Topographic influences on ring widths of trees and shrubs across alpine treelines in southwest Yukon

References

• Becker, P. 2000. Competition in the regeneration niche between conifers and angiosperms: Bond’s slow seedling hypothesis. Functional Ecology 14:1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blok, D., M. M. P. D. Heijmans, G. Schaepman-Strub, A. V. Kononov, T. C. Maximov, and F. Berendse. 2010. Shrub expansion may reduce summer permafrost thaw in Siberian tundra. Global Change Biology 16:1296–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blok, D., U. Sass-Klaassen, G. Schaepman-Strub, D. Heijmans, M. M. P. P. Sauren, and F. Berendse. 2011. What are the main climate drivers for shrub growth in Northeastern Siberian tundra? Biogeosciences 8:1169–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, W. J. 1989. The tortoise and the hare: Ecology of angiosperm dominance and gymnosperm persistence. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 36:227–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudreau, S., and M.-P. Villeneuve-Simard. 2012. Dendrochronological evidence of shrub growth suppression by trees in a subarctic lichen woodland. Botany 90:151–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bret-Harte, M. S., G. R. Shaver, and F. S. Chapin. 2002. Primary and secondary stem growth in arctic shrubs: Implications for community response to environmental change. Journal of Ecology 90:251–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchwal, A., G. Rachlewicz, P. Fonti, P. Cherubini, and H. Gärtner. 2013. Temperature modulates intra-plant growth of Salix polaris from a high Arctic site (Svalbard). Polar Biology 36:1305–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunn, A. G., E. Jansma, M. Korpela, R. D. Westfall, and J. Baldwin. 2013. Using simulations and data to evaluate mean sensitivity (ζ) as a useful statistic in dendrochronology. Dendrochronologia 31:250–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buras, A. 2012. A comment on the expressed population signal. Dendrochronologia 44:130–130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044031.
   Google Scholar
• Buras, A., M. Hallinger, and M. Wilmking. 2012. Can shrubs help to reconstruct historical glacier retreats? Environmental Research Letters 7:1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin, F. S., G. Shaver, A. Giblin, K. J. Nadelhoffer, and J. A. Laundre. 1995. Responses of arctic tundra to experimental and observed changes in climate. Ecology 76:694–711.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin, F. S., M. Sturm, and M. Serreze. 2005. Role of land-surface changes in Arctic summer warming. Science 310:657–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavardès, R. D., L. D. Daniels, P. O. Waeber, J. L. Innes, and C. R. Nitschke. 2013. Unstable climate−growth relations for white spruce in southwest Yukon, Canada. Climatic Change 116:593–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, E. R., and R. L. Holmes. 1986. Users manual for program ARSTAN. In Tree-ring chronologies of Western North America, California, Eastern Oregon and Northern Great Basin with procedures used in the chronology development work including user manuals for computer programs COFECHA and ARSTAN, R. L. Holmes, R. K. Adams, and H. C. Fritts, eds., 50–65. Tucson: Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, E. R., and K. Peters. 1997. Calculating unbiased tree-ring indices for the study of climatic and environmental change. The Holocene 7:361–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Arrigo, R. D., R. Wilson, B. Liepert, and P. Cherubini. 2008. On the ‘divergence problem’ in northern forests: A review of the tree-ring evidence and possible causes. Global and Planetary Change 60:289–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danby, R. K., and D. S. Hik. 2007. Variability, contingency and rapid change in recent subarctic alpine tree line dynamics. Journal of Ecology 95:352–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dearborn, K. D., 2017: Landscape-scale variability in the composition, growth and pattern of alpine treeline vegetation. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, 138 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Dearborn, K. D., and R. K. Danby. 2017. Aspect and slope influence plant community composition more than elevation across forest-tundra ecotones in subarctic Canada. Journal of Vegetation Science 28:595–604.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes, B. C., M. M. Fauria, and P. Zetterberg. 2010. Russian Arctic warming and ‘greening’ are closely tracked by tundra shrub willows. Global Change Biology 16:1542–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, G. V., H. E. Epstein, and D. A. Walker. 2014. Regional and landscape-scale variability of Landsat-observed vegetation dynamics in northwest Siberian tundra. Environmental Research Letters 9:1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/2/025004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Cervigón Morales, A. I., J. M. Olano Mendoza, M. Eugenio Gozalbo, and J. J. Camarero Martínez. 2012. Arboreal and prostrate conifers coexisting in Mediterranean high mountains differ in their climatic responses. Dendrochronologia 30:279–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz, S. J., A. G. Bunn, G. J. Fiske, and R. A. Houghton. 2005. Satellite-observed photosynthetic trends across boreal North America associated with climate and fire disturbance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102: 13521–25.
   Google Scholar
• Grace, J. 2002. Impacts of climate change on the tree line. Annals of Botany 90:537–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grau, O., J. M. Ninot, J. M. Blanco-Moreno, R. S. P. van Logtestijn, J. H. C. Cornelissen, and T. V. Callaghan. 2012. Shrub-tree interactions and environmental changes drive treeline dynamics in the Subarctic. Oikos 121:1680–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood, S., and A. S. Jump. 2014. Consequences of treeline shifts for the diversity and function of high altitude ecosystems. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 46:829–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grissino, H. D. 2001. Evaluating crossdating accuracy: A manual and tutorial for the computer program COFECHA. Tree-Ring Research 57:205–21.
   Google Scholar
• Harsch, M. A., P. E. Hulme, M. S. McGlone, and R. P. Duncan. 2009. Are treelines advancing? A global meta-analysis of treeline response to climate warming. Ecology Letters 12:1040–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbie, S. E., and F. S. Chapin. 1998. The response of tundra plant biomass, aboveground production, nitrogen, and CO2 flux to experimental warming. Ecology 79:1526–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia, G. J., H. E. Epstein, and D. A. Walker. 2009. Vegetation greening in the Canadian Arctic related to decadal warming. Journal of Environmental Monitoring: JEM 11:2231–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jørgensen, R. H., M. Hallinger, S. Ahlgrimm, J. Friemel, J. Kollmann, and H. Meilby. 2015. Growth response to climatic change over 120 years for Alnus viridis and Salix glauca in West Greenland. Journal of Vegetation Science 26:155–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaarlejärvi, E., R. Baxter, A. Hofgaard, H. Hytteborn, O. Khitun, U. Molau, S. Sjögersten, P. Wookey, and J. Olofsson. 2012. Effects of warming on shrub abundance and chemistry drive ecosystem-level changes in a forest–tundra ecotone. Ecosystems 15:1219–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kambo, D. S. 2017. Fine-scale mechanisms influencing germination success, seedling growth and survival in an alpine forest-tundra ecotone. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, 193 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Körner, C. 2012. Treelines will be understood once the functional difference between a tree and a shrub is. Ambio 41:197–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonelli, G., M. Pelfini, G. Battipaglia, and P. Cherubini. 2009. Site-aspect influence on climate sensitivity over time of a high-altitude Pinus cembra tree-ring network. Climatic Change 96:185–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macias-Fauria, M., and E. A. Johnson. 2013. Warming-induced upslope advance of subalpine forest is severely limited by geomorphic processes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110: 8117–22.
   Google Scholar
• Meinardus, C., B. Weinert, and J. Löffler. 2011. The potential of the dwarf shrub Betula nana L. as a climate indicator above the tree line in the southern Norwegian Scandes. Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology, and Ecology 9:181–86.
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Smith, I. H., S. C. Elmendorf, P. S. A. Beck, M. Wilmking, M. Hallinger, D. Blok, K. D. Tape, S. A. Rayback, M. Macias-Fauria, B. C. Forbes, et al. 2015. Climate sensitivity of shrub growth across the tundra biome. Nature Climate Change. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2697.
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Smith, I. H., B. C. Forbes, M. Wilmking, M. Hallinger, T. Lantz, D. Blok, M. Macias-Fauria, U. Sass-Klaassen, E. Lévesque, et al. 2011. Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: Dynamics, impacts and research priorities. Environmental Research Letters 6:1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers-Smith, I. H., M. Hallinger, D. Blok, U. Sass-Klaassen, S. A. Rayback, S. Weijers, A. J. Trant, K. D. Tape, A. T. Naito, S. Wipf, et al. 2014. Methods for measuring arctic and alpine shrub growth: A review. Earth-Science Reviews 140:1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberhuber, W. 2004. Influence of climate on radial growth of Pinus cembra within the alpine timberline ecotone. Tree Physiology 24:291–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, D. W., and D. L. Peterson. 1994. Effects of climate on radial growth of subalpine conifers in the North Cascade Mountains. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24:1921–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, D., D. McKenney, and L. Joyce. 2011. High-resolution interpolation of climate scenarios for Canada derived from general circulation model simulations. Edmonton: Canadian Forestry Service. 104.
   Google Scholar
• Ropars, P., S. Angers-Blondin, M. Gagnon, I. H. Myers-Smith, E. Lévesque, and S. Boudreau. 2017. Different parts, different stories: Climate sensitivity of growth is stronger in root collars versus stems in tundra shrubs. Global Change Biology 23:3281–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ropars, P., and S. Boudreau. 2012. Shrub expansion at the forest–tundra ecotone: Spatial heterogeneity linked to local topography. Environmental Research Letters 7:1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salzer, M. W., M. K. Hughes, A. G. Bunn, and K. F. Kipfmueller. 2009. Recent unprecedented tree-ring growth in bristlecone pine at the highest elevations and possible causes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106: 20348–53.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, N. M., C. Baittinger, J. Kollmann, and M. C. Forchhammer. 2010. Consistent dendrochronological response of the dioecious Salix arctica to variation in local snow precipitation across gender and vegetation types. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 42:471–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. A. S., J. C. Meikle, and C. F. Roots eds. 2004. Ecoregions of the Yukon Territory: Biophysical properties of Yukon landscapes, 313. Summerland, British Columbia: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PARC Technical Bulletin No. 04-01.
   Google Scholar
• Speer, J. 2010. Fundamentals of tree-ring research. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 333.
   Google Scholar
• Strackee, J., and E. Jansma. 1992. The statistical properties of mean sensitivity - a reappraisal. Dendrochronologia 10:121–35.
   Google Scholar
• Sturm, M., C. Racine, and K. Tape. 2001. Increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic. Nature 411:546–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturm, M., J. Schimel, G. Michaelson, J. M. Welker, S. F. Oberbauer, G. E. Liston, J. Fahnestock, and V. E. Romanovsky. 2005. Winter biological processes could help convert Arctic tundra to shrubland. BioScience 55:17–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tape, K., M. Sturm, and C. Racine. 2006. The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic. Global Change Biology 12:686–702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay, B., E. Lévesque, and S. Boudreau. 2012. Recent expansion of erect shrubs in the Low Arctic: Evidence from Eastern Nunavik. Environmental Research Letters 7:1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/035501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villalba, R., J. Boninsegna, and T. Veblen. 1997. Recent trends in tree-ring records from high elevation sites in the Andes of northern Patagonia. Climatic Change 36:425–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahren, C.-H. A., M. D. Walker, and M. S. Bret-Harte. 2005. Vegetation responses in Alaskan arctic tundra after 8 years of a summer warming and winter snow manipulation experiment. Global Change Biology 11: 537–552. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00927.x.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, M., C. Wahren, R. Hollister, G. Henry, L. Ahlquist, J. Alatalo, M. S. Bret-Harte, M. P. Calef, T. V. Callaghan, A. B. Carroll, et al. 2006. Plant community responses to experimental warming across the tundra biome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103: 1342–46.
   Google Scholar
• Wigley, T. M. L., K. R. Briffa, and P. D. Jones. 1984. On the average value of correlated time series, with applications in dendroclimatology and hydrometeorology. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 23:201–13.
   Google Scholar
• Wolken, J. M., D. H. Mann, T. A. Grant, A. H. Lloyd, T. S. Rupp, and T. N. Hollingsworth. 2016. Climate-growth relationships along a black spruce toposequence in interior Alaska. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 48:637–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, A. B., D. A. Watts, A. H. Taylor, and E. Post. 2016. Species and site differences influence climate-shrub growth responses in West Greenland. Dendrochronologia 37:69–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalatan, R., and K. Gajewski. 2006. Dendrochronological potential of Salix alaxensis from the Kuujjua River area, western Canadian Arctic. Tree-Ring Research 62:75–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar