References
- Andersson, S., and S. I. Nilsson. 2001. Influence of pH and temperature on microbial activity, substrate availability of soil-solution bacteria and leaching of dissolved organic carbon in a mor humus. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33 (9):1181–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00022-0.
- Ankers, C., D. E. Walling, and R. P. Smith. 2003. The influence of catchment characteristics on suspended sediment properties. Hydrobiologia 494 (1–3):159–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025458114068.
- Beniston, M. 2006. Mountain weather and climate: a general overview and a focus on climatic change in the Alps. Hydrobiologia 562: 3–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1802-0.
- Bigham Stephens, D. L., R. E. Carlson, C. A. Horsburgh, M. V. Hoyer, R. W. Bachman, and R. E. Canfield Jr. 2015. Regional distribution of Secchi disk transparency in waters of the United States. Lake and Reservoir Management 31 (1):55–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10402381.2014.1001539.
- Center for Topographic Information, Earth Sciences Sector and Natural Resources Canada. 2009. Land cover, circa 2000-vector: Feature catalogue, edition 1.0. Geobase, http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/data/landcover/csc2000v/description.htm.
- Chanudet, V., and M. Filella. 2008. Size and composition of inorganic colloids in a peri-alpine, glacial flour-rich lake. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72 (5):1466–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.002.
- Clarke, G. K. C., A. H. Jarosch, F. A. Anslow, V. Radic, and B. Menounos. 2015. Projected deglaciation of western Canada in the twenty-first century. Nature Geosciences 8 (5):372–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2407.
- Fee, E. J., R. E. Hecky, S. E. M. Kasian, and D. R. Cruikshank. 1996. Effects of lake size, water clarity, and climatic variability on mixing depths in Canadian Shield lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 41 (5):912–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.j5.0912.
- Gaiser, E. E., N. D. Deyrup, R. W. Bachmann, L. W. Battoe, and H. M. Swain. 2009. Multidecadal climate oscillations detected in a transparency record from a subtropical Florida Lake. Limnology and Oceanography 54 (6):2228–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6.2228.
- Gallegos, C. L., R. J. Davies-Colley, and M. Gall. 2008. Optical closure in lakes with contrasting extremes of reflectance. Limnology and Oceanography 53 (5):2021–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.5.2021.
- Hannes, P., and R. Sommaruga. 2017. Alpine glacier-fed turbid lakes are discontinuous cold polymictic rather than dimictic. Inland Waters 7 (1):45–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/20442041.2017.1294346.
- Hanson, P. C., D. P. Hamilton, E. H. Stanley, N. Preston, O. C. Langman, and E. L. Kara. 2011. Fate of allochthonous dissolved organic carbon in lakes: A quantitative approach. PLoS ONE 6 (7):e21884. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021884.
- He, J., and M. Hayashi. 2019. Lake O’Hara alpine hydrological observatory: Hydrological and meteorological dataset, 2004–2017. Earth System Science Data 11 (1):111–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-111-2019.
- Hood, J. L., J. W. Roy, and M. Hayashi. 2006. Importance of groundwater in the water balance of an alpine headwater lake. Geophysical Research Letters 33 (13):L13405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026611.
- Hood, J. L., and M. Hayashi. 2015. Characterization of snowmelt flux and groundwater storage in an alpine headwater basin. Journal of Hydrology 521:482–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.12.041.
- Jassby, A. D., J. E. Reuter, and C. R. Goldman. 2011. determining long-term water quality change in the presence of climate variability: Lake Tahoe (U.S.A.). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60 (12):1452–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/f03-127.
- Jost, G., R. D. Moore, B. Menounos, and R. Wheate. 2012. Quantifying the contribution of glacier runoff to streamflow in the upper Columbia River Basin, Canada. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16 (3):849–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-849-2012.
- Kamenik, C., R. Schmidt, G. Kum, and R. Psenner. 2001. The influence of catchment characteristics on the water quality of mountain lakes. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 33 (4):404–09. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2001.12003448.
- Kratz, T. K., K. E. Webster, C. J. Bowser, J. J. Magunson, and B. J. Benson. 1997. The influence of landscape position on lakes in northern Wisconsin. Freshwater Biology 37 (1):209–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.00149.x.
- LaBaugh, J. W., T. C. Winter, D. O. Rosenberry, P. F. Schuster, M. M. Reddy, and G. R. Aiken. 1997. Hydrological and chemical estimates of the water balance of a closed-basin lake in north central Minnesota. Water Resources Research 33 (12):2799–812. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR02427.
- Langston, G., L. R. Bentley, M. Hayashi, A. McClymont, and A. Pidlisecky. 2011. Internal structure and hydrological functions of an alpine proglacial moraine. Hydrological Processes 25:2967–82.
- Laurion, I., M. Ventura, J. Catalan, R. Psenner, R. Sommaruga, N. Sep, and I. Latirion. 2000. Attenuation of ultraviolet radiation in mountain lakes: Factors controlling the among- and within-lake variability. Limnology and Oceanography 45 (6):1274–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.6.1274.
- Leeman, A., and F. Niessen. 1994. Varve formation and the climatic record in an Alpine proglacial lake: Calibrating annually- laminated sediments against hydrological and meteorological data. The Holocene 4 (1):1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369400400101.
- Lickorish, W. H., and P. S. Simony. 1995. Evidence for late rifting of the Cordilleran margin outlined by stratigraphic division of the Lower Cambrian Gog Group, Rocky Mountain Main Ranges, British Columbia and Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32 (7):860–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/e95-072.
- Lottig, N. R., T. Wagner, E. N. Henry, K. Spence Cheruvelil, K. E. Webster, J. A. Downing, and C. A. Stow. 2014. Long-term citizen-collected data reveal geographical patterns and temporal trends in lake water clarity. PLoS ONE 9 (4):e95769. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095769.
- Martin, S. L., and P. A. Sorrano. 2006. Lake landscape position: Relationships to hydrologic connectivity and landscape features. Limnology and Oceanography 51 (2):801–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.2.0801.
- Moore, J. R., J. Egloff, J. Nagelisen, M. Hunziker, U. Aerne, and M. Christen. 2013. Sediment transport and bedrock erosion by wet snow avalanches in the Guggigraben, Matter Valley, Switzerland. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 45 (3):350–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-45.3.350.
- Morris, D. P., and B. R. Hargreaves. 1997. The role of photochemical degradation of dissolved organic carbon in regulating UV transparency of three lakes on the Pocono Plateau. Limnology and Oceanography 42 (2):239–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.2.0239.
- Mosely, L. M. 2015. Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems: A review and integration. Earth-Science Reviews 140:203–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010.
- Olson, M. H., J. M. Fischer, C. E. Williamson, E. P. Overholt, and N. Theodore. 2018. Landscape-scale regulators of water transparency in mountain lakes: Implications of projected glacial loss. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75 (7):1169–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0215.
- Osborn, C. L., D. P. Morris, K. A. Thorn, and R. E. Moeller. 2001. Chemical and optical changes in freshwater dissolved organic matter exposed to solar radiation. Biogeochemistry 54 (3):251–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010657428418.
- Pace, M. L., and J. J. Cole. 2002. Synchronous variation of dissolved organic carbon and color in lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 47 (2):333–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.2.0333.
- Parker, B. R., R. D. Vinebrooke, and D. W. Schindler. 2008. Recent climate extremes alter alpine lake ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (35):12927–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806481105.
- Perga, M.-E., R. Bruel, L. Rodrigue, Y. Guenand, and D. Bouffard. 2018. Storm impacts on alpine lakes: Antecedent weather conditions matter more than the event intensity. Global Change Biology 24 (10):5004–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14384.
- Portielje, R., and D. T. Van der Molen. 1999. Relationship between eutrophication variables: From nutrient loading to transparency. Hydrobiologia 408/409:375–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017090931476.
- Price, R. A., D. G. Cook, J. D. Aitken, and E. W. Mountjoy. 1980. Geology, Lake Louise, Alberta and British Columbia, Map 1483A, Scale 1:50 000. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada.
- Rae, R., C. Howard-Williams, I. Hawes, A. M. Schwarz, and W. F. Vincent. 2001. Penetration of solar ultraviolet radiation into New Zealand lakes: Influence of dissolved organic carbon and catchment vegetation. Limnology 2 (2):79–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s102010170003.
- Read, J. S., and K. R. Rose. 2013. Physical responses of small temperate lakes to variation in dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Limnology and Oceanography 58 (3):921–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2013.58.3.0921.
- Reche, I., M. L. Pace, and J. J. Cole. 1999. Relationship of trophic and chemical conditions to photobleaching of dissolved organic matter in lake ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 44 (3):259–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00996993.
- RGI Consortium. 2017. Randolph Glacier Inventory–Global Land Ice Measurements from Space, Colorado, USA. Digital Media. doi:https://doi.org/10.7265/N5-RGI-60.
- Rogora, M., L. Frate, M. Carranza, M. Freppaz, A. Stanisci, I. Bertani, R. Bottarin, A. Brambilla, R. Canullo, M. Carbognani, et al. 2018. Assessment of climate change effects on mountain ecosystems through a cross-site analysis in the Alps and Apennines. Science of the Total Environment 624:1429–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.155.
- Rose, K. C., D. P. Hamilton, C. E. Williamson, C. G. McBride, J. M. Fischer, M. H. Olson, J. E. Saros, M. G. Allan, and N. Cabrol. 2014. Light attenuation characteristics of glacially-fed lakes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 119. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002674.
- Rose, K. C., S. R. Greb, M. Diebel, and M. G. Turner. 2017. Annual precipitation regulates spatial and temporal drivers of lake water clarity. Ecological Applications 27 (2):632–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1471.
- Roy, J. W., and M. Hayashi. 2008. Groundwater exchange with two small alpine lakes in the Canadian Rockies. Hydrological Processes 22 (15):2838–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6995.
- Sadro, S., and J. M. Melack. 2012. The effect of an extreme rain event on the biogeochemistry and ecosystem metabolism of an oligotrophic high-elevation lake. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 44 (2):222–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-44.2.222.
- Slemmons, K. E. H., J. E. Saros, and K. Simon. 2013. The influence of glacial meltwater on alpine aquatic ecosystems: A review. Environmental Science Processes and Impacts 15 (10):1794–806. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00243h.
- Smith, N. D. 1978. Sedimentation processes and patterns in a glacier-fed lake with low sediment input. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 15 (5):741–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/e78-081.
- Sommaruga, R. 2015. When glaciers and ice sheets melt: Consequences for planktonic organisms. Journal of Plankton Research 37 (3):509–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbv027.
- Sommaruga, R., and G. Augustin. 2006. Seasonality in UV transparency of an alpine lake is associated to changes in phytoplankton biomass. Aquatic Sciences 68 (2):129–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-006-0836-3.
- Vinebrooke, R. D., P. L. Thompson, W. Hobbs, W. B. H. Luckman, M. D. Graham, and A. P. Wolfe. 2010. Glacially mediated impacts of climate warming on alpine lakes of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie 30:1449–52.
- Weirich, F. H. 1986. A study of the nature and incidence of density currents in a shallow glacial lake. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 76 (3):396–413. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1986.tb00127.x.
- Williamson, C. E. 1995. What role does UV-B radiation play in freshwater ecosystems? Limnology and Oceanography 40: 386–392.
- Williamson, C. E., D. P. Morris, M. L. Pace, and O. G. Olson. 1999. Dissolved organic carbon and nutrients as regulators of lake ecosystems: Resurrection of a more integrated paradigm. Limnology and Oceanography 44 (3part2):795–803. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.3_part_2.0795.
- Williamson, C. E., E. P. Overholt, J. A. Brentrup, R. M. Pilla, T. H. Leach, S. G. Schladow, J. D. Warren, S. S. Urmy, S. Sadro, S. Chandra, and P. J. Neale. 2016. Sentinel responses to droughts, wildfires, and floods: Effects of UV radiation on lakes and their ecosystem services. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 14: 102–109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1228.
- Williamson, C. E., J. A. Brentrup, J. Zhang, W. H. Renwick, B. R. Hargreaves, L. B. Knoll, E. P. Overholt, and K. C. Rose. 2014. Lakes as sensors in the landscape: Optical metrics as scalable sentinel responses to climate change. Limnology and Oceanography 59 (3):840–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.3.0840.
- Williamson, C. E., J. E. Saros, W. F. Vincent, and J. P. Smol. 2009. Lakes and reservoirs as sentinels, integrators, and regulators of climate change. Limnology and Oceanography 54 (6part2):2273–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2273.
- Williamson, C. E., R. S. Stemberger, D. P. Morris, T. M. Frost, and S. Paulsen. 1996. Ultraviolet radiation in North American lakes: Attenuation estimates from DOC measurements and implications for plankton communities. Limnology and Oceanography 41 (5):1024–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.5.1024.
- Winn, N., C. E. Williamson, R. Abbitt, K. Rose, W. Renwick, M. Henry, and J. Saros. 2009. Modeling dissolved organic carbon in subalpine and alpine lakes with GIS and remote sensing. Landscape Ecology 24 (6):807–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-009-9359-3.
- Wolfe, A. P., W. O. Hobbs, H. H. Birks, J. P. Briner, S. U. Holmgren, Ó. Ingólfsson, S. S. Kaushal, G. H. Miller, M. Pagani, J. E. Saros, et al. 2013. Stratigraphic expressions of the Holocene-Anthropocene transition revealed in sediments from remote lakes. Earth-Science Reviews 116:17–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.11.001.
- Xie, C., Y. Ding, S. Liu, and C. Chen. 2006. Response of meltwater runoff to air-temperature fluctuations on Keqikaer glacier, south slope of Tuomuer mountain, western China. Annals of Glaciology 43:275–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.3189/172756406781812294.
- Yan, N. D., W. Keller, N. M. Scully, D. R. S. Lean, and P. J. Dillon. 1996. Increased UV-B penetration in a lake owing to drought-induced acidification. Nature 381 (6578):141–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/381141a0.
- Zar, J. H. 1996. Biostatistical Analyses. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Zwart, J. A., S. D. Sebastyen, C. T. Solomon, and S. E. Jones. 2017. The influence of hydrologic residence time on lake carbon cycling dynamics following extreme precipitation events. Ecosystems 20 (5):1000–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-016-0088-6.