Low resistance of montane and alpine grasslands to abrupt changes in temperature and precipitation regimes

References

• Aerts, R. 1999. Interspecific competition in natural plant communities: Mechanisms, trade-offs and plant-soil feedbacks. Journal of Experimental Botany 50:29–37. doi:10.1093/jxb/50.330.29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, J. M., J. M. Diez, and J. M. Levine. 2015. Novel competitors shape species’ responses to climate change. Nature 525:515–18. doi:10.1038/nature14952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, J. M., L. Chalmandrier, J. Lenoir, T. I. Burgess, F. Essl, S. Haider, C. Kueffer, K. McDougall, A. Milbau, M. A. Nuñez, et al. 2017. Lags in the response of mountain plant communities to climate change. Global Change Biology. doi:10.1111/gcb.13976.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asam, S., M. Callegari, L. De Gregorio, A. Jacob, C. Notarnicola, M. Zebisch, M. Matiu, M. Menzel, and G. Fiore. 2017. Spatiotemporal variations of alpine climate, snow cover and phenology. In 2017 9th International Workshop on the Analysis of Multitemporal Remote Sensing Images (Multitemp). doi:10.1109/Multi-Temp.2017.8035222.
   Google Scholar
• Bacaro, G., M. Gioria, and C. Ricotta. 2012. Testing for differences in beta diversity from plot-to-plot dissimilarities. Ecological Research 27:285–92. doi:10.1007/s11284-011-0899-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backhaus, S., J. Kreyling, C. Beierkuhnlein, C. Buhk, L. Nagy, D. Thiel, and A. Jentsch. 2014. A transplantation experiment along climatic gradients suggests limitations of experimental warming manipulations. Climate Research 60:63–71. doi:10.3354/cr01219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baskerville, G. L., and P. Emin. 1969. Rapid estimation of heat accumulation from maximum and minimum temperatures. Ecology 50:514–17. doi:10.2307/1933912.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings, W. D., and H. A. Mooney. 1968. The ecology of arctic and alpine plants. Biological Reviews 43:481–529. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1968.tb00968.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borer, E. T., E. W. Seabloom, D. S. Gruner, W. S. Harpole, H. Hillebrand, E. M. Lind, P. B. Adler, J. Alberti, T. Michael Anderson, J. D. Bakker, et al. 2014. Herbivores and nutrients control grassland plant diversity via light limitation. Nature 508:517–20. doi:10.1038/nature13144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bret‐Harte, M. S., E. A. García, V. M. Sacré, J. R. Whorley, J. L. Wagner, S. C. Lippert, and F. S. Chapin III. 2004. Plant and soil responses to neighbour removal and fertilization in Alaskan tussock tundra. Journal of Ecology 92 (4):635–647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooker, R. W. 2006. Plant–plant interactions and environmental change. New Phytologist 171:271–84. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01752.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchner, O., M. Stoll, M. Karadar, I. Kranner, and G. Neuner. 2015. Application of heat stress in situ demonstrates a protective role of irradiation on photosynthetic performance in alpine plants. Plant, Cell & Environment 38:812–26. doi:10.1111/pce.12455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaway, R. M., R. W. Brooker, P. Choler, Z. Kikvidze, C. J. Lortie, R. Michalet, B. J. Cook, F. I. Pugnaire, B. Newingham, E. T. Aschehoug, et al. 2002. Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress. Nature 417:844–48. doi:10.1038/nature00812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantarel, A. A. M., J. M. G. Bloor, and J. F. Soussana. 2013. Four years of simulated climate change reduces above-ground productivity and alters functional diversity in a grassland ecosystem. Journal of Vegetation Science 24:113–26. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01452.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceppi, P., S. C. Scherrer, A. M. Fischer, and C. Appenzeller. 2012. Revisiting Swiss temperature trends 1959-2008. International Journal of Climatology 32:203–13. doi:10.1002/joc.2260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase, J. M., and J. A. Myers. 2011. Disentangling the importance of ecological niches from stochastic processes across scales. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 366:2351–63. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boeck, H. J., C. M. Lemmens, C. Zavalloni, B. Gielen, S. Malchair, M. Carnol, J. Van den Berge, R. Ceulemans, and I. Nijs. 2008. Biomass production in experimental grasslands of different species richness during three years of climate warming. Biogeosciences 5:585–94. doi:10.5194/bgd-4-4605-2007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boeck, H. J., C. M. H. M. Lemmens, H. Bossuyt, S. Malchair, M. Carnol, R. Merckx, and R. Ceulemans. 2006. How do climate warming and plant species richness affect water use in experimental grasslands? Plant and Soil 288:249–61. doi:10.1007/s11104-006-9112-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boeck, H. J., C. M. H. M. Lemmens, S. Vicca, J. Van den Berge, S. Van Dongen, I. A. Janssens, and I. Nijs. 2007. How do climate warming and species richness affect CO 2 fluxes in experimental grasslands? New Phytologist 175:512–22. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02122.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boeck, H. J., S. Bassin, M. Verlinden, M. Zeiter, and E. Hiltbrunner. 2016. Simulated heat waves affected alpine grassland only in combination with drought. New Phytologist 209:531–41. doi:10.1111/nph.13601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Valpine, P., and J. Harte. 2001. Plant responses to experimental warming in a montane meadow. Ecology 82:637–48. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[0637:PRTEWI]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debouk, H., F. de Bello, and M.-T. Sebastià. 2015. Functional trait changes, productivity shifts and vegetation stability in mountain grasslands during a short-term warming. PLoS One 10:e0141899. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141899.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMalach, N., E. Zaady, and R. Kadmon. 2016. Light asymmetry explains the effect of nutrient enrichment on grassland diversity. Ecology Letters 1–10. doi:10.1111/ele.12706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz, S., J. G. Hodgson, K. Thompson, M. Cabido, J. H. C. Cornelissen, A. Jalili, M. R. Zak, J. P. Grime, F. Zarrinkamar, Y. Asri, et al. 2004. The plant traits that drive ecosystems: Evidence from three continents. Journal of Vegetation Science 15:295–304. doi:10.1658/1100-9233(2004)015[0295:TPTTDE]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donohue, I., H. Hillebrand, J. M. Montoya, O. L. Petchey, S. L. Pimm, M. S. Fowler, Q. Yang, A. L. Jackson, M. Lurgi, D. McClean, et al. 2016. Navigating the complexity of ecological stability. Ecology Letters 19:1172–85. doi:10.1111/ele.12648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dormann, C. F., and S. J. Woodin. 2002. Climate change in the Arctic: Using plant functional types in a meta-analysis of field experiments. Functional Ecology 16:4–17. doi:10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00596.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dukes, J. S., N. R. Chiariello, E. E. Cleland, L. A. Moore, M. Rebecca Shaw, S. Thayer, C. B. Field, H. A. Mooney, and M. Loreau. 2005. Responses of grassland production to single and multiple global environmental changes. PLoS Biology 3:e319. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dullinger, S., A. Gattringer, W. Thuiller, D. Moser, N. E. Zimmermann, A. Guisan, K. Hülber, C. Plutzar, M. Leitner, T. Mang, et al. 2012. Extinction debt of high-mountain plants under twenty-first-century climate change. Nature Climate Change 2:619–22. doi:10.1038/nclimate1514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterling, D. R., J. L. Evans, P. Y. Groisman, T. R. Karl, K. E. Kunkel, and P. Ambenje. 2000. Observed variability and trends in extreme climate events: A brief review. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 81:417–25. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0417:OVATIE>2.3.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egli, M., C. Hitz, P. Fitze, and A. Mirabella. 2004. Experimental determination of climate-change effects on above-ground and below-ground organic matter in alpine grasslands by translocation of soil cores. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 167:457–70. doi:10.1002/jpln.200321333.
   Google Scholar
• Engler, R., C. F. Randin, P. Vittoz, T. Czáka, M. Beniston, N. E. Zimmermann, and A. Guisan. 2009. Predicting future distributions of mountain plants under climate change: Does dispersal capacity matter? Ecography 32:34–45. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05789.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernakovich, J. G., K. A. Hopping, A. B. Berdanier, R. T. Simpson, E. J. Kachergis, H. Steltzer, and M. D. Wallenstein. 2014. Predicted responses of arctic and alpine ecosystems to altered seasonality under climate change. Global Change Biology 20:3256–69. doi:10.1111/gcb.12568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fei, P., X. Manhou, Y. Quangang, Z. Xuhui, W. Tao, and X. Xian. 2015. Different responses of soil respiration and its components to experimental warming with contrasting soil water content. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 47:359–68. doi:10.1657/AAAR0014-018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, L. H., and J. Pither. 2015. Worldwide evidence of a unimodal relationship between productivity and plant species richness. Science (New York, N.Y.) 349:287–90. doi:10.1126/science.aaa7974.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Palacios, P., F. T. Maestre, J. Kattge, and D. H. Wall. 2013. Climate and litter quality differently modulate the effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition across biomes. Ecology Letters 16:1045–53. doi:10.1111/ele.12137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavazov, K. S. 2010. Dynamics of alpine plant litter decomposition in a changing climate. Plant and Soil 337:19–32. doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0477-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gellesch, E., R. Hein, A. Jaeschke, C. Beierkuhnlein, and A. Jentsch. 2013. Biotic interactions in the face of climate change. 321–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30967-0_12.
   Google Scholar
• Gobiet, A., S. Kotlarski, M. Beniston, G. Heinrich, J. Rajczak, and M. Stoffel. 2014. 21st century climate change in the European Alps—A review. Science of the Total Environment 493:1138–51. doi:10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2013.07.050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfried, M., H. Pauli, A. Futschik, M. Akhalkatsi, P. Barančok, J. L. Benito Alonso, G. Grabherr, J. Dick, B. Erschbamer, M. R. Fernández Calzado, et al. 2012. Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change. Nature Climate Change 2:111–15. doi:10.1038/nclimate1329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, K., J. Kreyling, L. F. H. Dienstbach, C. Beierkuhnlein, and A. Jentsch. 2014a. Water stress due to increased intra-annual precipitation variability reduced forage yield but raised forage quality of a temperate grassland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 186:11–22. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, K., J. Kreyling, H. Heilmeier, C. Beierkuhnlein, and A. Jentsch. 2014b. Extreme weather events and plant–plant interactions: Shifts between competition and facilitation among grassland species in the face of drought and heavy rainfall. Ecological Research 29:991–1001. doi:10.1007/s11284-014-1187-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gritsch, A., T. Dirnböck, and S. Dullinger. 2016. Recent changes in alpine vegetation differ among plant communities. Journal of Vegetation Science 27:1177–86. doi:10.1111/jvs.12447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, K., B. J. Cardinale, J. W. Fox, A. Gonzalez, M. Loreau, H. W. Polley, and J. van Ruijven. 2014. Species richness and the temporal stability of biomass production: A new analysis of recent biodiversity experiments. The American Naturalist 183:1–12. doi:10.1086/673915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harpole, W. S., L. L. Sullivan, E. M. Lind, J. Firn, P. B. Adler, E. T. Borer, P. D. Wragg, P. A. Fay, Y. Hautier, H. Hillebrand, et al. 2016. Addition of multiple limiting resources reduces grassland diversity. Nature 537:1–9. doi:10.1038/nature19324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harte, J., and R. Shaw. 1995. Shifting dominance within a montane vegetation community: results of a climate-warming experiment. Science 267:876–80. doi:10.1126/science.267.5199.876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hautier, Y., D. Tilman, F. Isbell, E. W. Seabloom, E. T. Borer, and P. B. Reich. 2015. Anthropogenic environmental changes affect ecosystem stability via biodiversity. Science 348:336–40. doi:10.1126/science.aaa5139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hautier, Y., F. Isbell, E. T. Borer, E. W. Seabloom, W. S. Harpole, E. M. Lind, A. Hector, C. J. Stevens, P. B. Adler, J. Alberti, et al. 2018. Local loss and spatial homogenization of plant diversity reduce ecosystem multifunctionality. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2:50–56. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0395-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hautier, Y., P. A. Niklaus, and A. Hector. 2009. Competition for light causes plant biodiversity loss after eutrophication. Science (New York, N.Y.) 324:636–38. doi:10.1126/science.1169640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Q., M. D. Bertness, and A. H. Altieri. 2013. Global shifts towards positive species interactions with increasing environmental stress. Ecology Letters 16:695–706. doi:10.1111/ele.12080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson, D., J. L. McDonald, and D. J. Hosken. 2015. What do you mean, ‘resilient’? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30:503–06. doi:10.1016/J.TREE.2015.06.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inouye, D. W., and F. E. Wielgolaski. 2003. High altitude climates. 195–214. Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0632-3_13.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, M., M. Reichstein, P. Ciais, S. I. Seneviratne, J. Sheffield, M. L. Goulden, K. Zhang, A. Cescatti, J. Chen, R. de Jeu, et al. 2010. Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply. Nature 467:951–54. doi:10.1038/nature09396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikvidze, Z., F. I. Pugnaire, R. W. Brooker, P. Choler, C. J. Lortie, R. Michalet, and R. M. Callaway. 2005. Linking patterns and processes in alpine plant communities: A global study. Ecology 86:1395–400. doi:10.1890/04-1926.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klanderud, K., E. Meineri, J. Töpper, P. Michel, and V. Vandvik. 2017. Biotic interaction effects on seedling recruitment along bioclimatic gradients: Testing the stress-gradient hypothesis. Journal of Vegetation Science 28:347–56. doi:10.1111/jvs.12495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klanderud, K., V. Vandvik, and D. Goldberg. 2015. The importance of biotic vs. abiotic drivers of local plant community composition along regional bioclimatic gradients. PLoS One 10:1–14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, G., Y. Vitasse, C. Rixen, C. Marty, and M. Rebetez. 2016. Shorter snow cover duration since 1970 in the Swiss Alps due to earlier snowmelt more than to later snow onset. Climatic Change 139:637–49. doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1806-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreyling, J., A. Jentsch, and C. Beierkuhnlein. 2011. Stochastic trajectories of succession initiated by extreme climatic events. Ecology Letters 14:758–64. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01637.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreyling, J., J. Dengler, J. Walter, N. Velev, E. Ugurlu, D. Sopotlieva, A. Jentsch, C. Picon-Cochard, I. Nijs, P. Hernandez, et al. 2017. Species richness effects on grassland recovery from drought depend on community productivity in a multisite experiment. Ecology Letters 20:1405–13. doi:10.1111/ele.12848.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreyling, J., M. A. S. Arfin Khan, F. Sultana, W. Babel, C. Beierkuhnlein, T. Foken, J. Walter, and A. Jentsch. 2016. Drought effects in climate change manipulation experiments: Quantifying the influence of ambient weather conditions and rain-out shelter artifacts. Ecosystems 1–15. doi:10.1007/s10021-016-0025-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larcher, W. 2003. Physiological plant ecology: ecophysiology and stress physiology of functional groups. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Laternser, M., and M. Schneebeli. 2003. Long-term snow climate trends of the Swiss Alps (1931-99). International Journal of Climatology 23:733–50. doi:10.1002/joc.912.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucht, W., I. C. Prentice, R. B. Myneni, S. Sitch, P. Friedlingstein, W. Cramer, P. Bousquet, W. Buermann, and B. Smith. 2002. Climatic control of the high-latitude vegetation greening trend and Pinatubo effect. Science (New York, N.Y.) 296:1687–89. doi:10.1126/science.1071828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Z., H. Liu, Z. Mi, Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, W. Xu, and J.-S. He. 2017. Climate warming reduces the temporal stability of plant community biomass production. Nature Communications 8:15378. doi:10.1038/ncomms15378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell, N., W. T. Pockman, C. D. Allen, D. D. Breshears, N. Cobb, T. Kolb, E. A. Yepez, J. Sperry, A. West, D. G. Williams, et al. 2008. Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: Why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought? New Phytologist 178:719–39. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02436.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milbau, A., D. Reheul, B. De Cauwer, and I. Nijs. 2007. Factors determining plant–neighbour interactions on different spatial scales in young species-rich grassland communities. Ecological Research 22:242–47. doi:10.1007/s11284-006-0018-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwangi, P., M. Schmitz, C. Scherber, C. Roscher, J. Schumacher, M. Scherer-Lorenzen, and B. Schmid. 2007. Niche pre-emption increases with species richness in experimental plant communities. Journal of Ecology 95:65–78. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01189.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myneni, R. B., C. D. Keeling, C. J. Tucker, G. Asrar, and R. R. Nemani. 1997. Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature. doi:10.1038/386698a0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepin, N., R. S. Bradley, H. F. Diaz, M. Baraer, E. B. Caceres, N. Forsythe, H. Fowler, G. Greenwood, M. Z. Hashmi, X. D. Liu, et al. 2015. Elevation-dependent warming in mountain regions of the world. Nature Climate Change. doi:10.1038/nclimate2563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, M. V., and N. M. Waser. 2000. Responses of subalpine meadow vegetation to four years of experimental warming. Ecological Applications 10:811–23. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0811:ROSMVT]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quesada, B., R. Vautard, P. Yiou, M. Hirschi, and S. I. Seneviratne. 2012. Asymmetric European summer heat predictability from wet and dry southern winters and springs. Nature Climate Change 2:736–41. doi:10.1038/nclimate1536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rixen, C., and S. Wipf. 2017. Non-equilibrium in alpine plant assemblages: Shifts in Europe’s summit floras. 285–303. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55982-7_12.
   Google Scholar
• Rustad, L. E., J. L. Campbell, G. M. Marion, R. J. Norby, M. J. Mitchell, A. E. Hartley, R. Wright, and J. Gurevitch. 2001. A meta-analysis of the response of soil respiration, net nitrogen mineralization, and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming. Oecologia 126:543–62. doi:10.1007/s004420000544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schär, C., D. Lüthi, U. Beyerle, and E. Heise. 1999. The soil–precipitation feedback: A process study with a regional climate model. Journal of Climate 12:722–41. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<0722:TSPFAP>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schär, C., P. L. Vidale, D. Lüthi, C. Frei, C. Häberli, M. A. Liniger, and C. Appenzeller. 2004. The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves. Nature 427:332–36. doi:10.1038/nature02300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherrer, D., and C. Körner. 2009. Infra-red thermometry of alpine landscapes challenges climatic warming projections. Global Change Biology 16:2602–13. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02122.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastià, M. T. 2007. Plant guilds drive biomass response to global warming and water availability in subalpine grassland. Journal of Applied Ecology 44:158–67. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01232.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastià, M.-T., L. Kirwan, and J. Connolly. 2008. Strong shifts in plant diversity and vegetation composition in grassland shortly after climatic change. Journal of Vegetation Science 19:299–306. doi:10.3170/2008-8-18356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segre, H., R. Ron, N. De Malach, Z. Henkin, M. Mandel, and R. Kadmon. 2014. Competitive exclusion, beta diversity, and deterministic vs. stochastic drivers of community assembly. Ecology Letters 17:1400–08. doi:10.1111/ELE.12343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seneviratne, S. I., T. Corti, E. L. Davin, M. Hirschi, E. B. Jaeger, I. Lehner, and A. J. Teuling. 2010. Investigating soil moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review. Earth-Science Reviews 99:125–61. doi:10.1016/J.EARSCIREV.2010.02.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbauer, M. J., J.-A. Grytnes, G. Jurasinski, A. Kulonen, J. Lenoir, H. Pauli, S. Wipf, M. Winkler, M. Bardy-Durchhalter, E. Barni, et al. 2018. Accelerated increase in plant species richness on mountain summits is linked to warming. Nature 556:231–34. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0005-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suding, K. N., S. L. Collins, L. Gough, C. Clark, E. E. Cleland, K. L. Gross, and S. Pennings. 2005. Functional-and abundance-based mechanisms explain diversity loss due to N fertilization. http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/102/12/4387.full.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Theurillat, J.-P., and A. Guisan. 2001. Potential impact of climate change on vegetation in the European Alps: A review. Climatic Change 50:77–109. doi:10.1023/A:1010632015572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veen, G. F., (Ciska), M. K. Sundqvist, D. Metcalfe, and S. D. Wilson. 2015. Above-ground and below-ground plant responses to fertilization in two subarctic ecosystems. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 47:693–702. doi:10.1657/AAAR0014-085.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vittoz, P., C. Randin, A. Dutoit, F. Bonnet, and O. Hegg. 2009. Low impact of climate change on subalpine grasslands in the Swiss Northern Alps. Global Change Biology 15:209–20. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01707.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan, S., D. Hui, L. Wallace, and Y. Luo. 2005. Direct and indirect effects of experimental warming on ecosystem carbon processes in a tallgrass prairie. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19:1–13. doi:10.1029/2004GB002315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., Z. Chen, S. Unteregelsbacher, H. Lu, S. Gschwendtner, R. Gasche, M. Dannenmann, R. Vernimmen, and F. Siegert. 2016. Climate change amplifies gross nitrogen turnover in montane grasslands of Central Europe in both summer and winter seasons. Global Change Biology 22:2963–78. doi:10.1111/gcb.13353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox, K. R., A. T. Tredennick, S. E. Koerner, E. Grman, L. M. Hallett, M. L. Avolio, Y. Zhang, G. R. Houseman, F. Isbell, D. S. Johnson, et al. 2017. Asynchrony among local communities stabilises ecosystem function of metacommunities. Ecology Letters 20:1534–45. doi:10.1111/ele.12861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler, D. E., K. J. Chapin, and L. M. Kueppers. 2016. Soil moisture mediates alpine life form and community productivity responses to warming. Ecology 97:1555–65. doi:10.1890/15-1197.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wipf, S. 2010. Phenology, growth, and fecundity of eight subarctic tundra species in response to snowmelt manipulations. Plant Ecology 207:53–66. doi:10.1007/s11258-009-9653-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wipf, S., C. Rixen, and C. P. H. Mulder. 2006. Advanced snowmelt causes shift towards positive neighbour interactions in a subarctic tundra community. Global Change Biology 12:1496–506. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01185.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, S., T. F. Keenan, J. B. Fisher, D. D. Baldocchi, A. R. Desai, A. D. Richardson, I. T. van der Laan-Luijkx, B. E. Law, M. E. Litvak, N. A. Brunsell, et al. 2016. Warm spring reduced carbon cycle impact of the 2012 US summer drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113:5880–85. doi:10.1073/pnas.1519620113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Z., P. Dijkstra, G. W. Koch, and B. A. Hungate. 2012. Biogeochemical and ecological feedbacks in grassland responses to warming. Nature Climate Change 2:458–61. doi:10.1038/nclimate1486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., L. Alexander, G. C. Hegerl, P. Jones, A. K. Tank, T. C. Peterson, B. Trewin, and F. W. Zwiers. 2011. Indices for monitoring changes in extremes based on daily temperature and precipitation data. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2:851–70. doi:10.1002/wcc.147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar