology of the Colorado Front Range. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 316–325.
   Google Scholar
• Jaeger, C. H. and Monson, R. K., 1992: Adaptive significance of nitrogen storage in Bistorta bistortoides, an alpine herb. Oecologia, 92: 578–585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger, C. H., Monson, R. K., Fisk, M. C., and Schmidt, S. K., 1999: Seasonal partitioning of nitrogen by plants and soil microorganisms in an alpine ecosystem. Ecology, 80: 1883–1891.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonasson, S. and Chapin, F. S., III, 1985: Significance of sequential leaf development for nutrient balance of the cotton-sedge, Eriophorum vaginatum L. Oecologia, 67: 511–518.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jonasson, S., Michelsen, A., Schmidt, I. K., and Nielsen, E. V., 1999a: Responses in microbes and plants to changed temperature, nutrient, and light regimes in the arctic. Ecology, 80: 1828–1843.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonasson, S. Michelsen, A., and Schmidt, I. K., 1999b: Coupling of nutrient cycling and carbon dynamics in the Arctic, integration of soil microbial and plant processes. Applied Soil Ecology, 11: 135–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, M. H., Fahnestock, J. T., and Welker, J. M., 1999: Early and late winter CO2 efflux from arctic tundra in the Kuparuk river watershed, Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 31: 187–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, D. L., Hinzman, L. D., Benson, C. S., and Liston, G. E., 1991: Snow hydrology of a headwater arctic basin. 1. Physical measurements and process studies. Water Resources Research, 27: 1099–1109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappen, L., Sommerkorn, M., and Schroeter, B., 1995: Carbon acquisition and water relations of lichens in polar regions—potentials and limitations. Lichenologist, 27: 531–345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball, S. L., Bennett, B. D., and Salisbury, F. B., 1973: The growth and development of montane species at near-freezing temperatures. Ecology, 54: 168–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Körner, C., 1999: Life under snow: protection and limitation. Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 47–62.
   Google Scholar
• Marchand, P. J., 1996: The changing snowpack. Life in the Cold. 3rd ed. Hanover: University Press of New England, 11–39.
   Google Scholar
• May, D. E. and Webber, P. J., 1982: Spatial and temporal variation of the vegetation and its productivity, Niwot Ridge, Colorado. In Halfpenny J.C. (ed.), Ecological Studies in the Colorado Alpine: a Festschrift for John W. Marr. University of Colorado, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Occasional Paper, 37: 35–62.
   Google Scholar
• Mullen, R. B., Schmidt, S. K., and Jaeger C. H., III., 1998: Nitrogen uptake during snowmelt by the snow buttercup, Ranunculus adoneus. Arctic and Alpine Research, 30: 121–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niwot Ridge LTER, 1999: Saddle climate station weather database. culter.colorado.edu: 1030
   Google Scholar
• Powlson, D. A. and Barraclough, D., 1993: Mineralization and assimilation in soil-plant systems. In Knowles R. and Blackburn, H., (eds.), Nitrogen Isotope Techniques. San Diego: Academic Press, 209–221.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, S. G. and Salisbury, F. B., 1977: Plant responses to the light penetrating snow. Ecology, 58: 1152–1158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute, 1995: SAS User's Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
   Google Scholar
• Schimel, J. P. and Chapin, F. S., III., 1996: Tundra plant uptake of amino acid and NH4+ nitrogen in situ: Plants compete well for amino acid N. Ecology, 77: 2142–2147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaver, G. R. and Chapin, F. S., III, 1980: Response to fertilization by various plant growth forms in an Alaskan tundra: nutrient accumulation and growth. Ecology, 61: 662–675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaver, G. R. and Chapin, F. S., III, 1991: Production: biomass relationships and element cycling in contrasting arctic vegetation types. Ecological Monographs, 61: 1–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievering, H., Burton, D., and Caine, N., 1992: Atmospheric loading of nitrogen to alpine tundra in the Colorado Front Range. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 6: 339–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievering, H., Rusch, D., and Marquez, L., 1996: Nitric acid, particulate nitrate and ammonium in the continental free troposphere: nitrogen deposition to an alpine tundra ecosystem Atmospheric Environment, 30: 2527–2537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommerfeld, R. A., Massman, W. J., and Musselman, R. C., 1996: Diffusional flux of CO2 through snow: spatial and temporal variability among alpine-subalpine sites. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 10: 473–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokal, R. R. and Rohlf, F. J., 1981: Biometery. 2nd ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 242–262.
   Google Scholar
• Steltzer, H. and Bowman, W. D., 1998: Differential influence of plant species on soil nitrogen transformations within moist meadow alpine tundra. Ecosystems, 1: 464–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodose, T. A., Jaeger, C. H., III, Bowman, W. D., and Schardt, J. C., 1996: Uptake and allocation of 15N in alpine plants: implications for the importance of competitive ability in predicting community structure in a stressful environment. Oikos, 75: 59–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tieszen, L. L., 1974: Photosynthetic competence of the subnivean vegetation of an arctic tundra. Arctic and Alpine Research, 6: 253–256.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, D. A., Halfpenny, J. C., Walker, M. D., and Wessman, C. A., 1993: Long-term studies of snow-vegetation interactions. BioScience, 43: 287–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, M. D., Binnian, E., Evans, B. M., Lederer, N. D., Nordstrand, E., and Webber, P. J., 1989: Terrain, vegetation and landscape evolution of the R4D research site, Brooks Range foothills, Alaska. Holarctic Ecology, 12: 238–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, M. D., Ingersoll, R. C., and Webber, P. J., 1995: Effects of interannual climate variation on phenology and growth of two alpine forbs. Ecology, 76: 1067–1083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, M. D., Walker, D. A., Welker, J. M., Arft, A. M., Bardsley, T., Brooks, P. D., Fahnestock, J. T., Jones, H. M., Losleben, M., Parsons, A. N., Seastedt, T. R., and Turner, P. L., 1999: Long-term experimental manipulation of winter snow regime and summer temperature in arctic and alpine tundra. Hydrological Processes, 13: 2315–2330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webber, P. J. and May, D. E., 1977: The magnitude and distribution of belowground plant structures in the alpine tundra of Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Arctic and Alpine Research, 9: 157–174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welker, J. M., Molau, U., Parsons, A. N., Robinson, C. H., and Wookey, P. A., 1997: Responses of Dryas octopetala to ITEX environmental manipulations: a synthesis with circumpolar comparisons. Global Change Biology, 3(Supplement 1): 61–73.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, M. W. and Melack, J. M., 1991: Solute chemistry of snowmelt and runoff in an alpine basin, Sierra Nevada. Water Resources Research, 27: 1575–1588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, M. W., Brooks, P. D., Mosier, A. R., and Tonnessen, K. A., 1996a: Mineral N transformations in and under seasonal snow in a high-elevation catchment, Rocky Mountains, USA. Water Resources Research, 32: 3175–3185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, M. W., Losleben, M., Caine, N., and Greenland, D., 1996b: Changes in climate and hydro-chemical responses in a high elevation catchment, Rocky Mountains. Limnology and Oceanography, 41: 939–946.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar