Observed sediment and solute transport from the Kangerlussuaq sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet (2006–2016)

References

• Anderson, N. J., J. E. Saros, J. E. Bullard, S. M. P. Cahoon, S. McGowan, E. A. Bagshaw, C. D. Barry, R. Bindler, B. T. Burpee, J. L. Carrivick, et al. 2017. The Arctic in the 21st century: Changing biogeochemical linkages across a paraglacial landscape of Greenland. BioScience 67:1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, N. J., S. Fritz, C. Gibson, B. Hasholt, and M. Leng. 2002. Lake-catchment interactions with climate in the low Arctic of southern West Greenland. Geological Survey of Greenland Bulletin 191:144–49.
   Google Scholar
• Bartholomew, I., P. Nienow, A. Sole, D. Mair, T. Cowton, S. Palmer, and J. Wadham. 2011. Supraglacial forcing of subglacial drainage in the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet. Geophysical Research Letters 38:L08502. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendixen, M., L. L. Iversen, A. A. Bjørk, B. Elberling, A. Westergaard-Nielsen, I. Overeem, K. Barnhart, S. A. Khan, J. E. Box, J. Abermann, et al. 2017. Delta progradation in Greenland driven by increasing glacial mass loss. Nature 550:101–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/Nature23873.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia, M. P., E. B. Kujawinski, S. B. Das, C. F. Breier, P. B. Henderson, and M. A. Charette. 2013. Greenland meltwater as a significant and potentially bioavailable source of iron to the ocean. Nature Geoscience 6:274–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Born, E., and J. Böcher. 2001. The ecology of Greenland. Nuuk: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Cappelen, J. 2016. Weather observations in Greenland 1958–2015. Copenhagen: Danish Meteorological Institute Report 16-08, 31.
   Google Scholar
• Carrivick, J. L., A. G. D. Turner, A. J. Russell, T. Ingeman-Nielsen, and J. C. Yde. 2013. Outburst flood evolution at Russell Glacier, western Greenland: Effects of a bedrock cascade with intermediary lakes. Quaternary Science Reviews 67:39–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowton, T., P. Nienow, I. Bartholemew, A. Sole, and D. Mair. 2012. Rapid erosion beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet. Geology 40:343–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelund, F., and E. Hansen. 1972. A monograph on sediment transport in alluvial streams. Teknisk Forlag, Copenhagen, Denmark. 62 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gíslason, S. R., E. H. Oelkers, and Á. Snorrason. 2006. Role of river-suspended material in the global carbon cycle. Geology 34:49–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graly, J. A., N. F. Humphrey, and J. T. Harper. 2016. Chemical depletion of sediment under the Greenland Ice Sheet. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 41:1922–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallet, B., L. Hunter, and J. Bogen. 1996. Rates of erosion and sediment evacuation by glaciers: A review of field data and their implications. Global and Planetary Change 12:213–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna, E., X. Fettweis, S. H. Mernild, J. Cappelen, M. Ribergaard, C. Shuman, K. Steffen, L. Wood, and T. Mote. 2014. Atmospheric and oceanic climate forcing of the exceptional Greenland Ice Sheet surface melt in summer 2012. International Journal of Climatology 34:1022–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasholt, B. 2016. Sediment and solute transport from Greenland. In Source-to-sink fluxes in undisturbed cold environments, ed. A. Beylich, J. C. Dixon, and Z. Zwolinski, 96–115. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hasholt, B., N. Bobrovitskaya, J. Bogen, J. McNamara, S. H. Mernild, D. Milburn, and D. E. Walling. 2006. Sediment transport to the Arctic Ocean and adjoining cold oceans. Nordic Hydrology 37:413–32.
   Google Scholar
• Hasholt, B., A. B. Mikkelsen, M. H. Nielsen, and M. A. D. Larsen. 2013. Observations of runoff and sediment and dissolved loads from the Greenland Ice Sheet at Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland, 2007 to 2010. Zeitschrift Für Geomorphologie 57 (Suppl. 2):3–27.
   Google Scholar
• Hawkings, J., J. Wadham, M. Tranter, J. Telling, E. Bagshaw, A. Beaton, S.-L. Simmons, D. Chandler, A. Tedstone, and P. Nienow. 2016. The Greenland Ice Sheet as a hot spot of phosphorus weathering and export in the Arctic. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 30:191–210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkings, J. R., J. L. Wadham, L. G. Benning, K. R. Hendry, M. Tranter, A. Tedstone, P. Nienow, and R. Raiswell. 2017. Ice sheets as a missing source of silica to the polar oceans. Nature Communications 8:14198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkings, J. R., J. L. Wadham, M. Tranter, E. Lawson, A. Sole, T. Cowton, A. J. Tedstone, I. Bartholomew, P. Nienow, D. Chandler, et al. 2015. The effect of warming climate on nutrient and solute export from the Greenland Ice Sheet. Geochemical Perspectives Letters 1:94–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkings, J. R., J. L. Wadham, M. Tranter, R. Raiswell, L. G. Benning, P. J. Statham, A. Tedstone, P. Nienow, K. Lee, and J. Telling. 2014. Ice sheets as a significant source of highly reactive nanoparticulate iron to the oceans. Nature Communications 5:3929. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksen, N. 2005. Grønlands geologiske udvikling. Copenhagen: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), 270.
   Google Scholar
• Hindshaw, R. S., J. Rickli, J. Leuthold, J. Wadham, and B. Bourdon. 2014. Identifying weathering sources and processes in an outlet glacier of the Greenland Ice Sheet using Ca and Sr isotope ratios. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 145:50–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodson, A. J., P. Mumford, and D. Lister. 2004. Suspended sediment and phosphorus in proglacial rivers: Bioavailability and potential impacts upon the P status of ice-marginal receiving waters. Hydrological Processes 18:2409–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson, B., I. Overeem, D. McGrath, J. P. M. Syvitski, A. B. Mikkelsen, and B. Hasholt. 2013. MODIS observed increase in the duration and spatial extent of sediment plumes in Greenland fjords. The Cryosphere Discussions 7:6101–41.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, A., V. Stolbovoy, C. Tarnocai, G. Broll, O. Spaargaren, and L. Montanarella. 2010. Soil atlas of the northern circumpolar region. Luxembourg: European Commission, Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Koppes, M. N., and D. R. Montgomery. 2009. The relative efficacy of fluvial and glacial erosion over modern orogenic timescales. Nature Geoscience 2:644–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krawczyk, W. E., B. Lefauconnier, and L.-E. Pettersson. 2003. Chemical denudation rates in the Bayelva catchment, Svalbard, in the fall of 2000. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 28:1257–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladegaard-Pedersen, P., C. Sigsgaard, A. Kroon, J. Aberman, K. Skov, and B. Elberling. 2017. Suspended sediment in a high-Arctic river: An appraisal of flux estimation methods. Science of the Total Environment 580:582–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.006.
   Google Scholar
• Lenaerts, J. T. M., D. Le Bars, L. van Kampenhout, M. Vizcaíno, E. M. Enderlin, and M. R. van den Broeke. 2015. Representing Greenland Ice Sheet freshwater fluxes in climate models. Geophysical Research Letters 42:6373–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindbäck, K., R. Pettersson, A. L. Hubbard, S. H. Doyle, D. van As, A. B. Mikkelsen, and A. A. Fitzpatrick. 2015. Subglacial water drainage, storage, and piracy beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet. Geophysical Research Letters 42:7606–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath, D., K. Steffen, I. Overeem, S. H. Mernild, B. Hasholt, and M. van den Broeke. 2010. Sediment plumes as proxy for local ice-sheet runoff in Kangerlussuaq Fjord, West Greenland. Journal of Glaciology 56 (199):813–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meire, L., P. Meire, E. Struyf, D. W. Krawczyk, K. E. Arendt, J. C. Yde, T. J. Pedersen, M. J. Hopwood, S. Rysgaard, and F. J. R. Meysman. 2016. High export of dissolved silica from the Greenland Ice Sheet. Geophysical Research Letters 43:9173–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mernild, S. H., E. Hanna, J. R. McConnell, M. Sigl, A. P. Beckerman, J. C. Yde, J. Cappelen, and K. Steffen. 2015. Greenland precipitation trends in a long-term instrumental climate context (1890–2012): Evaluation of coastal and ice core records. International Journal of Climatology 35:303–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkelsen, A. B., and B. Hasholt. 2013. Sediment transport to the Kangerlussuaq fjord, west Greenland. In Proceedings 19th International Research Basins Symposium and Workshop, ed. S. L. Stuefer and W. R. Bolton, 157–66. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Overeem, I., B. D. Hudson, J. P. M. Syvitski, A. B. Mikkelsen, B. Hasholt, M. R. den Broeke, B. P. Y. Noël, and M. Morlighem. 2017. Substantial export of suspended sediment to the global oceans from glacial erosion in Greenland. Nature Geoscience 10:859–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, A. J., J. L. Carrivick, T. Ingeman-Nielsen, J. C. Yde, and M. Williams. 2011. A new cycle of jökulhlaups at Russell Glacier, Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland. Journal of Glaciology 57 (202):238–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeets, C. J. P. P., P. Kuipers Munneke, D. van As, M. R. van den Broeke, W. Boot, J. Oerlemans, H. Snellen, C. H. Reijmer, and R. S. W. van de Wal. 2018. The K-transect in west Greenland: Twenty-three years of weather station data. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, in press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stachnik, Ł., E. Majchrowska, J. C. Yde, A. P. Nawrot, K. Cichała-Kamrowska, D. Ignatiuk, and A. Piechota. 2016. Chemical denudation and the role of sulfide oxidation at Werenskioldbreen, Svalbard. Journal of Hydrology 538:177–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statham, P. J., M. Skidmore, and M. Tranter. 2008. Inputs of glacially derived dissolved and colloidal iron to the coastal ocean and implications for primary productivity. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22:GB3013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strahler, A. H., and A. N. Strahler. 1992. Modern physical geography. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Syvitski, J. P. M., J. T. Andrews, and J. A. Dowdeswell. 1996. Sediment deposition in an iceberg-dominated glacimarine environment, East Greenland: Bain fill implications. Global and Planetary Change 12:251–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telling, J., M. Stibal, A. M. Anesio, M. Tranter, I. Nias, J. Cook, C. Bellas, G. Lis, J. L. Wadham, A. Sole, et al. 2012. Microbial nitrogen cycling on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Biogeosciences 9:2431–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ten Brink, N. 1974. Glacio-isostasy: New data from West Greenland and geophysical implications. Geological Society of America Bulletin 85:219–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tranter, M., and J. L. Wadham. 2014. Geochemical weathering in glacial and proglacial environments. In Treatise on geochemistry, ed. H. D. Holland and K. K. Turekian, vol. 7, 2nd ed., 157–73. Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Tréguer, P. J., and C. L. De La Rocha. 2013. The world ocean silica cycle. Annual Reviews of Marine Science 5:477–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van As, D., A. Bech Mikkelsen, M. Holtegaard Nielsen, J. E. Box, L. Claesson Liljedahl, K. Lindbäck, L. Pitcher, and B. Hasholt. 2017. Hypsometric amplification and routing moderation of Greenland ice sheet meltwater release. The Cryosphere 11:1371–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1371-2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van As, D., B. Hasholt, A. P. Ahlstrøm, J. E. Box, J. Cappelen, W. Colgan, R. S. Fausto, S. H. Mernild, A. B. Mikkelsen, P. Y. N. Brice, et al. 2018. The longest observationally-constrained record of Greenland ice sheet meltwater discharge (1949–2016). Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research (submitted), in press.
   Google Scholar
• van den Broeke, M., P. Smeets, J. Ettema, and P. K. Munneke. 2008. Surface radiation balancein the ablation zone of the west Greenland ice sheet. Journal of Geophysical Research 113:D13105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Wal, R. S. W., W. Boots, C. J. P. Smeets, H. Snellen, M. R. van den Broeke, and J. Oerlemans. 2012. Twenty-one years of mass balance observations along the K-transect, West Greenland. Earth System Science Data 4:31–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadham, J. L., J. Hawkings, J. Telling, D. Chandler, J. Alcock, E. O’Donnell, P. Kaur, E. Bagshaw, M. Tranter, A. Tedstone, et al. 2016. Sources, cycling and export of nitrogen on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Biogeosciences 13:6339–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yde, J. C., K. W. Finster, R. Raiswell, J. P. Steffensen, J. Heinemeier, J. Olsen, H. P. Gunnlaugsson, and O. B. Nielsen. 2010. Basal ice microbiology at the margin of the Greenland ice sheet. Annals of Glaciology 51 (56):71–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yde, J. C., and N. T. Knudsen. 2004. The importance of oxygen isotope provenance in relation to solute content of bulk meltwaters at Imersuaq Glacier, West Greenland. Hydrological Processes 18:125–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yde, J. C., N. T. Knudsen, B. Hasholt, and A. B. Mikkelsen. 2014. Meltwater chemistry and solute export from a Greenland Ice Sheet catchment, Watson River, West Greenland. Journal of Hydrology 519:2165–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yde, J. C., M. Riger-Kusk, H. H. Christiansen, N. T. Knudsen, and O. Humlum. 2008. Hydrochemical characteristics of bulk meltwater from an entire ablation season, Longyearbreen, Svalbard. Journal of Glaciology 54 (185):259–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar