Timing of glacial - non-glacial stages in Finland: An exploratory analysis of the OSL data

References

• Åberg, A. K., S. Kultti, A. Kaakinen, K. O. Eskola, and V.-P. Salonen. 2020. Weichselian sedimentary record and ice-flow patterns in the Sodankylä area, central Finnish Lapland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 92 (2):77–98. doi:10.17741/bgsf/92.2.001.
   Google Scholar
• Aghabozorgi, S., A. S. Shirkhorshidi, and T. Y. Wah. 2015. Time-series clustering – A decade review. Information Systems 53:16–38. doi:10.1016/j.is.2015.04.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexanderson, H., K. Eskola, and K. F. Helmens. 2008. Optical dating of a late Quaternary sediment sequence from Sokli, Northern Finland. Geochronometria 32 (–1):51–59. doi:10.2478/v10003-008-0022-9.
   Google Scholar
• Alexanderson, H., T. Johnsen, and A. S. Murray. 2010. Re-dating the Pilgrimstad Interstadial with OSL: A warmer climate and a smaller ice sheet during the Swedish Middle Weichselian (MIS 3)? Boreas 39 (2):367–76. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00130.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexanderson, H., and A. S. Murray. 2012. Luminescence signals from modern sediments in a glaciated bay, NW Svalbard. Quaternary Geochronology 10:250–56. doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2012.01.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auri, J., O. Breilin, H. Hirvas, P. Huhta, P. Johansson, K. Mäkinen, K. Nenonen, and P. Sarala. 2008. Tiedonanto eräiden myöhäispleistoseenikerrostumien avainkohteiden ajoittamisesta Suomessa. Geologi 60:68–74.
   Google Scholar
• Batchelor, C. L., M. Margold, M. Krapp, D. K. Murton, A. S. Dalton, P. L. Gibbard, C. R. Stokes, J. B. Murton, and A. Manica. 2019. The configuration of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets through the Quaternary. Nature Communications 10 (1):3713. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11601-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dalton, A. S., S. A. Finkelstein, P. J. Barnett, and S. L. Forman. 2016. Constraining the Late Pleistocene history of the Laurentide ice sheet by dating the Missinaibi formation, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews 146:288–99. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.06.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darkins, R., E. J. Cooke, Z. Ghahramani, P. D. W. Kirk, D. L. Wild, R. S. Savage, and M. Rattray. 2013. Acceler-ating Bayesian hierarchical clustering of time series data with randomised algorithm. PLoS ONE 8 (4):e59795. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donner, J. 1995. The Quaternary history of Scandinavia. World and regional geology 7, 200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fraley, C., and A. E. Raftery. 2002. Model-based clustering, discriminant analysis and density estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association 97 (458):611–31. doi:10.1198/016214502760047131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraley, C., A. E. Raftery, T. B. Murphy, and L. Scrucca 2012. mclust version 4 for R: Normal mixture modeling for model-based clustering, classification, and density estimation. Technical Report No. 597, Department of Statistics, University of Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs, M., and L. A. Owen. 2008. Luminescence dating of glacial and associated sediments – Review, recommendations and future directions. Boreas 37 (4):636–59. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2008.00052.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, A., P. Sarala, and K. Ebert. 2015. Late Cenozoic deep weathering patterns on the Fennoscandian shield in northern Finland: A window on ice sheet bed conditions at the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Geomorphology 246:472–88. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.06.037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartigan, J. A., and M. A. Wong. 1979. Algorithm AS 136: A K-means clustering algorithm. Applied Statistics 28 (1):100–08. doi:10.2307/2346830.
   Google Scholar
• Helmens, K. F. 2014a. The last interglacial–glacial cycle (MIS 5–2) re-examined based on long proxy records from central and Northern Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 86:115–43. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.12.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmens, K. F. 2014b. The last interglacial-glacial cycle (MIS 5-2) re-examined based on long proxy records from central and Northern Europe. Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co., Technical Report TR-13-02:59.
   Google Scholar
• Helmens, K. F., and S. Engels. 2010. Ice‐free conditions in eastern Fennoscandia during early Marine Isotope Stage 3: Lacustrine records. Boreas 39 (2):399–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2010.00142.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmens, K. F., P. W. Johansson, M. E. Räsänen, H. Alexanderson, and K. O. Eskola. 2007. Ice-free intervals continuing into marine isotope stage 3 at Sokli in the central area of the Fennoscandian glaciations. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 79 (1):17–39. doi:10.17741/bgsf/79.1.002.
   Google Scholar
• Hirvas, H. 1991. Pleistocene stratigraphy of Finnish Lapland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin 354:123.
   Google Scholar
• Houmark-Nielsen, M. 2008. Testing OSL failures against a regional Weichselian glaciation chronology from southern Scandinavia. Boreas 37 (4):660–77. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2008.00053.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houmark-Nielsen, M. 2010. Extent, age and dynamics of Marine Isotope Stage 3 glaciation in the southwestern Baltic Basin. Boreas 39 (2):343–59. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00136.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howett, P. J., V.-P. Salonen, O. Hyttinen, K. Korkka-Niemi, and J. Moreau. 2015. Hydrostratigraphical approach to support environmentally safe siting of a mining waste at Rautuvaara, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 87 (2):52–66. doi:10.17741/bgsf/87.2.001.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, A. L. C., R. Gyllencreutz, Ø. S. Lohne, J. Mangerud, and J. I. Svendsen. 2015. The last Eurasian ice sheets - a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1. Boreas 45 (1):1–45. doi:10.1111/bor.12142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutt, G., H. Jungner, R. Kujansuu, and M. Saarnisto. 1993. OSL and TL-dating of buried podsols and overlying sands in Ostrobothnia, Western Finland. Journal of Quaternary Science 8 (2):125–32. doi:10.1002/jqs.3390080205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyttinen, O., A. Kotilainen, and V.-P. Salonen. 2011. Acoustic evidence of a Baltic ice lake drainage debrite in the Northern Baltic Sea. Marine Geology 284 (1–4):130–48. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2011.03.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, G., D. Witten, T. Hastie, and R. Tibshirani. 2014. An introduction to statistical learning: With applications in R. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, P., J. P. Lunkka, P. Sarala. 2011. The glaciation of Finland. In Quaternary glaciations - extent and chronology – A closer look, ed. J. Ehlers, P. L. Gibbard, and P. D. Hughes, Developments in Quaternary sciences, Vol. 15:105–16 doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53447-7.00009-X.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, L., and P. J. Rousseeuw. 1990. Finding groups in data: An introduction to cluster analysis. Wiley series in probability and statistics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Käyhkö, J. A., P. Worsley, K. Pye, and M. L. Clarke. 1999. A revised chronology for aeolian activity in subarctic Fennoscandia during the Holocene. The Holocene 9 (2):195–205. doi:10.1191/095968399668228352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, G. E., R. A. J. Robinson, and A. A. Finch. 2014. Towards successful OSL sampling strategies in glacial environments: Deciphering the influence of depositional processes on bleaching of modern glacial sediments from Jostedalen, Southern Norway. Quaternary Science Reviews 89:94–107. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleman, J., M. Hättestrand, I. Borgström, F. Preusser, and D. Fabel. 2020. The Idre marginal moraine – an anchorpoint for Middle and Late Weichselian ice sheet chronology. Quaternary Science Advances 2:100010. doi:10.1016/j.qsa.2020.100010.
   Google Scholar
• Kotilainen, M. 2004. Dune stratigraphy as an indicator of Holocene climatic change and human impact in Northern Lapland, Finland. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, Geologica-Geographica 166:154.
   Google Scholar
• Koutaniemi, L. 1979. Late-glacial and post-glacial development of valleys of the Oulanka river basin, north-eastern Finland. Fennia 157 (1):13–73.
   Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, J. 1992. Glacial stratigraphy in Sweden. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 15:43–59.
   Google Scholar
• Lunkka, J. P., P. Lintinen, K. Nenonen, and P. Huhta. 2016. Stratigraphy of Koivusaarenneva exposure and its correlation across central Ostrobothnia, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 88 (2):53–67. doi:10.17741/bgsf/88.2.001.
   Google Scholar
• Lunkka, J. P., A. Murray, and K. Korpela. 2008. Weichselian sediment succession at Ruunaa, Finland, indicating a Mid-Weichselian ice-free interval in eastern Fennoscandia. Boreas 37 (2):234–44. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2007.00021.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunkka, J. P., J.-P. Palmu, and A. Seppänen. 2021. Deglaciation dynamics of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in the Salpausselkä zone, southern Finland. Boreas 50 (2):404–18. doi:10.1111/bor.12502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunkka, J. P., M. Saarnisto, V. Gey, I. Demidov, and V. Kiselova. 2001. The extent and age of the Last Glacial Maximum in the south-eastern sector of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet. Global and Planetary Change 31:407–25. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00132-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunkka, J. P., P. Sarala, and P. L. Gibbard. 2015. The Rautuvaara stratotype section, western Finnish Lapland revisited – New age constraints on the sequence indicate complex Scandinavian ice sheet history in northern Fennoscandia during the Weichselian stage. Boreas 44 (1):68–80. doi:10.1111/bor.12088.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mäkinen, K. 2005. Dating the Quaternary in SW-Lapland. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 40:67–78.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, J. A., and M. Seppälä. 2013. Holocene environmental change in subarctic aeolian dune fields: The chronology of sand dune re-activation events in relation to forest fires, palaeosol development and climatic variations in Finnish Lapland. The Holocene 24 (2):149–64. doi:10.1177/0959683613515733.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miquez, F. 2007. Introduction to R for multivariate data analysis. Electronical source. http://miguezlab.agron.iastate.edu/OldWebsite/Teaching/MultivariateRGGobi.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Möller, P., J. Anjar, and A. S. Murray. 2013. An OSL-dated sediment sequence at Idre, west-central Sweden, indicates ice-free conditions in MIS 3. Boreas 42 (1):25–42. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2012.00284.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, A., and A. Wintle. 2000. Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol. Radiation Measurements 32 (1):57–73. doi:10.1016/S1350-4487(99)00253-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nenonen, K. 1995. Pleistocene stratigraphy and reference sections in southern and western Finland, 205. Kuopio: Geological Survey of Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Pico, T., J. R. Creveling, and J. X. Mitrovica. 2017. Sea-level records from the US mid-Atlantic constrain Laurentide Ice Sheet extent during Marine Isotope Stage 3. Nature Communications 8 (1):15612. doi:10.1038/ncomms15612.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pitkäranta, R. 2008. Litostratigraphy and age estimations of the Pleistocene erosional remnants near the centre of the Scandinavian glaciations in Western Finland. Quaternary Science Reviews 28 (1–2):166–80. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.10.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitkäranta, R. 2009. Pre-Late Weichselian podzol soil, permafrost features and litostratigraphy at Penttilänkangas, Western Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 81 (1):53–74. doi:10.17741/bgsf/81.1.003.
   Google Scholar
• Pitkäranta, R., J.P. Lunkka, and K. O. Eskola . 2013. Lithostratigraphy and Optical Stimulated Luminescence age determinations of pre-Late Weichselian deposits in the Suupohja area, western Finland. Boreas 43 (1):193–207. doi:10.1111/bor.12030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putkinen, N., P. Sarala, N. Eyles, J. Pihlaja, H. Daxberger, and A. Murray. 2020. Reworked Middle Pleistocene deposits preserved in the core region of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Advances 100005. doi:10.1016/j.qsa.2020.100005.
   Google Scholar
• Räsänen, M. E., J. V. Huitti, S. Bhattarai, J. Harvey III, and S. Huttunen. 2015. The SE sector of the Middle Weichselian Eurasian Ice Sheet was much smaller than assumed. Quaternary Science Reviews 122:133–41. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.05.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RDocumentation. Accessed July 26th, 2021. https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/stats/versions/3.6.2/topics/kmeans
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes, E. J. 2011. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of sediments over the past 200,000 years. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science 39 (1):461–88. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133425.
   Google Scholar
• Saarnisto, M., J. P. Lunkka. 2004. Climate variability during the last interglacial-glacial cycle in NW Eurasia. In Past climate variability through Europe and Africa. Developments in palaeoenvironmental research, ed. R. W. Battarbee, F. Gasse, and C. E. Stickley, Vol. 6, 443–64. Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2121-3_21.
   Google Scholar
• Salonen, V.-P., A. Kaakinen, S. Kultti, A. Miettinen, K. O. Eskola, and J. P. Lunkka. 2008. Middle Weichselian glacial event in the central part of the Scandinavian ice sheet recorded in the Hitura pit, Ostrobothnia, Finland. Boreas 37 (1):38–54. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2007.00009.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salonen, V.-P., J. Moreau, O. Hyttinen, and K. O. Eskola. 2014. Mid-Weichselian interstadial in Kolari, Western Finnish Lapland. Boreas 43 (3):627–38. doi:10.1111/bor.12060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarajärvi, V. 2020. Jäätiköitymisvaiheiden kesto ja laajuus Suomessa OSL-ajoitusten perusteella. With English abstract: Extent and duration of glacial phases in Finland according to OSL-datings. Master’s thesis, University of Oulu, Oulu Mining School. 84 p. In Finnish. Electronic publication: http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfioulu-202011173116.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sarala, P. 2005a. Glacial morphology and dynamics with till geochemical exploration in the ribbed moraine area of Peräpohjola, Finnish Lapland. PhD thesis. original papers. Espoo, Geological Survey of Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Sarala, P. 2005b. Weichselian stratigraphy, geomorphology and glacial dynamics in southern Finnish Lapland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 77 (2):71–104. doi:10.17741/bgsf/77.2.001.
   Google Scholar
• Sarala, P., and T. Eskola. 2011. Middle Weichselian Interstadial deposit in Petäjäselkä, Northern Finland. E&G Quaternary Science Journal 60 (4):68–80. doi:10.3285/eg.60.4.07.
   Google Scholar
• Sarala, P., P. W. Johansson, H. Jungner, and K. O. Eskola. 2005. The Middle Weichselian interstadial: New OSL dates from southwestern Finnish Lapland. In Quaternary geology and land forming processes: Proceedings of the international field symposium, ed. V. Kolka and O. Korsakova, 56–58. Kola Peninsula, NW Russia: Apatity: Kola Science Centre RAS. September 4-9, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Sarala, P. 2011. STOP 2: Naakenavaara interglacial deposit in Kittilä. In Late Pleistocene glacigenic deposits from the central part of the scandinavian ice sheet to younger dryas end moraine zone. Excursion guide and abstracts of the INQUA peribaltic working group meeting and excursion in Finland, ed. P. Johansson, J.-P. Lunkka, and P. Sarala, 13–15. Rovaniemi: Geological Survey of Finland. 12-17 June 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Sarala, P., N. L. Patisson. 2011. STOP 4: Kittilä gold mine. In Late Pleistocene glacigenic deposits from the central part of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet to Younger Dryas end moraine zone. Excursion guide and abstracts of the INQUA Peribaltic Working Group Meeting and Excursion in Finland, ed. P. Johansson, J.-P. Lunkka, and P. Sarala, 17–31. Rovaniemi: Geological Survey of Finland. 12-17 June 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Sarala, P., J. Pihlaja, N. Putkinen, and A. Murray. 2010. Composition and origin of the Middle Weichselian interstadial deposit in Veskoniemi, northern Finland. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 59 (3):117–24. doi:10.3176/earth.2010.2.02.
   Google Scholar
• Sarala, P., and S. Rossi. 2006. Rovaniemen–Tervolan alueen glasiaalimorfologiset ja -stratigrafiset tutkimukset ja niiden soveltaminen geokemialliseen malminetsintään. Summary: Glacial geological and stratigraphical studies with applied geochemical exploration in the area of Rovaniemi and Tervola, southern Finnish Lapland. Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigation 161:115.
   Google Scholar
• Sarala, P., M. Väliranta, T. Eskola, and G. Vaikutiene. 2016. First physical evidence for forested environment in the Arctic during MIS 3. Scientific Reports 6 (1):29054. doi:10.1038/srep29054.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwarz, G. 1978. Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics 6 (2):461–64. doi:10.1214/aos/1176344136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svendsen, J. I., H. Alexanderson, V. I. Astakhov, I. Demidov, J. A. Dowdeswell, S. Funder, V. Gataullin, M. Henriksen, C. Hjort, M. Houmark-Nielsen, et al. 2004. Late Quaternary ice sheet history of northern Eurasia. Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (11–13):1229–71. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrasher, I. M., B. Mauz, R. C. Chiverrell, and A. Lang. 2009. Luminescence dating of glaciofluvial deposits: A review. Earth-Science Reviews 97 (1–4):133–46. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ukkonen, P., J.-P. Lunkka, H. Jungner, and J. Donner. 1999. New radiocarbon dates from Finnish mammoths indicating large ice-free areas in Fennoscandia during the Middle Weichselian. Journal of Quaternary Science 14 (7):711–14. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(199912)14:7<711::AID-JQS506>3.0.CO;2-E.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weckwerth, P., K. Przegięta, A. Chruścińska, B. Woronko, and H. L. Oczkowski. 2011. Age and sedimentological features of fluvial series in the Toruń Basin and the Drwęca Valley (Poland). Geochronometria 38 (4):397–412. doi:10.2478/s13386-011-0038-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar