1,803
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Potential shifts in zooplankton community structure in response to changing ice regimes and hydrologic connectivity

, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 327-345 | Received 18 Mar 2019, Accepted 09 Jul 2019, Published online: 20 Aug 2019

References

  • Adrian, R., C. M. O’Reilly, H. Zagarese, S. B. Baines, D. O. Hessen, W. Keller, M. Winder, R. Sommaruga, D. Straile, E. Van Donk, et al. 2009. Lakes as sentinels of climate change. Limnology and Oceanography 54:2283–97.
  • Arp, C. D., B. M. Jones, and G. Grosse. 2013. Recent lake ice-out phenology within and among lake districts of Alaska, U.S.A. Limnology and Oceanography 58:2013–28. doi:10.4319/lo.2013.58.6.2013.
  • Arp, C. D., B. M. Jones, G. Grosse, A. C. Bondurant, V. E. Romanovsky, K. M. Hinkel, and A. D. Parsekian. 2016. Threshold sensitivity of shallow arctic lakes and sublake permafrost to changing winter climate. Geophysical Research Letters 43:6358–65. doi:10.1002/2016GL068506.
  • Arp, C. D., B. M. Jones, A. K. Liljedahl, K. M. Hinkel, and J. A. Welker. 2015. Depth, ice thickness, and ice-out timing cause divergent hydrologic responses among arctic lakes. Water Resource Research 51:9379–401. doi:10.1002/2015WR017362.
  • Arp, C. D., B. M. Jones, Z. Lu, and M. S. Whitman. 2012a. Shifting balance of thermokarst lake ice regimes across the Arctic coastal plain of northern Alaska. Geophysical Research Letters 39:1–5. doi:10.1029/2012GL052518.
  • Arp, C. D., B. M. Jones, F. E. Urban, and G. Grosse. 2011. Hydrogeomorphic processes of thermokarst lakes with grounded-ice and floating-ice regimes on the Arctic coastal plain, Alaska. Hydrological Processes 25:2422–38. doi:10.1002/hyp.v25.15.
  • Arp, C. D., M. S. Whitman, B. M. Jones, R. Kemnitz, G. Grosse, and F. E. Urban. 2012b. Drainage network structure and hydrologic behavior of three lake-rich watersheds on the Arctic coastal plain, Alaska. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 44:385–98. doi:10.1657/1938-4246-44.4.385.
  • Arp, C. D., M. W. Whitman, B. M. Jones, D. A. Nigro, V. A. Alexeev, A. Gadeke, H. R. Uher-Koch, R. Daanen, A. K. Liljedahl, F. J. Adams, et al. 2019. Ice roads through lake-rich Arctic watersheds: Integrating climate uncertainty and freshwater habitat responses into adaptive management. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 51:9–23. doi:10.1080/15230430.2018.1560839.
  • Brooks, J. R., and S. I. Dodson. 1965. Predation, body size, and composition of plankton. Science 150:28–35. doi:10.1126/science.150.3692.28.
  • Brucet, S., S. Pédron, T. Mehner, T. L. Lauridsen, C. Argillier, I. J. Winfield, E. Jeppesen, M. Emmrich, T. Hesthagen, K. Holmgren, et al. 2013. Fish diversity in European lakes: Geographical factors dominate over anthropogenic pressures. Freshwater Biology 58:1779–93. doi:10.1111/fwb.2013.58.issue-9.
  • Carpenter, S. R., and J. F. Kitchell. 1996. The trophic cascade in lakes. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Carter, J. L., and D. E. Schindler. 2012. Responses of zooplankton populations to four decades of climate warming in lakes of southwestern Alaska. Ecosystems 15:1010–26. doi:10.1007/s10021-012-9560-0.
  • Carter, L. D. 1981. A Pleistocene sand sea on the Alaskan arctic coastal plain. Science 211:381–83. doi:10.1126/science.211.4480.381.
  • Chetalet, J., and M. Amyot. 2009. Elevated methylmercury in High Arctic Daphnia and the role of productivity in controlling their distribution. Global Change Biology 15:706–18. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01729.x.
  • Clarke, K. R., and R. N. Gorley. 2006. Primer v6: User manual/tutorial. Plymouth, UK: Plymouth Marine Laboratory.
  • Duguay, C. R., T. D. Prowse, D. R. Bonsal, R. D. Brown, M. P. Lacroix, and P. Ménard. 2006. Recent trends in Canadian lake ice cover. Hydrological Processes 20:781–801. doi:10.1002/hyp.6131.
  • Dumont, H. J., I. van de Velde, and S. Dumont. 1975. The dry weight estimates of biomass in a selection of Cladocera, Copepoda, and Rotifera from the plankton, periphyton, and benthos of continental waters. Oecologia 19:75–77. doi:10.1007/BF00377592.
  • Elgmork, K. 1962. A bottom resting stage in the planktonic freshwater copepod Cyclops scutifer Sars. Oikos 13:306–10. doi:10.2307/3565091.
  • Gillooly, J. F., and S. I. Dodson. 2000. Latitudinal patterns in the size distribution and seasonal dynamics of new world, freshwater cladocerans. Limnology and Oceanography 45:22–30. doi:10.4319/lo.2000.45.1.0022.
  • Grosbois, G., H. Mariash, T. Schneider, and M. Rautio. 2017. Under-ice availability of phytoplankton lipids is key to freshwater zooplankton winter survival. Scientific Reports 7:11543. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10956-0.
  • Grosbois, G., and M. Rautio. 2018. Active and colorful life under lake ice. Ecology 99:752–54. doi:10.1002/ecy.2074.
  • Grosse, G., B. Jones, and C. Arp. 2013. Thermokarst lakes, drainage, and drained basins. Treatise on Geomorphology 8:325–53.
  • Grunblatt, J., and D. Atwood. 2014. Mapping lakes for winter liquid water availability using SAR on the North Slope of Alaska. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 27:63–69. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2013.05.006.
  • Hampton, S. E., A. W. E. Galloway, S. M. Powers, T. Ozersky, K. H. Woo, R. D. Batt,S. G. Labou, C. M. O'Reilly, S. Sharma, N. R. Lottig, E. H. Stanley, et al. 2017. Ecology under lake ice. Ecology Letters 20:98–111. doi:10.1111/ele.12699.
  • Hart, R. C., and E. A. Bychek. 2011. Body size in freshwater planktonic crustaceans: An overview of extrinsic determinants and modifying influences of biotic interactions. Hydrobiologia 668:61–108.
  • Havens, K. E., J. R. Beaver, E. E. Manis, and T. L. East. 2015. Inter-lake comparisons indicate that fish predation, rather than high temperature, is the major driver of summer decline in Daphnia and other changes among cladoceran zooplankton in subtropical Florida lakes. Hydrobiologia 750:57–67. doi:10.1007/s10750-015-2177-5.
  • Haynes, T. B., A. E. Rosenberger, M. S. Lindberg, M. Whitman, and J. A. Schmutz. 2013. Method and species-specific detection probabilities of fish occupancy in Arctic Lakes: Implications for design and management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 70:1055–62. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2012-0527.
  • Haynes, T. B., A. E. Rosenberger, M. S. Lindberg, M. Whitman, and J. A. Schmutz. 2014. Patterns of lake occupancy by fish indicate different adaptations to life in a harsh Arctic environment. Freshwater Biology 59:1884–96. doi:10.1111/fwb.12391.
  • Hershey, A. E., S. Beaty, K. Fortino, M. Keyse, P. P. Mou, W. J. O’Brien, A. J. Ulseth, G. A. Gettel, P. W. Liensch,  C. Luecke, et al. 2006. Effect of landscape factors on fish distribution in arctic Alaskan lakes. Freshwater Biology 51:39–55. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01474.x.
  • Hershey, A. E., G. M. Gettle, M. E. McDonald, M. C. Miller, H. Mooers, W. J. O’Brien, J. Pastor, C. Richards, and J. A. Schuldt. 1999. A geomorphic-trophic model for landscape control of Arctic lake food webs. Bioscience 49:887–97. doi:10.2307/1313648.
  • Hillebrand, H., C. D. Dürselen, D. Kirschtel, U. Pollingher, and T. Zohary. 1999. Biovolume calculation for pelagic and benthic macroalgae. Journal of Phycology 35:403–24. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3520403.x.
  • Hrbacek, J. 1962. Species composition and the amount of zooplankton in relation to the fish stock. Rozpravy CSAV 72:1–116.
  • Hurlbert, S. H. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs 54:187–211. doi:10.2307/1942661.
  • Jeppesen, E., J. P. Jensen, M. Søndergaard, L. J. Pedersen, and L. Jensen. 1997. Top-down control in freshwater lakes: The role of nutrient state, submerged macrophytes and water depth. Hydrobiologia 342:151–64. doi:10.1023/A:1017046130329.
  • Jeppesen, E., T. L. Lauridsen, K. S. Christoffersen, F. Landkildehus, P. Geertz-Hansen, S. Lildal Amsinck, F. Riget, T. A. Davidson, and F. Rigét. 2017. The structuring role of fish in Greenland lakes: An overview based on contemporary and paleoecological studies of 87 lakes from the low and high Arctic. Hydrobiologia 800:99–113. doi:10.1007/s10750-017-3279-z.
  • Jeppesen, E., T. L. Lauridsen, T. Kairesalo, and M. R. Perrow. 1998. Impact of submerged macrophytes on fish-zooplankton interactions in lakes. In The structuring role of submerged macrophytes in Lakes, ed. E. Jeppesen, M. Søndergaard, M. Søndergaard, and K. Christoffersen, 91–114. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Jeppesen, E., T. L. Lauridsen, S. F. Mitchell, K. Christoffersen, and C. W. Burns. 2000. Trophic structure in the pelagial of 25 shallow New Zealand lakes: Changes along nutrient and fish gradients. Journal of Plankton Research 22:951–68. doi:10.1093/plankt/22.5.951.
  • Jeppesen, E., M. Meerhoff, K. Holmgren, I. González-Bergonzoni, F. Teixeira-de Mello, S. A. J. Declerck, X. Lazzaro, M. Søndergaard, T. L. Lauridsen, R. Bjerring, et al. 2010. Impacts of climate warming on lake fish community structure and potential effects on ecosystem function. Hydrobiologia 646:73–90. doi:10.1007/s10750-010-0171-5.
  • Jones, B. M., C. D. Arp, K. M. Hinkel, R. A. Beck, J. A. Schmutz, and B. Winston. 2009. Arctic lake physical processes and regimes with implications for winter water availability and management in the National Petroleum Reserve Alaska. Environmental Management 43:1071–84. doi:10.1007/s00267-008-9241-0.
  • Jones, B. M., C. D. Arp, M. S. Whitman, D. Nigro, I. Nitze, J. Beaver, G. Grosse, C. Zuck, A. Liljedahl, R. Daanen, et al. 2017. A lake-centric geospatial database to guide research and inform management decisions in an Arctic watershed in northern Alaska experiencing climate and land-use changes. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 46:769–86. doi:10.1007/s13280-017-0915-9.
  • Jones, B. M., G. Grosse, C. D. Arp, M. C. Jones, K. M. Walter Anthony, and V. E. Romanovsky. 2011. Modern thermokarst lake dynamics in the continuous permafrost zone, northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research 116:1–11. doi:10.1029/2011JG001666.
  • Jorgenson, M. T., and Y. Shur. 2007. Evolution of lakes and basins in northern Alaska and discussion of the thaw lake cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 112:1–12. doi:10.1029/2006JF000531.
  • Jorgenson, M. T., Y. Shur, and T. Osterkamp. 2008. Thermokarst in Alaska. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost 1:869–76.
  • Jorgenson, M. T., Y. Shur, and E. R. Pullman. 2006. Abrupt increase in permafrost degradation in Arctic Alaska. Geophysical Research Letters 33:1–4. doi:10.1029/2005GL024960.
  • Kittel, T. G. F., B. B. Baker, J. V. Higgins, and J. C. Haney. 2011. Climate vulnerability of ecosystems and landscapes on Alaska’s North Slope. Regional Environmental Change 11:S249–S264. doi:10.1007/s10113-010-0180-y.
  • Kling, G. W., B. Fry, and W. J. O’Brien. 1992a. Stable isotopes and planktonic trophic structure in Arctic lakes. Ecology 72:561–66. doi:10.2307/1940762.
  • Kling, G. W., W. J. O’Brien, M. C. Miller, and A. E. Hershey. 1992b. The biogeochemistry and zoogeography of lakes and rivers in Arctic Alaska. Hydrobiologia 240:1–14. doi:10.1007/BF00013447.
  • Labrecque, S., D. Lacelle, C. R. Duguay, B. Lauriol, and J. Hawkings. 2009. Contemporary (1951–2001) evolution of lakes in the Old Crow Basin, Northern Yukon, Canada: Remote sensing, numerical modeling, and stable isotope analysis. Arctic 62:225–38. doi:10.14430/arctic134.
  • Lantz, T. C., and K. W. Turner. 2015. Changes in lake area in response to thermokarst processes and climate in Old Crow Flats, Yukon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 120:513–24.
  • Laske, S. M., T. B. Haynes, A. E. Rosenberger, J. C. Koch, M. S. Wipfli, M. Whitman, and C. E. Zimmerman. 2016. Surface water connectivity drives richness and composition of arctic lake fish assemblages. Freshwater Biology 61:1090–104. doi:10.1111/fwb.2016.61.issue-7.
  • Laske, S. M., A. E. Rosenberger, W. J. Kane, M. S. Wipfli, and C. E. Zimmerman. 2017. Top-down control of invertebrates by Ninespine Stickleback in Arctic ponds. Freshwater Science 36:124–37. doi:10.1086/690675.
  • Latja, R., and K. Salonen. 1978. Carbon analysis for the determination of individual biomass of planktonic animals. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 20:2556–60.
  • Lawrence, S. G., D. F. Malley, W. J. Findlay, M. A. MacIver, and I. L. Delbaere. 1987. Method for estimating dry weight of freshwater planktonic crustaceans from measures of length and shape. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:264–74. doi:10.1139/f87-301.
  • Lehner, B., and P. Döll. 2004. Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs, and wetlands. Journal of Hydrology 296:1–22. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.028.
  • Lesack, L. F. W., and P. Marsh. 2007. Lengthening plus shortening of river-to-lake connection times in the Mackenzie River Delta respectively via two global change mechanisms along the arctic coast. Geophysical Research Letters 34. doi:10.1029/2007GL031656.
  • Lesack, L. F. W., and P. Marsh. 2010. River-to-lake connectivities, water renewal, and aquatic habitat diversity in the Mackenzie River Delta. Water Resources Research 46:1–16. doi:10.1029/2010WR009607.
  • Luecke, C., and W. J. O’Brien. 1983. The effect of Heterocope predation on zooplankton communities in arctic ponds. Limnology and Oceanography 28:367–77. doi:10.4319/lo.1983.28.2.0367.
  • Lund, J. W. G., C. Kipling, and E. D. LeCren. 1958. The inverted microscope method of estimating algal numbers and the statistical basis of estimates by counting. Hydrobiologia 11:143–70. doi:10.1007/BF00007865.
  • Mariash, H. L., S. P. Devlin, L. Forsström, R. I. Jones, and M. Rautio. 2014. Benthic mats offer a potential subsidy to pelagic consumers in tundra pond food webs. Limnology and Oceanography 59:733–44. doi:10.4319/lo.2014.59.3.0733.
  • Markager, S., W. F. Vincent, and E. P. Y. Tang. 1999. Carbon fixation by phytoplankton in high Arctic lakes: Implications of low temperature for photosynthesis. Limnology and Oceanography 44:597–607. doi:10.4319/lo.1999.44.3.0597.
  • McCauley, E. 1984. The estimation of the abundance and biomass of zooplankton in samples. In A manual on methods for the assessment of secondary productivity in fresh waters, ed. J. Downing and F. H. Rigler, 228–65. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
  • McFarland, J. J., M. S. Wipfli, and M. S. Whitman. 2017. Trophic pathways supporting arctic grayling in a small stream on the Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska. Ecology of Freshwater Fish. doi:10.1111/eff.12336.
  • McNabb, C. D. 1960. Enumeration of freshwater phytoplankton concentrated on the membrane filter. Limnology and Oceanography 5:57–61. doi:10.4319/lo.1960.5.1.0057.
  • Muster, S., K. Roth, M. Langer, S. Lange, F. C. Aleina, A. Bartsch, J. Boike, G. Grosse, B. Jones, A. B. K. Sannel, et al. 2017. PeRL: A circum-Arctic permafrost region pond and lake database. Earth System Science Data 9:317–48. doi:10.5194/essd-9-317-2017.
  • O’Brien, W. J., C. Buchanan, and J. F. Haney. 1979. Arctic zooplankton community structure: Exceptions to some general rules. Arctic 32:237–47.
  • O’Reilly, C. M., S. Sharma, D. K. Gray, S. E. Hampton, J. S. Read, R. J. Rowley, P. Schneider, J. D. Lenters, P. B. McIntyre, B. M. Kraemer, G. A. Weyhenmeyer, et al. 2015. Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe. Geophysical Research Letters 42:10773–81. doi:10.1002/2015GL066235.
  • Persson, J., M. T. Brett, T. Vrede, and J. L. Ravet. 2007. Food quantity and quality regulation of trophic transfer between primary producers and a keystone grazer (Daphnia) in pelagic freshwater food webs. Oikos 116:1152–63. doi:10.1111/oik.2007.116.issue-7.
  • Power, M., J. D. Reist, and J. B. Dempson. 2008. Fish in high-latitude arctic lakes. In Polar lakes and rivers, ed. W. F. Vincent and J. Laybourn-Parry, 249–68. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Primicerio, R., and A. Klemetson. 1999. Zooplankton seasonal dynamics in the neighbouring lakes Takvatn and Lombola (Northern Norway). Hydrobiologia 411:19–29. doi:10.1023/A:1003823200449.
  • Prowse, T. D., F. J. Wrona, J. D. Reist, J. E. Hobbie, L. M. J. Lévesque, and W. F. Vincent. 2006. General features of the Arctic relevant to climate change in freshwater ecosystems. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 35:330–38. doi:10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35[330:gfotar]2.0.co;2.
  • Rautio, M., I. A. E. Bayly, J. A. E. Gibson, and M. Nyman. 2008. Zooplankton and zoobenthos in high-latitude water bodies. In Polar lakes and rivers, ed. W. F. Vincent and J. Laybourn-Perry, 231–48. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Rautio, M., F. Dufresne, I. Laurion, S. Bonilla, W. F. Vincent, and K. S. Christoffersen. 2011. Shallow freshwater ecosystems of the circumpolar Arctic. Ecoscience 18:204–22. doi:10.2980/18-3-3463.
  • Rautio, M., S. Sorvari, and A. Korhola. 2000. Diatom and crustacean zooplankton communities, their seasonal variability and representation in the sediments of subarctic Lake Saanajärvi. Journal of Limnology 59:81–96. doi:10.4081/jlimnol.2000.s1.81.
  • Rawlins, M. A., M. Steele, M. M. Holland, J. C. Adam, J. E. Cherry, J. A. Francis, T. Zhang, L. D. Hinzman, T. G. Huntington, D. L. Kane, et al. 2010. Analysis of the Arctic system for freshwater cycle intensification: Observations and expectations. Journal of Climate 23:5715–37. doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3421.1.
  • Reist, J. D., F. J. Wrona, T. D. Prowse, M. Power, J. B. Dempson, R. J. Beamish, C. D. Sawatzky, T. J. Carmichael, and C. D. Sawatzky. 2006. General effects of climate change on Arctic fishes and fish populations. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 35:370–80. doi:10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35[370:geocco]2.0.co;2.
  • Rocha, O., and A. Duncan. 1985. The relationship between cell carbon and cell volume in freshwater algal species used in zooplanktonic studies. Journal of Plankton Research 7:279–94. doi:10.1093/plankt/7.2.279.
  • Samchyshyna, L., L.-A. Hansson, and K. Christoffersen. 2008. Patterns in the distribution of Arctic freshwater zooplankton related to glaciation history. Polar Biology 31:1427–35. doi:10.1007/s00300-008-0482-4.
  • Schindler, D. E., D. E. Rogers, M. D. Scheuerell, and C. A. Abrey. 2005. Effects of changing climate on zooplankton and juvenile sockeye salmon growth in southwestern Alaska. Ecology 86:198–209. doi:10.1890/03-0408.
  • Schmidt, D., and W. J. O’Brien. 1982. Planktivorous feeding ecology of Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39:475–82. doi:10.1139/f82-065.
  • Schmidt, J. H., M. J. Flamme, and J. Walker. 2014. Habitat use and population status of Yellow-billed and Pacific loons in western Alaska, USA. The Condor: Ornithological Applications 116:483–92. doi:10.1650/CONDOR-14-28.1.
  • Schuur, E. A. G., J. G. Vogel, K. G. Crummer, H. Lee, J. O. Sickman, and T. E. Osterkamp. 2009. The effect of permafrost thaw on old carbon release and net carbon exchange from tundra. Nature 459:556–59. doi:10.1038/nature08031.
  • Sibley, P. K., D. M. White, P. A. Cott, and M. R. Lilly. 2008. Introduction to water use from Arctic lakes: Identification, impacts and decision support. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 44:273–75. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00159.x.
  • Sierzan, M. E., M. E. McDonald, and D. A. Jensen. 2003. Benthos as the basis for arctic lake food webs. Aquatic Ecology 37:437–45. doi:10.1023/B:AECO.0000007042.09767.dd.
  • Smejkalova, T., M. E. Edwards, and J. Dash. 2016. Arctic lakes show strong decadal trend in earlier spring ice-out. Scientific Reports 6:38449. doi:10.1038/srep38449.
  • Smith, L. C., Y. Sheng, G. M. MacDonald, and L. D. Hinzman. 2005. Disappearing arctic lakes. Science 308:1429–1429. doi:10.1126/science.1108142.
  • Smol, J. P., A. P. Wolfe, J. B. H. Birks, M. S. V. Douglas, V. J. Jones, A. Korhola, J. Weckström, K. Ruhland, S. Sorvari, D. Antoniades, et al. 2005. Climate-driven regime shifts in the biological communities of arctic lakes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102:4397–402. doi:10.1073/pnas.0500245102.
  • Surdu, C. M., C. R. Duguay, L. C. Brown, and D. F. Prieto. 2014. Response of ice cover on shallow lakes of the North Slope of Alaska to contemporary climate conditions (1950–2011): Radar remote sensing and numerical modeling data analysis. Cryosphere 8:167–80. doi:10.5194/tc-8-167-2014.
  • Taylor, D. J., M. J. Ballinger, A. S. Medeiros, and A. A. Kotov. 2015. Climate-associated tundra thaw pond formation and range expansion of boreal zooplankton predators. Ecography 38:1–11.
  • Urban, F. E., and G. D. Clow. 2014. DOI/GTN-P climate and active-layer data acquired in the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. 1998–2013. Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
  • Vadeboncoeur, Y., E. Jeppesen, M. J. Vander Zanden, H.-H. Schierup, K. Christoffersen, and D. M. Lodge. 2003. From Greenland to green lakes: Cultural eutrophication and the loss of benthic pathways in lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 48:1408–18. doi:10.4319/lo.2003.48.4.1408.
  • Vincent, W. F., I. Laurion, R. Pienitz, and K. M. Walter Anthony. 2013. Climate impacts on Arctic lake ecosystems. In Climatic change and global warming of inland waters: Impacts and mitigation for ecosystems and societies, ed. C. R. Goldman, M. Kumagai, and R. D. Robarts, 27–42. Oxford, UK: Wiley.
  • Wendler, G., B. Moore, and K. Galloway. 2014. Strong temperature increase and shrinking sea ice in Arctic Alaska. The Open Atmospheric Science Journal 8:7–15. doi:10.2174/1874282301408010007.
  • Williamson, C. E., J. E. Saros, W. F. Vincent, and J. P. Smol. 2009. Lakes and reservoirs as sentinels, integrators, and regulators of climate change. Limnology and Oceanography 54:2273–82. doi:10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2273.
  • Wrona, F. J., T. D. Prowse, J. E. Reist, J. E. Hobbie, M. J. Lévesque, and W. F. Vincent. 2006. Climate impacts on arctic freshwater ecosystems and fisheries: Background, rationale and approach of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA). AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 35:326–29. doi:10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35[326:cioafe]2.0.co;2.