Evaporation dominates evapotranspiration on Alaska’s Arctic Coastal Plain

References

• Betts, A. K., M. Goulden, and S. Wofsy. 1999. Controls on evaporation in a boreal spruce forest. Journal of Climate 12 (6):1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billesbach, D., M. Fischer, M. Torn, and J. Berry. 2004. A portable eddy covariance system for the measurement of ecosystem: Atmosphere exchange of CO2, water vapor, and energy. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 21 (4):639–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cable, J. M., K. Ogle, D. G. Williams, J. F. Weltzin, and T. E. Huxman. 2008. Soil texture drives responses of soil respiration to precipitation pulses in the Sonoran Desert: Implications for climate change. Ecosystems 11 (6):961–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder, I. R. 1998. Water use by forests, limits and controls. Tree Physiology 18 (8–9):625–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dery, S. J., M. Stieglitz, A. K. Rennermalm, and E. F. Wood. 2005. The water budget of the Kuparuk River basin, Alaska. Journal of Hydrometeorology 6 (5):633–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engstrom, R., A. Hope, H. Kwon, Y. Harazono, M. Mano, and W. Oechel. 2006. Modeling evapotranspiration in Arctic coastal plain ecosystems using a modified BIOME-BGC model. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences 111 (G2). doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000102.
   Google Scholar
• Engstrom, R., A. Hope, H. Kwon, D. Stow, and D. Zamolodchikov. 2005. Spatial distribution of near surface soil moisture and its relationship to microtopography in the Alaskan Arctic coastal plain. Nordic Hydrology 36 (3):219–34.
   Google Scholar
• Gamon, J. A., K. F. Huemmrich, R. S. Stone, and C. E. Tweedie. 2013. Spatial and temporal variation in primary productivity (NDVI) of coastal Alaskan tundra: Decreased vegetation growth following earlier snowmelt. Remote Sensing of Environment 129:144–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamon, J. A., G. P. Kershaw, S. Williamson, and D. S. Hik. 2012. Microtopographic patterns in an arctic baydjarakh field: Do fine-grain patterns enforce landscape stability? Environmental Research Letters 7 (1):1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinzman, L. D., C. J. Deal, A. D. McGuire, S. H. Mernild, I. V. Polyakov, and J. E. Walsh. 2013. Trajectory of the Arctic as an integrated system. Ecological Applications 23 (8):1837–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hubbard, S. S., C. Gangodagamage, B. Dafflon, H. Wainwright, J. Peterson, A. Gusmeroli, C. Ulrich, Y. Wu, C. Wilson, and J. Rowland. 2013. Quantifying and relating land-surface and subsurface variability in permafrost environments using LiDAR and surface geophysical datasets. Hydrogeology Journal 21 (1):149–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasechko, S., Z. D. Sharp, J. J. Gibson, S. J. Birks, Y. Yi, and P. J. Fawcett. 2013. Terrestrial water fluxes dominated by transpiration. Nature 496 (7445):259–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorgenson, M. T., and T. E. Osterkamp. 2005. Response of boreal ecosystems to varying modes of permafrost degradation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 35 (9):2100–11.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, D. L., R. E. Gieck, and L. D. Hinzman. 1990. Evapotranspiration from a small Alaskan Arctic Watershed. Nordic Hydrology 21 (4–5):253–72.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, D. L., L. D. Hinzman, R. E. Gieck, J. P. McNamara, E. K. Youcha, and J. A. Oatley. 2008. Contrasting extreme runoff events in areas of continuous permafrost, Arctic Alaska. Hydrology Research 39 (4):287–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, D. L., L. D. Hinzman, J. P. McNamara, Z. Zhang, and C. S. Benson. 2000. An overview of a nested watershed study in Arctic Alaska. Nordic Hydrology 31 (4–5):245–66.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, D. L., L. D. Hinzman, M. Woo, and K. R. Everett. 1992. Arctic hydrology and climate change. In Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate, ed. F. S. Chapin, R. L. Jefferies, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, and J. Svoboda, 35–55. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kanevskiy, M., Y. Shur, M. T. Jorgenson, C. L. Ping, G. J. Michaelson, D. Fortier, E. Stephani, M. Dillon, and V. Tumskoy. 2013. Ground ice in the upper permafrost of the Beaufort Sea coast of Alaska. Cold Regions Science and Technology 85:56–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laio, F., A. Porporato, L. Ridolfi, and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe. 2001. Plants in water-controlled ecosystems: Active role in hydrologic processes and response to water stress–II. Probabilistic soil moisture dynamics. Advances in Water Resources 24 (7):707–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, D. M., P. E. Thornton, K. W. Oleson, and G. B. Bonan. 2007. The partitioning of evapotranspiration into transpiration, soil evaporation, and canopy evaporation in a GCM: Impacts on land-atmosphere interaction. Journal of Hydrometeorology 8 (4):862–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H., E. A. G. Schuur, and J. G. Vogel. 2010. Soil CO2 production in upland tundra where permafrost is thawing. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences 115 (G1),:1-11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liljedahl, A., L. Hinzman, Y. Harazono, D. Zona, C. Tweedie, R. D. Hollister, R. Engstrom, and W. Oechel. 2011. Nonlinear controls on evapotranspiration in arctic coastal wetlands. Biogeosciences 8 (11):3375–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liljedahl, A., L. Hinzman, and J. Schulla. 2012. Ice-wedge polygon type controls low-gradient watershed-scale hydrology. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Permafrost, ed. K. M. Hinkel, 231–36. Salekhard, Russia: The Northern Publisher.
   Google Scholar
• Liljedahl, A. K., J. Boike, R. P. Daanen, A. N. Fedorov, G. V. Frost, G. Grosse, L. D. Hinzman, Y. Iijma, J. C. Jorgenson, N. Matveyeva, et al. 2016. Pan-Arctic ice-wedge degradation in warming permafrost and its influence on tundra hydrology. Nature Geoscience 9 (4):312–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez, J., L. D. Hinzman, and D. L. Kane. 1998. Evapotranspiration from a wetland complex on the Arctic coastal plain of Alaska. Nordic Hydrology 29 (4–5):303–30.
   Google Scholar
• Oberbauer, S., and T. E. Dawson. 1992. Water relations of arctic vascular plants. In Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate: An ecophysiological perspective, ed. F. S. Chapin, R. L. Jefferies, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, and J. Svoboda, 259–79. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oechel, W. C., G. L. Vourlitis, S. Brooks, T. L. Crawford, and E. Dumas. 1998. Intercomparison among chamber, tower, and aircraft net CO2 and energy fluxes measured during the Arctic System Science Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (ARCSS-LAII) flux study. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 103 (D22):28993–9003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivas, P. C., S. F. Oberbauer, C. Tweedie, W. C. Oechel, D. Lin, and A. Kuchy. 2011. Effects of fine-scale topography on CO2 flux components of Alaskan Coastal Plain Tundra: Response to contrasting growing seasons. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research 43 (2):256–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oren, R., C. I. Hsieh, P. Stoy, J. Albertson, H. R. McCarthy, P. A. Harrell, and G. G. Katul. 2006. Estimating the uncertainty in annual net ecosystem carbon exchange: Spatial variation in turbulent fluxes and sampling errors in eddy‐covariance measurements. Global Change Biology 12 (5):883–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearcy, R. W., J. R. Ehleringer, H. A. Mooney, and P. W. Rundel. 1990. Plant physiological ecology: Field methods and instrumentation. London: Chapman and Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Ping, C., J. Bockheim, J. Kimble, G. Michaelson, and D. Walker. 1998. Characteristics of cryogenic soils along a latitudinal transect in Arctic Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (D22):28917–28928.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz-Yaseef, N., E. Rotenberg, and D. Yakir. 2010. Effects of spatial variations in soil evaporation caused by tree shading on water flux partitioning in a semi-arid pine forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 150 (3):454–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz-Yaseef, N., J. M. Young-Robertson, T. Rahn, V. L. Sloan, B. D. Newman, C. Wilson, S. Wullschleger, and M. S. Torn. 2017. Evapotranspiration across plant types and geomorphological units in polygonal arctic tundra. Journal of Hydrology 553:816–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturm, M., C. Racine, and K. Tape. 2001. Climate change: Increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic. Nature 411 (6837):546–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tape, K., M. Sturm, and C. Racine. 2006. The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic. Global Change Biology 12 (4):686–702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenhunen, J., O. Lange, S. Hahn, R. Siegwolf, and S. Oberbauer. 1992. The ecosystem role of poikilohydric tundra plants. In Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate, ed. F. S. Chapin III, R. L. Jefferies, J. F. Reynolds, G. Shaver, A. J. Svoboda, and E. W. Chu, 213–37. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Valentini, R., S. Dore, G. Marchi, D. Mollicone, M. Panfyorov, C. Rebmann, O. Kolle, and E. D. Schulze. 2000. Carbon and water exchanges of two contrasting central Siberia landscape types: Regenerating forest and bog. Functional Ecology 14 (1):87–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vourlitis, G. L., and W. C. Oechel. 1997. Landscape-scale CO2, H2O vapour and energy flux of moist-wet coastal tundra ecosystems over two growing seasons. Journal of Ecology 85 (5):575–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wielgolaski, F., L. Bliss, J. Svoboda, and G. Doyle. 1981. Primary production of tundra. In Tundra ecosystems: A comparative analysis, ed. L. C. Bliss, O. W. Heal, and J. J. Moore, 187–226. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wullschleger, S. D., H. E. Epstein, E. O. Box, E. S. Euskirchen, S. Goswami, C. M. Iversen, J. Kattge, R. J. Norby, P. M. van Bodegom, and X. Xu. 2014. Plant functional types in Earth system models: Past experiences and future directions for application of dynamic vegetation models in high-latitude ecosystems. Annals of Botany 114 (1):1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wullschleger, S. D., F. C. Meinzer, and R. A. Vertessy. 1998. A review of whole-plant water use studies in trees. Tree Physiology 18 (8–9):499–512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar