References
- Aho, K., J. Flotemersch, Z. Johnson, M. Weber, R. Hill, and S. G. Leibowitz. 2020. Applying the index of watershed integrity to the transboundary basins of the Western Balkans. Environmental Management 65:602–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-020-01280-x.
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG). 2019. Fish passage inventory database. Accessed March 2, 2018. https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=fishpassage.database.
- Allan, D., D. Erickson, and J. Fray. 1997. The influence of catchment land use on stream integrity across multiple spatial scales. Freshwater Biology 37 (1):149–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.d01-546.x.
- Allan, J. D. 2004. Influence of land use and landscape setting on the ecological status of rivers. Limnetica 23 (3–4):187–97.
- Audubon Alaska. 2018. Kenai decision support tool. Accessed June 10, 2018. http://gis.audubon.org/kenai/.
- Beamer, J. P., D. F. Hill, A. Arendt, and G. E. Liston. 2016. High‐resolution modeling of coastal freshwater discharge and glacier mass balance in the Gulf of Alaska watershed. Water Resources Research 52 (5):3888–909. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018457.
- Beamer, J. P., D. F. Hill, D. McGrath, A. Arendt, and C. Kienholz. 2017. Hydrologic impacts of changes in climate and glacier extent in the Gulf of Alaska watershed. Water Resources Research 53 (9):7502–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR020033.
- Bennett, E. M., G. D. Peterson, and L. J. Gordon. 2009. Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Ecology Letters 12 (12):1394–404. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01387.x.
- Brooks, J. F., C. Carothers, B. J. Colombi, S. Diver, E. Kasten, D. Koester, M. E. Lien, C. R. Menzies, K. Reedy-Maschner, V. N. Sharakhmatova, et al. 2012. Keystone nations: Indigenous peoples and salmon across the north Pacific. Ed. J. F. Brooks. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
- Callegary, J. B., C. P. Kikuchi, J. C. Koch, M. R. Lilly, and S. A. Leake. 2013. Groundwater in Alaska (USA). Hydrogeology Journal 21 (1):25–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0940-5.
- Chatfield, C. 1995. Model uncertainty, data mining and statistical inference (with discussion). Journal of the Royal Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 158 (3):419–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2983440.
- Colt, S., and T. Schwörer. 2009. Economic importance of sportfishing in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough. Anchorage, AK: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska Anchorage.
- Compensatory Mitigation for Losses of Aquatic Resources. 2008. 33 C.F.R. § 332.
- Costanza, R., R. d’Arge, R. De Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, K. Limburg, S. Naeem, R. V. O’Neill, J. Paruelo, et al. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387 (6630):253–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/387253a0.
- Danz, N. P. G. J., R. Niemi, R. Regal, T. Hollenhorst, L. B. Johnson, J. M. Hanowski, R. P. Axler, J. J. H. Ciborowski, T. Hrabik, V. J. Brady, et al. 2007. Integrated measures of anthropogenic stress in the US Great Lakes basin. Environmental Management 39:631–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0293-0.
- Davis, J. C., and G. A. Davis. 2009. Assessment and classification of Matanuska-Susitna fish habitat—stream water temperature. Report prepared for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Aquatic Restoration and Research Institute, Talkeetna, AK.
- Dynesius, M., and C. Nilsson. 1994. Fragmentation and flow regulation of river systems in the northern third of the world. Science 266 (5186):753–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.266.5186.753.
- Eisenman, M., and G. O’Doherty. 2014. Culvert inventory and assessment manual for fish passage in the state of Alaska: A guide to the procedures and techniques used to inventory and assess stream crossings 2009-2014. Special Publication No. 14-08, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage.
- Esselman, P., D. M. Infante, A. Cooper, D. Wieferich, L. Wang, and W. Taylor. 2011. National Fish Habitat Action Plan (NFHAP) 2010 HCI scores and human disturbance data for Alaska linked to HUC12s for Alaska. Accessed July 29, 2018. https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/50e5de03e4b010df041ef596.
- European Environment Agency (EEA). 2012. EEA Catchments & Rivers Network System ECRINS v1.1: Rationales, building and improving for widening uses to water accounts and WISE applications. Accessed March 29, 2017. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/european-catchments-and-rivers-network/.
- Feirer, S. T., A. Couvillion, and C. Smith. 2006. An assessment of cumulative human activities in Alaska. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29:207–31.
- Flotemersch, J. E., S. G. Leibowitz, R. A. Hill, J. L. Stoddard, M. C. Thoms, and R. E. Tharme. 2016. A watershed integrity definition and assessment approach to support strategic management of watersheds. River Research and Applications 32:1654–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2978.
- Gallant, A. L., E. F. Binnian, J. M. Omernik, and M. B. Shasby. 1995. Ecoregions of Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1567. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1567/report.pdf.
- Guidelines for Specification of Disposal Sites for Dredged or Fill Material. 1980. 40 C.F.R. § 230.
- Harding, J. S., E. F. Benfield, P. V. Bolstad, G. S. Helfman, and E. B. D. Jones. 1998. Stream biodiversity: The ghost of land use past. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95 (25):14843–148-47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.25.14843.
- Holmlund, C. M., and M. Hammer. 1999. Ecosystem services generated by fish populations. Ecological Economics 29 (2):253–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00015-4.
- Jia, G. J., H. E. Epstein, and D. A. Walker. 2003. Greening of arctic Alaska, 1981–2001. Geophysical Research Letters 30 (20). doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018268.
- Johnson, Z. C., S. G. Leibowitz, and R. A. Hill. 2019. Revising the index of watershed integrity national maps. Science of the Total Environment 651:2615–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.112.
- King, R. S., M. E. Baker, D. F. Whigham, D. E. Weller, T. E. Jordan, P. F. Kazyak, and M. K. Hurd. 2005. Spatial considerations for linking catchment land cover to ecological indicators in streams. Ecological Applications 15:137–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0481.
- Kuhn, A., S. G. Leibowitz, Z. C. Johnson, J. Lin, J. A. Massie, J. W. Hollister, J. L. Ebersole, J. L. Lake, J. R. Serbst, J. James, et al. 2018. Performance of national maps of watershed integrity at watershed scales. Water 10 (5):604. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050604.
- Matanuska-Susitna Borough. 2015. Comprehensive development plan: 2005 update. Accessed April 1, 2018. https://www.matsugov.us/plans?task=download&collection=plan_documentsξ0&file=plan_document_upload&id=14318.
- McKay, L., T. Bondelid, T. Dewald, J. Johnston, R. Moore, and A. Reah. 2012. NHDPlus Version 2: User guide. US Environmental Protection Agency. Accessed June 1, 2018. http://www.horizon-systems.com/nhdplus/NHDPlusV2_documentation.php#NHDPlusV2%20User%20Guide.
- Mulherin, N. D., W. B. Tucker III, O. P. Smith, and W. J. Lee. 2001. Marine ice atlas for Cook Inlet, Alaska. (No. ERDC/CRREL-TR-01-10). Hanover, NH: Engineer Research and Development Center Hanover NH Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.
- National Hydrography Dataset Plus High Resolution (NHDPlus HR). 2018. NHDPlus high resolution. Accessed June 1, 2018. https://nhd.usgs.gov/NHDPlus_HR.html.
- National Hydrography Dataset Plus Version 2 (NHDPlusV2). 2017. NHDPlus Version 2. Accessed July 9, 2017. http://www.horizon-systems.com/NHDPlus/NHDPlusV2_home.php.
- Nelson, K. C., and M. A. Palmer. 2007. Stream temperature surges under urbanization and climate change: Data, models, and responses 1. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 43 (2):440–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00034.x.
- Panda, S. K., S. S. Marchenko, and V. E. Romanovsky. 2014. High-resolution permafrost modeling in Denali National Park and Preserve. Natural Resource Technical Report 1-44. Fairbanks, AK: National Park Service.
- Peterson, E. E., and A. R. Pearse. 2017. IDW‐Plus: An Arc GIS toolset for calculating spatially explicit watershed attributes for survey sites. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 53 (5):1241–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12558.
- Peterson, E. E., F. Sheldon, R. Darnell, S. E. Bunn, and B. D. Harch. 2011. A comparison of spatially explicit landscape representation methods and their relationship to stream condition. Freshwater Biology 56 (3):590–610. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02507.x.
- Processing of Department of the Army Permits. 1986. 33 C.F.R. § 325.
- Reichert, P., and M. Omlin. 1997. On the usefulness of overparameterized ecological models. Ecological Modelling 95:289–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(96)00043-9.
- Robards, M. D., J. F. Piatt, A. B. Kettle, and A. A. Abookire. 1999. Temporal and geographic variation in fish communities of lower Cook Inlet, Alaska. Fishery Bulletin 97 (4):962–77. https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/974/18robard.pdf.
- Roth, N. E., J. D. Allan, and D. L. Erickson. 1996. Landscape influences on stream biotic integrity assessed at multiple scales. Landscape Ecology 11 (3):141–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02447513.
- Schindler, D. E., M. D. Scheuerell, J. W. Moore, S. M. Gende, T. B. Francis, and W. J. Palen. 2003. Pacific salmon and the ecology of coastal ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1 (1):31–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0031:PSATEO]2.0.CO;2.
- Schuur, E. A. G., A. D. McGuire, C. Schädel, G. Grosse, J. W. Harden, D. J. Hayes, G. Hugelius, C. D. Koven, P. Kuhry, D. M. Lawrence, et al. 2015. Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback. Nature 520 (7546):171–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14338.
- Scown, M. W., J. E. Flotemersch, T. L. Spanbauer, T. Eason, A. Garmestani, and B. C. Chaffin. 2017. People and water: Exploring the social-ecological condition of watersheds of the United States. Elementa 5 (64):1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.189.
- Seaber, P. R., F. P. Kapinos, and G. L. Knapp. 1987. Hydrologic units maps. Water-Supply Paper 2294, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.
- Shindell, D., and G. Faluvegi. 2009. Climate response to regional radiative forcing during the twentieth century. Nature Geoscience 2 (4):294. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo473.
- Smith, C. 2009. Salmon watersheds in the Mat-Su basin: A map atlas to prioritize conservation. Anchorage, AK: Mat-Su Salmon Habitat Partnership.
- Smith, C., and J. Speed. April 2013. Conserving Salmon in the Mat-Su basin: The strategic action plan of the Mat-Su Salmon habitat partnership 2013 update. http://www.matsusalmon.org/dev/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/MatSu-Salmon-Strategic-Action-Plan-2013_revOct15.pdf.
- Stroeve, J. C., M. C. Serreze, M. M. Holland, J. E. Kay, J. Malanik, and A. P. Barrett. 2012. The Arctic’s rapidly shrinking sea ice cover: A research synthesis. Climatic Change 110 (3–4):1005–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0101-1.
- Thornbrugh, D. J., S. G. Leibowitz, R. A. Hill, M. H. Weber, Z. C. Johnson, A. R. Olsen, J. E. Flotemersch, J. L. Stoddard, and D. V. Peck. 2018. Mapping watershed integrity for the conterminous United States. Ecological Indicators 85:1133–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.10.070.
- Thorp, J. H., J. E. Flotemersch, B. S. Williams, and L. A. Gabanski. 2013. Critical role for hierarchical geospatial analyses in the design of fluvial research, assessment, and management. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185 (9):7165–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3091-9.
- United States Congress (U.S. Congress). 1972. Clean Water Act. An Act to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. PL 92-500; 33 U.S.C. §§ 1251 et seq. U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, USA.
- United States Geological Survey (USGS). 1990. Largest rivers in the United States. Accessed April19, 2018. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/pdf/ofr87242.pdf.
- United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2020. National water information system data available on the World Wide Web (USGS water data for the nation). Accessed July 10, 2020. http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/.
- van Jaarsveld, A. S., R. Biggs, R. J. Scholes, E. Bohensky, B. Reyers, T. Lynam, C. Musvoto, and C. Fabricius. 2005. Measuring conditions and trends in ecosystem services at multiple scales: The Southern African Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (SAfMA) experience. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 360 (1454):425–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1594.
- Wang, L., J. Lyons, P. Kanehl, and R. T. Bannerman. 2001. Impacts of urbanization on stream habitat and fish across multiple scales. Environmental Management 28 (2):255–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s0026702409.
- Wickham, J., C. Homer, J. Vogelmann, A. McKerrow, R. Mueller, N. Herold, and J. Coulston. 2014. The multi-resolution land characteristics consortium—20 years of development and integration of USA national land cover data. Remote Sensing 6 (8):7424–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6087424.
- Wilford, J. N. 2 August 1992. Team Reports Finding Continent’s Deepest Gorge. The New York Times. Accessed August 3, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/02/us/team-reports-finding-continent-s-deepest-gorge.html.
- Ye, B., D. Yang, and D. L. Kane. 2003. Changes in Lena River streamflow hydrology: Human impacts versus natural variations. Water Resources Research 39 (7). doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR001991.