When no color pattern is available: Application of double observer methods to estimate population size of the Alpine salamander

References

• Bailey, L. L., Simons, T. R., and Pollock, K. H. 2004. Estimating detection probability parameters for Plethodon salamanders using the robust capture–recapture design. Journal of Wildlife Management 68 (1):1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, R. J., M. R. Schofield, W. A. Link, and J. R. Sauer. 2017. On the reliability of N-mixture models for count data. Biometrics 74 (1):369–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.12734.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basile, M., A. Romano, A. Costa, M. Posillico, D. Scinti Roger, A. Crisci, R. Raimondi, T. Altea, V. Garfi, G. Santopuoli, et al. 2017. Seasonality and microhabitat selection in a forest-dwelling salamander. The Science of Nature – Naturwissenschaften 104 (9–10):1–1. art. 80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-017-1500-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolger, T. D., T. A. Morrison, B. Vance, D. Lee, and H. Farid. 2012. A computer-assisted system for photographic mark–recapture analysis. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3 (5):813–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00212.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonato, L., and G. Fracasso. 2003. Movements, distribution pattern and density in a population of Salamandra atra aurorae (Caudata: Salamandridae). Amphibia-Reptilia 24 (3):251–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1163/156853803322440736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borchers, D. L., S. T. Buckland, W. E. Stephens, and W. Zucchini. 2002. Estimating animal abundance. London, UK: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bröker, K. C. A., R. G. Hansen, K. E. Leonard, W. R. Koski, and M. P. Heide-Jørgensen. 2019. A comparison of image and observer based aerial surveys of narwhal. Marine Mammal Science 35 (4):1253–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckland, S. T., D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, J. L. Laake, D. Borchers, and L. Thomas. 2004. Advanced distance sampling: Estimating abundance of biological populations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burnham, K., and K. Anderson. 2002. Model selection and multi-model inference: A practical information-theoretic approach. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, R. B., J. A. Royle, and D. I. King. 2011. Inference about density and temporary emigration in unmarked populations. Ecology 92 (7):1429–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/10-2433.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad, O., B. Bechtel, M. Bock, H. Dietrich, E. Fischer, L. Gerlitz, J. Wehberg, V. Wichmann, and J. Bohner. 2015. System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) v. 2.1.4. Geoscientific Model Development 8 (7):1991–2007. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1991-2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, R. D., and J. O. Jacobson. 1979. A design for estimating visibility bias in aerial surveys. Biometrics 35 (4):735–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2530104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, A., A. Romano, and S. Salvidio. 2020. Reliability of multinomial N-mixture models for estimating abundance of small terrestrial vertebrates. Biodiversity and Conservation 29 (9–10):2951–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-02006-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culver, D. C., and T. Pipan. 2014. Shallow subterranean habitats: Ecology, evolution, and conservation. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dodd, C. K. J., Ed. 2010. Amphibian ecology and conservation: A handbook of techniques. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dodd, C. K. J., Ed. 2016. Reptile ecology and conservation: A handbook of techniques. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Einoder, L. D., D. M. Southwell, J. J. Lahoz-Monfort, G. Gillespie, A. Fisher, and B. A. Wintle. 2018. Occupancy and detectability modelling of vertebrates in northern Australia using multiple sampling methods. PLoS ONE 13 (9):e0203304. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farallo, V. R., R. Wier, and D. B. Miles. 2018. The Bogert effect revisited: Salamander regulatory behaviors are differently constrained by time and space. Ecology and Evolution 8 (23):11522–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feder, M. E. 1983. Integrating ecology and physiology of Plethodontid salamanders. Herpetologica 39:291–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, I., and R. Chandler. 2011. Unmarked: An R package for fitting hierarchical models of wildlife occurrence and abundance. Journal of Statistical Software 43 (10):1–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v043.i10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forcey, G. M., J. T. Anderson, F. K. Ammer, and R. C. Whitmore. 2006. Comparison of two double-observer point-count approaches for estimating breeding bird abundance. Journal of Wildlife Management 70 (6):1674–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1674:COTDPA]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiger, C. 2006. Ecological requirements of the Alpine salamander Salamandra atra: Assessing the effects of current habitat structure and landscape dynamics on local distribution. Diploma Thesis, University of Bern.
   Google Scholar
• Gerrits, A. M. J., and H. H. G. Savenije. 2011. Interception. In Treatise on water science, ed. P. Wilderer, 89–101. 2nd ed. Oxford: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, E. H. C., R. E. Jung, J. D. Nichols, and J. E. Hines. 2005. Double-observer approach to estimating egg mass abundance of pool-breeding amphibians. Wetlands Ecology and Management 13 (3):305–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-004-7524-7.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, R. A., J. Foster, J. W. Wilkinson, and D. Sewell. 2015. Science, statistics and surveys: A herpetological perspective. Journal of Applied Ecology 52 (6):1413–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guisan, A., S. B. Weiss, and A. D. Weiss. 1999. GLM versus CCA spatial modelling of plant species distribution. Plant Ecology 143 (1):107–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009841519580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Günther, R., and Grossenbacher. 1996. Alpensalamander – Salamandra atra Laurenti 1768, 70–81. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Helfer, V., T. Broquet, and L. Fumagalli. 2012. Sex-specific estimates of dispersal show female philopatry and male dispersal in a promiscuous amphibian, the Alpine salamander (Salamandra atra). Molecular Ecology 21 (19):4706–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05742.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kéry, M. 2018. Identifiability in N-mixture models: A large-scale screening test with bird data. Ecology 99 (2):281– 88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kéry, M., and J. A. Royle. 2016. Applied hierarchical modelling in ecology. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kéry, M., and J. A. Royle. 2020. Applied hierarchical modeling in ecology: Analysis of distribution, abundance and species richness in R and BUGS: Volume 2: Dynamic and advanced models. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klewen, R. F. 1986. Untersuchungen zur Verbreitung, Öko-Ethologie und innerartlichen Gliederung von Salamandra atra (Laurenti 1768). PhD thesis, Universität Köln.
   Google Scholar
• Klewen, R. F. 1988. Die landsalamander Europas 1: Die gattungen Salamandra und Mertensiella. Wittenberg, Lutherstadt: Ziemsen Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Koneff, M. D., J. A. Royle, M. C. Otto, J. S. Wortham, and J. K. Bidwell. 2008. A double-observer method to estimate detection rate during aerial waterfowl surveys. Journal of Wildlife Manage 72:1641–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langtimm, C. A., R. M. Dorazio, B. M. Stith, and T. J. Doyle. 2011. New aerial survey and hierarchical model to estimate manatee abundance. The Journal of Wildlife Management 75 (2):399–412. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauber, A. 2004. Methodenevaluation zum Monitoring der Alpensalamanderpopulation. Diplomarbeit, ETH Zürich, Schweiz.
   Google Scholar
• Luiselli, L., F. Andreone, D. Capizzi, and C. Anibaldi. 2001. Body size, population structure and fecundity traits of a Salamandra atra atra (Amphibia, Urodela, Salamandridae) population from the northeastern Italian Alps. Italian Journal of Zoology 68 (2):125–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000109356396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, D. I., J. D. Nichols, J. A. Royle, K. H. Pollock, L. Bailey, and J. E. Hines. 2017. Occupancy estimation and modeling: Inferring patterns and dynamics of species occurrence. Burlington, MA: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Marques, T. A. 2009. Distance sampling: Estimating animal density. Significance 6 (3):136–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2009.00380.x.
   Google Scholar
• Mazerolle, M. J. 2020. AICcmodavg: Model selection and multimodel inference based on (Q)AIC(c). R package version 2.3-1. https://cran.r-project.org/package=AICcmodavg.
   Google Scholar
• McDiarmid, R. W., M. S. Foster, C. Guyer, J. W. Gibbons, and N. Chernoff. 2012. Reptile biodiversity. Standard methods for inventorying and monitoring. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• McMahon, C. R., J. van den Hoff, and H. R. Burton. 2005. Repeated handling and invasive research methods in wildlife research: Impacts at the population level. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 34 (6):426–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-34.6.426.
   Google Scholar
• Nellemann, C., and P. E. Reynolds. 1997. Predicting late winter distribution of Muskoxen using an Index of Terrain Ruggedness. Arctic and Alpine Research 29 (3):334–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1552148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols, J. D., J. E. Hines, J. R. Sauer, F. Fallon, J. Fallon, and P. J. Heglund. 2000. A double-observer approach for estimating detection probability and abundance from avian point counts. The Auk 117 (2):393–408. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.2.393.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols, J. D., and M. J. Conroy. 1996. Techniques for estimating abundance and species richness. In Measuring and monitoring biological diversity - standard methods for mammals, ed. D. E. Wilson, C. F. Russel, J. D. Nichols, R. Rudram, and M. S. Foster, 177–79. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peterman, W. E., and R. D. Semlitsch. 2013. Fine-scale habitat associations of a terrestrial salamander: The role of environmental gradients and implications for population dynamics. PLos One 8 (5):e62184. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterman, W. E., and R. D. Semlitsch. 2014. Spatial variation in water loss predicts terrestrial salamander distribution and population dynamics. Oecologia 176 (2):357–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-3041-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piraccini, R., M. Cammarano, A. Costa, M. Basile, M. Posillico, L. Boitani, M. Baschetto, G. Matteucci, B. De Cinti, and A. Romano. 2017. Habitat trees and salamanders: Conservation and management implications in temperate forests. Forest Ecology and Management 384:17–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.10.048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popescu, V. D., and M. L. Hunter. 2011. Clear-cutting affects habitat connectivity for a forest amphibian by decreasing permeability to juvenile movements. Ecological Applications 21 (4):1283–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0658.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, J. H., W. L. Thompson, and B. Russell. 2011. Planning for success: Identifying effective and efficient survey designs for monitoring. Biological Conservation 144 (5):1278–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley, S. J., S. D. DeGloria, and R. Elliot. 1999. Index that quantifies topographic heterogeneity. Intermountain Journal of Sciences 5 (1–4):23–27.
   Google Scholar
• Romano, A., A. Costa, S. Salvidio, M. Menegon, E. Garollo, K. T. de Fatis, D. Miserocchi, G. Matteucci, and P. Pedrini. 2018b. Forest management and conservation of an elusive amphibian in the Alps: Habitat selection by the Golden Alpine salamander reveals the importance of fine woody debris. Forest Ecology and Management 424:338–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.04.052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano, A., M. Anderle, A. Forti, P. Partel, and P. Pedrini. 2018a. Population density, sex ratio and body size in a population of Salamadra atra atra on the Dolomites. Acta Herpetol 13:195–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roner, L., M. Trenti, S. Salvidio, A. Costa, P. Pedrini, and A. Romano. in press. Il monitoraggio della Salamandra alpina, Salamandra atra, in Trentino: Applicazione e validità del metodo del Doppio Osservatore in diverse condizioni meteorologiche. Atti XIII Congresso Societas Herpetologica Italica. Lipari, Messina: Il Naturalista Siciliano.
   Google Scholar
• Royle, J. A. (2004). N-mixture models for estimating population size from spatially replicated counts. Biometrics 60:108–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royle, J. A., and R. M. Dorazio. 2006. Hierarchical models of animal abundance and occurrence. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 11 (3):249–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1198/108571106X129153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sappington, J. M., K. M. Longshore, and D. B. Thompson. 2007. Quantifying landscape ruggedness for animal habitat analysis: A case study using bighorn sheep in the Mojave Desert. Journal of Wildlife Management 71 (5):1419–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.2193/2005-723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraux, C., C. Le Bohec, J. M. Durant, V. A. Viblanc, M. Gauthier-Clerc, M. Beaune, J. Park, N. G. Yoccoz, N. C. Stenseth, and Y. Le Maho. 2011. Reliability of flipper-banded penguins as indicators of climate change. Nature 469 (7329):203–06. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, B. R. 2003. Count data, detection probabilities, and the demography, dynamics, distribution, and decline of amphibians. Comptes Rendus Biologies 326:S119–S124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00048-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seber, G. A. F. 1982. Estimating animal abundance and related parameters. 2nd ed. London: Charles Griffin and Co.
   Google Scholar
• Shirose, L. J., C. A. Bishop, D. M. Green, C. J. MacDonald, R. J. Brooks, and N. J. Heleferty. 1997. Validation tests of an amphibian call count survey technique in Ontario, Canada. Herpetologica 53:312–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha, Y., and R. Lapeyre. 2018. Modern wildlife monitoring technologies: Conservationists versus communities? A case study: The Terai-Arc landscape, Nepal. Conservation and Society 16 (1):91–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/cs.cs_16_83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sillero, N., J. Campos, A. Bonardi, C. Corti, R. Creemers, P. A. Crochet, J. Crnobrnja Isailovic, M. Denoël, G. F. Ficetola, J. Gonçalves, et al. 2014. Updated distribution and biogeography of amphibians and reptiles of Europe. Amphibia-Reptilia 35 (1):1–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002935.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southwell, C. 1996. Estimation of population size and density when counts are incomplete. In Measuring and monitoring biological diversity—standard methods for mammals, ed. D. E. Wilson, C. F. Russel, J. D. Nichols, R. Rudram, and M. S. Foster, 196–210. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vitt, L. J., and J. P. Caldwell. 2013. Herpetology. An introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles. 4th ed. San Diego: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vrtiska, M. P., and L. A. Powell. 2011. Estimates of duck breeding populations in the Nebraska sandhills using double observer methodology. Waterbirds 34 (1):96–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1675/063.034.0112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, B. K., J. D. Nichols, and M. J. Conroy. 2002. Analysis and management of animal populations: Modeling, estimation and decision-making. Cambridge: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Witmer, G. W. 2005. Wildlife population monitoring: Some practical considerations. Wildlife Research 32 (3):259–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/WR04003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoccoz, N. G., J. D. Nichols, and T. Boulinier. 2001. Monitoring of biological diversity in space and time. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16 (8):446–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02205-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemanova, M. A. 2021. New online resource on the 3Rs principles of animal research for wildlife biologists, ecologists, and conservation managers. Conservation 1 (2):106–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation1020009.
   Google Scholar