References
- Adams, F., and R. Dams. 1975. Applied gamma-ray spectrometry, 294. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Pergamon Press.
- Anderson, R. S., G. Jiménez-Moreno, M. Belanger, and C. Briles. 2020. Fire history of the unique high-elevation Snowmastodon (Ziegler Reservoir) site during MIS 6–4, with comparisons of TII to TI in the southern Colorado Rockies. Quaternary Science Reviews 232:106213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106213.
- Anderson, R. S., G. Jiménez-Moreno, T. Ager, and D. Porinchu. 2014. High-elevation paleoenvironmental change during MIS 6–4 in the central Rockies of Colorado as determined from pollen analysis. Quaternary Research 82 (3):542–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.03.005.
- Benson, L., R. Madole, G. Landis, and J. Gosse. 2005. New data for late Pleistocene Pinedale alpine glaciation from southwestern Colorado. Quaternary Science Reviews 24 (1–2):49–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.07.018.
- Birkeland, P. W. 1973. Use of relative age-dating methods in a stratigraphic study of rock glacier deposits, Mt. Sopris, Colorado. Arctic and Alpine Research 5 (4):401–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1550131.
- Bischoff, J. L., and K. Cummins. 2001. Wisconsin glaciation of the Sierra Nevada (79,000–15,000 yr B.P.) as recorded by rock flour in sediments of Owens Lake, California. Quaternary Research 55 (1):14–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2183.
- Blaauw, M., and J. A. Christen. 2011. Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian Analysis 6 (3):457–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1214/ba/1339616472.
- Blackwelder, E. 1915. Post-Cretaceous history of the mountains of central western Wyoming. The Journal of Geology 23 (4):307–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/622243.
- Briner, J. P., and D. S. Kaufman. 2008. Late Pleistocene mountain glaciation in Alaska: Key chronologies. Journal of Quaternary Science 23 (6–7):659–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1196.
- Briner, J. P., D. S. Kaufman, W. F. Manley, R. C. Finkel, and M. W. Caffee. 2005. Cosmogenic exposure dating of late Pleistocene moraine stabilization in Alaska. Geological Society of America Bulletin 117 (7):1108–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/B25649.1.
- Brune, D., B. Forkman, and B. Persson. 1984. Nuclear analytical chemistry, Chapter 10. Sweden: Chartwell-Bratt Ltd.
- Bryant, B. 1972. Geologic map of the Highland Peak quadrangle, Pitkin County, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-932, 1:24,000 scale.
- Bryant, B. 1979. Geology of the Aspen 15-minute quadrangle, Pitkin and Gunnison Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1073, 146.
- Bryant, B., and P. L. Martin. 1988. The geologic story of the Aspen region: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1603, 53 pp.
- Bullard, J. E. 2013. Contemporary glacigenic inputs to the dust cycle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 38:71–89.
- Chadwick, O. A., R. D. Hall, and F. M. Phillips. 1997. Chronology of Pleistocene glacial advances in the central Rocky Mountains. Geological Society of America Bulletin 109 (11):1443–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1443:COPGAI>2.3.Co;2.
- Colman, S. M., and K. L. Pierce. 1981. Weathering rinds on andesitic and basaltic stones as a Quaternary age indicator, western United States. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1210, 56.
- Colman, S. M., and K. L. Pierce. 1992. Varied records of early Wisconsinan alpine glaciation in the western United States derived from weathering-rind thicknesses. In The last interglacial-glacial transition in North America, ed. P. U. Clark and P. D. Lea, 269–78. Boulder, Colorado: The Geologic Society of America, Inc.
- Dahms, D. E. 2004. Relative and numeric age data for Pleistocene glacial deposits and diamictons in and near Sinks Canyon, Wind River Range, Wyoming, U.S.A. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 36 (1):59–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2004)036[0059:RANADF]2.0.CO;2.
- Dahms, D. E., M. Egli, D. Fabel, J. Harbor, D. Brandová, R. de Castro Portes, and M. Christl. 2018. Revised Quaternary glacial succession and post-LGM recession, southern Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 192:167–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.05.020.
- De Deckker, P., L.J., A., van der Kaars, S., Bayon, G., Stuut, J.-B. W., Perner, K., dos Santos, R. L., Uemura, R., and Demuro, M. 2019. Marine Isotope Stage 4 in Australasia: A full glacial culminating 65,000 years ago - global connections and implications for human dispersal. Quaternary Science Reviews 204: 187–207. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.11.017.
- Doughty, A. M., M. R. Kaplan, C. Peltier, and S. Barker. 2021. A maximum in global glacier extent during MIS 4. Quaternary Science Reviews 261:106948. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106948.
- Douglass, D. C., and D. M. Mickelson. 2007. Soil development and glacial history, west fork of Beaver Creek, Uinta Mountains, Utah. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 39 (4):592–602. doi:https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(06-093)[DOUGLASS]2.0.CO;2.
- Elias, S. A. 2014. Environmental interpretation of fossil insect assemblages from MIS 5 at Ziegler Reservoir, Snowmass Village, Colorado. Quaternary Research 82 (3):592–603. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.01.005.
- Forman, S. L., R. P. Smith, W. R. Hackett, J. A. Tullis, and P. A. McDaniel. 1993. Timing of late Quaternary glaciations in the western United States based on the age of loess on the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho. Quaternary Research 40 (1):30–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1053.
- Glushkova, O. Y. 2011. Late Pleistocene glaciations in North-East Asia. In Developments in Quaternary science, ed. J. Van der Meer, Vol. 15, 865–75. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- Gray, A. B., G. B. Pasternack, and E. B. Watson. 2010. Hydrogen peroxide treatment effects on the particle size distribution of alluvial and marsh sediments. The Holocene 20 (2):293–301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683609350390.
- Hall, R. D., and R. R. Shroba. 1995. Soil evidence for a glaciation intermediate between the Bull Lake and Pinedale Glaciations at Fremont Lake, Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 27 (1):89–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1552071.
- Hallberg, G. R., J. R. Lucas, and C. M. Goodmen. 1978. Semi-quantitative analysis of clay mineralogy. In Standard procedures for evaluation of Quaternary materials in Iowa, ed. G. R. Hallberg, 5–22. Iowa City: Iowa Geological Survey.
- Haskett, D. R., and D. F. Porinchu. 2014. A quantitative midge-based reconstruction of mean July air temperature from a high-elevation site in central Colorado, USA, for MIS 6 and 5. Quaternary Research 82 (3):580–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.05.002.
- Holmes, G. W., and J. H. Moss. 1955. Pleistocene geology of the southwestern Wind River Mountains, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Bulletin 66 (6):629–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[629:PGOTSW]2.0.CO;2.
- Imbrie, J., A. Berger, E. A. Boyle, S. C. Clemens, A. Duffy, W. R. Howard, G. Kukla, J. Kutzbach, D. G. Martinson, A. McIntyre, et al. 1993. On the structure and origin of major glaciation cycles 2. The 100,000-year cycle. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 8 (6):699–735. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/93PA02751.
- Ivy-Ochs, S., H. Kerschner, A. Reuther, F. Preusser, K. Heine, M. Maisch, P. W. Kubik, and C. Schluchter. 2008. Chronology of the last glacial cycle in the European Alps. Journal of Quaternary Science 23 (6–7):559–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1202.
- Johnson, K. R., I. M. Miller, and J. S. Pigati. 2014. Introduction to the Snowmastodon project. Quaternary Research 82 (3):473–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.12.010.
- Kaufman, D. S., and C. H. Thompson. 1998. Re-evaluation of pre-late Wisconsin glacial deposits, lower Naknek River Valley, Southwestern Alaska, USA. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 30 (2):473–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1552129.
- Kaufman, D. S., N. E. Young, J. P. Briner, and W. F. Manley. 2011. Alaska Palaeo-Glacier Atlas (version 2). In Developments in Quaternary Science, eds J. Van der Meer, vol. 15, 427–45. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- Laabs, B. J. C., J. M. Licciardi, E. M. Leonard, J. S. Munroe, and D. W. Marchetti. 2020. Updated cosmogenic chronologies of Pleistocene mountain glaciation in the western United States and associated paleoclimate inferences. Quaternary Science Reviews 242:106427. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106427.
- Licciardi, J. M., and K. L. Pierce. 2008. Cosmogenic exposure-age chronologies of Pinedale and Bull Lake glaciations in greater Yellowstone and the Teton Range, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 27 (7–8):814–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.12.005.
- Licciardi, J. M., and K. L. Pierce. 2018. History and dynamics of the greater Yellowstone glacial system during the last two glaciations. Quaternary Science Reviews 200:1–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.08.027.
- Lisiecki, L. E., and M. E. Raymo. 2005. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography 2:1–17.
- Mahan, S. A., H. J. Gray, J. S. Pigati, J. Wilson, N. A. Lifton, J. B. Paces, and M. Blaauw. 2014. A geochronologic framework for the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado. Quaternary Research 82 (3):490–503. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.03.004.
- Martinson, D. G., N. G. Pisias, J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, T. C. Moore Jr., and N. J. Shackleton. 1987. Age dating and the orbital theory of the ice ages: Development of a high-resolution 0 to 300,000-yr chronostratigraphy. Quaternary Research 2:71–29.
- McCalpin, J. P., and J. R. Irvine. 1995. Sackungen at the Aspen Highlands Ski Area, Pitkin County, Colorado. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience I (3):277–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.I.3.277.
- McCarthy, A., A. Mackintosh, U. Rieser, and D. Fink. 2008. Mountain Glacier chronology from Boulder Lake, New Zealand, indicates MIS 4 and MIS 2 ice advances of similar extent. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 40 (4):695–708. doi:https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(06-111)[MCCARTHY]2.0.CO;2.
- Mears, B. 1974. The evolution of the Rocky Mountain glacial model. In Glacial geomorphology, publications in geomorphology, ed. D. R. Coates, 11–40. Binghamton: State University of New York.
- Menking, J. A., E. J. Brook, S. A. Shackleton, J. P. Severinghaus, M. N. Dyonisius, V. Petrenko, J. R. McConnell, R. H. Rhodes, T. K. Bauska, D. Baggenstos, et al. 2019. Spatial pattern of accumulation at Taylor Dome during marine isotope stage 4: Stratigraphic constraints from Taylor Glacier. Climate of the Past 15 (4):1537–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1537-2019.
- Menounos, B., and M. A. Reasoner. 1997. Evidence for cirque glaciation in the Colorado Front Range during the Younger Dryas chronozone. Quaternary Research 48 (1):38–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1902.
- Miller, I. M., J. S. Pigati, R. S. Anderson, K. R. Johnson, S. A. Mahan, T. A. Ager, R. G. Baker, M. Blaauw, J. Bright, P. M. Brown, et al. 2014. Summary of the Snowmastodon project special volume: A high-elevation, multi-proxy biotic and environmental record of MIS 6–4 from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado, USA. Quaternary Research 82 (3):618–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.07.004.
- Moore, D. M., and R. C. Reynolds. 1997. X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Oviatt, C. G., and W. D. McCoy. 1992. Early Wisconsin lakes and glaciers in the Great Basin, USA. In The last interglacial-glacial transition in North America, ed. P. U. Clark and P. D. Lea, Geological Society of America Special Paper 270, 279–87. Boulder, Colorado: The Geologic Society of America, Inc.
- Peltier, C., M. R. Kaplan, S. D. Birkel, R. L. Soteres, E. A. Sagredo, J. C. Aravena, J. P. I. M. Araos, P. I. Moreno, R. Schwartz, and J. M. Schaefer. 2021. The large MIS 4 and long MIS 2 glacier maxima on the southern tip of South America. Quaternary Science Reviews 262:106858. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106858.
- Phillips, F. M., M. G. Zreda, J. C. Gosse, J. Klein, E. B. Evenson, R. D. Hall, O. A. Chadwick, and P. Sharma. 1997. Cosmogenic 36Cl and 10Be ages of Quaternary glacial and fluvial deposits of the Wind River Range, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Bulletin 109 (11):1453–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1453:CCABAO>2.3.CO;2.
- Pierce, K. L. 2003. Pleistocene glaciations of the Rocky Mountains. Developments in Quaternary Science 1:63–76.
- Pierce, K. L., D. R. Muhs, M. A. Fosberg, S. A. Mahan, J. G. Rosenbaum, J. M. Licciardi, and M. J. Pavich. 2011. A loess–paleosol record of climate and glacial history over the past two glacial–interglacial cycles (~150 ka), southern Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Quaternary Research 76 (1):119–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.03.006.
- Pierce, K. L., J. D. Obradovich, and I. Friendman. 1976. Obsidian hydration dating and correlation of Bull Lake and Pinedale Glaciations near West Yellowstone, Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin 87 (5):703–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<703:OHDACO>2.0.CO;2.
- Piety, L. A. 1981. Relative dating of terrace deposits and tills in the Roaring Fork valley, Colorado, MS Thesis. University of Colorado, Boulder. 209 pp.
- Pigati, J. S., I. M. Miller, K. R. Johnson, J. S. Honke, P. E. Carrara, D. R. Muhs, G. Skipp, and B. Bryant. 2014. Geologic setting and stratigraphy of the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado. Quaternary Research 82 (3):477–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.12.011.
- Pye, K. 1987. Aeolian dust and dust deposits. London: Academic Press.
- Pye, K. 1995. The nature, origin and accumulation of loess. Quaternary Science Reviews 14 (7–8):653–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(95)00047-X.
- Reheis, M. C. 2006. A 16-year record of eolian dust in southern Nevada and California, USA: Controls on dust generation and accumulation. Journal of Arid Environments 67 (3):487–520. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.03.006.
- Reheis, M. C., and R. Kihl. 1995. Dust deposition in southern Nevada and California, 1984–1989: Relations to climate, source area, and source lithology. Journal of Geophysical Research 100 (D5):8893–918. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD03245.
- Richmond, G. M. 1986. Stratigraphy and correlation of glacial deposits of the Rocky Mountains, the Colorado Plateau and the ranges of the Great Basin. Quaternary Science Reviews 5:99–127. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(86)80013-0.
- Rosenbaum, J. G., and C. W. Heil Jr. 2009. The glacial/deglacial history of sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho. In Paleoenvironments of Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, and its catchment. Geological Society of America Special Paper 450, ed. J. G. Rosenbaum and D. S. Kaufman, 247–61. Boulder, Colorado: The Geologic Society of America.
- Rosenbaum, J. G., and R. L. Reynolds. 2004. Record of late Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation in the southern cascade range. II. Flux of glacial flour in a sediment core from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Journal of Paleolimnology 31 (2):235–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOPL.0000019229.75336.7a.
- Seidenkrantz, M. S., A. Kuijpers, J. Olsen, C. Pearce, S. Lindblom, J. Ploug, P. Przybyło, and I. Snowball. 2019. Southwest Greenland shelf glaciation during MIS 4 more extensive than during the last glacial maximum. Nature Scientific Reports 9:15617. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-41019-51983-41593.
- Sertich, J. J. W., R. K. Stucky, H. G. McDonald, C. Newton, D. C. Fisher, E. Scott, J. R. Demboski, C. Lucking, B. K. McHorse, and E. B. Davis. 2014. High-elevation late Pleistocene (MIS 6–5) vertebrate faunas from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado. Quaternary Research 82 (3):504–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.08.002.
- Sharp, W. D., K. R. Ludwig, O. A. Chadwick, R. Amundson, and L. L. Glaserd. 2003. Dating fluvial terraces by 230Th/U on pedogenic carbonate, Wind River Basin, Wyoming. Quaternary Research 59 (2):139–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00003-6.
- Smalley, I. J. 1966. The properties of glacial loess and the formation of loess deposits. SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research 36:669–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1306/74D7153C-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
- Smith, J. A., and D. T. Rodbell. 2010. Cross-cutting moraines reveal evidence for North Atlantic influence on glaciers in the tropical Andes. Journal of Quaternary Science 25 (3):243–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1393.
- Strickland, L. E., R. G. Baker, R. S. Thompson, and D. M. Miller. 2014. Last interglacial plant macrofossils and climates from Ziegler Reservoir, Snowmass Village, Colorado, USA. Quaternary Research 82 (3):553–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.07.008.
- Taylor, S. R., and S. M. McLennan. 1985. The continental crust: Its composition and evolution: An examination of the geochemical record preserved in sedimentary rocks, 312. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
- Taylor, S. R., S. M. McLennan, and M. T. McCulloch. 1983. Geochemistry of loess, continental crustal composition and crustal model ages. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47 (11):1897–905. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(83)90206-5.
- Thackray, G. D. 2001. Extensive early and middle Wisconsin glaciation on the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, and the variability of Pacific moisture delivery to the northwestern United States. Quaternary Research 55 (3):257–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2220.
- Troost, K. G. 2016. Chronology, lithology and paleoenvironmental interpretations of the penultimate ice-sheet advance into the Puget Lowland, Washington State, earth and space sciences, 239. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey Staff. 1993. National soils handbook. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- Ward, B. C., J. D. Bond, and J. C. Gosse. 2007. Evidence for a 55–50 ka (early Wisconsin) glaciation of the Cordilleran ice sheet, Yukon Territory, Canada. Quaternary Research 68 (1):141–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.04.002.