903
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Yukon ice patches: Bryophyte generation from ancient ice-entombed assemblages

ORCID Icon &
Article: 2222034 | Received 23 Dec 2022, Accepted 01 Jun 2023, Published online: 17 Jul 2023

References

  • Adobe Photoshop. 2015. Version CC 2015. San Jose, CA: Adobe Inc.
  • Alix, C., G. P. Hare, T. D. Andrews, and G. MacKay. 2012. A thousand years of lost hunting arrows: Wood analysis of ice patch remains in Northwestern Canada. Arctic 65, no. 5: 95–19. doi:10.14430/arctic4187.
  • Andrews, T. D., and G. MacKay. 2012. The archaeology and paleoecology of alpine ice patches: A global perspective. Arctic 65, no. 5: iii–vi. doi:10.14430/arctic4181.
  • Andrews, T. D., G. MacKay, and L. Andrew. 2012. Archaeological investigations of alpine ice patches in the Selwyn Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada. Arctic 65: 1–21.
  • Arora, D. 1986. Mushrooms demystified. 2nd ed. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press.
  • Bergsma, B. M., J. Svoboda, and B. Freedman. 1984. Entombed plant communities by a retreating glacier at central Ellesmere Island, Canada. Arctic 37, no. 1: 49–52. doi:10.14430/arctic2162.
  • Bewley, J. D., T. L. Reynolds, M. J. Oliver. 1993. Evolving strategies in the adaptation to desiccation. In Current topics in plant physiology, ed. T. J. Close and E. A. Bray, Plant responses to cellular dehydration during environmental stress, vol. 10, 193–201. American Society Plant Physiology.
  • Birks, H. J. B., and H. H. Birks. 1980. Quaternary palaeoecology. London: Edward Arnold.
  • Bliss, L. C., and W. G. Gold. 1999. Vascular plant reproduction, establishment, and growth and the effects of cryptogamic crusts within a polar desert ecosystem, Devon Island, NWT, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 5: 623–36. doi:10.1139/b99-031.
  • Bowyer, V., and C. E. Schweger. 2001. Ice patch as context: Reconstructing Holocene alpine environments in the southern Yukon. Paper presented at the 34th Annual Conference, Canadian Archaeological Association, Banff, Alberta.
  • Breen, K., and E. Lèvesque. 2006. Proglacial succession of biological soil crusts and vascular plants: Biotic interactions in the High Arctic. Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 11: 1714–31. doi:10.1139/b06-131.
  • Breen, K., and E. Lèvesque. 2008. The influence of biological soil crusts on soil characteristics along a High Arctic glacier foreland, Nunavut, Canada. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 40, no. 2: 287–97. doi:10.1657/1523-0430(06-098)[BREEN]2.0.CO;2.
  • Buitink, J., F. A. Hoekstra, and O. Leprince. 2002. Biochemistry and biophysics of tolerance systems. In Desiccation and survival in plants: Drying without dying, ed. M. Black and H. W. Pritchard, 293–318. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
  • Callanan, M. 2012. Central Norwegian snow patch archaeology patterns past and present. Arctic 65, no. 5: 1–202. doi:10.14430/arctic4192.
  • Chellman, N. J., G. T. Pederson, C. M. Lee, D. B. McWethy, K. Puseman, J. R. Stone, S. R. Brown, and J. R. McConnell. 2021. High elevation ice patch documents Holocene climate variability in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Quaternary Science Advances 3: 100021. doi:10.1016/j.qsa.2020.100021.
  • Cody, W. J. 1996. Flora of the Yukon Territory. Ottawa: National Research Council, Research Press.
  • Colucci, R. R. 2016. Geomorphic influence on small glacier response to post-Little Ice Age climate warming: Julian Alps, Europe. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 41, no. 9: 1227–40. doi:10.1002/esp.3908.
  • Damsholt, K. 2009. Illustrated flora of Nordic liverworts and hornworts. 2nd ed. Lund: Nordic Bryological Society.
  • Davesne, G., D. Fortier, and F. Domine. 2022. Properties and stratigraphy of polar ice patches in the Canadian High Arctic reveal their current resilience to warm summers. Arctic Science 8, no. 2: 414–49. doi:10.1139/as-2021-0011.
  • Dixon, E. J., W. F. Manley, and C. M. Lee. 2005. The emerging archaeology of glaciers and ice patches: Examples from Alaska’s Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve. American Antiquity 70, no. 1: 129–43. doi:10.2307/40035272.
  • Dove, C. J., G. Hare, and M. Heacker. 2005. Identification of ancient feather fragments found in melting alpine ice patches in southern Yukon. Arctic 58: 38–43.
  • Dufrene, M., and P. Legendre. 1997. Species assemblages and indicator species: The need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological monographs 67, no. 3: 345–66. doi:10.1890/0012-9615(1997)067[0345:SAAIST]2.0.CO;2.
  • During, H. 2001. Diaspore banks. Bryologist 104, no. 1: 92–7. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2001)104[0092:DB]2.0.CO;2.
  • Falconer, G. 1966. Preservation of vegetation and patterned ground under thin ice body in northern Baffin Island, N.W.T. Geographical Bulletin 8: 194–200.
  • Farnell, R., G. P. Hare, E. Blake, V. Bowyer, C. Schweger, S. Greer, and R. Gotthardt. 2004. Multidisciplinary investigations of alpine ice patches in southwest Yukon, Canada: Paleoenvironmental and paleobiological investigations. Arctic 57, no. 3: 247–59. doi:10.14430/arctic502.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 2007. Flora of North America North of Mexico. [Online]. Vol. 27. New York and Oxford. http://beta.floranorthamerica.org
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 2014. Flora of North America North Vol. 28. New York and Oxford. http://beta.floranorthamerica.org
  • Frey, W., and H. Kürschner. 2011. Asexual reproduction, habitat colonization and habitat maintenance in bryophytes. A review. Flora 206, no. 3: 173–84. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2010.04.020.
  • Galloway, J. M., J. Adamczewski, D. M. Schock, T. D. Andrews, G. MacKay, V. E. Bowyer, T. Meulendyk, B. J. Moorman, and S. J. Kutz. 2012. Diet and habitat of mountain woodland caribou inferred from dung preserved in 5000-year-old alpine ice in Selwyn Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada. Arctic 65, no. 5: 59–79. doi:10.14430/arctic4185.
  • Gardner, A. S., G. Moholdt, B. Wouters, G. J. Wolken, D. O. Burgess, M. J. Sharp, J. G. Cogley, C. Braun, and C. Labine. 2011. Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Nature 473: 357–60.
  • Gold, W., and L. Bliss. 1995. Water limitations and plant community development in a polar desert. Ecological Society of America 76: 1558–68.
  • Gornall, J. L., I. S. Jondottir, S. J. Woodin, and R. Van der Wal. 2007. Arctic mosses govern below-ground environment and ecosystem processes. Oecologia 153, no. 4: 931–41. doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0785-0.
  • Graether, S. P., and K. F. Boddington. 2014. Disorder and function: A review of the dehydrin protein family. Frontiers in Plant Science 5: 576. doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00576.
  • Greer, S., and D. Strand. 2012. Cultural landscapes, past and present, and the south Yukon ice patches. Arctic 65, no. 5: 136–52. doi:10.14430/arctic4189.
  • Hare, P. G., S. Greer, R. Gotthardt, R. Farnell, V. Bowyer, C. Schweger, and D. Strand. 2004. Ethnographic and archaeological investigations of alpine ice patches in southwest Yukon, Canada. Arctic 57, no. 3: 260–72. doi:10.14430/arctic503.
  • Hare, P. G., S. Greer, H. Jones, R. Mombourquette, J. Fingland, M. Nelson, J. Shorty, and T. Evans. 2011. The frozen past: Yukon ice patches. Government of Yukon.
  • Hare, P. G., C. D. Thomas, T. N. Topper, and R. M. Gotthardt. 2012. The archaeology of Yukon ice patches: New artifacts, observations, and insights. Arctic 65, no. 5: 118–35. doi:10.14430/arctic4188.
  • Helwig, K., V. Monahan, and J. Poulin. 2008. The identification of hafting adhesive on a slotted antler point from a Southwest Yukon ice patch. American Antiquity 73, no. 2: 279–88. doi:10.1017/S000273160004227X.
  • Hock, Z., P. Szövényi, J. Schneller, Z. Tóth, and E. Urmi. 2008. Bryophyte diaspore bank: A genetic memory? Genetic structure and genetic diversity of surface populations and diaspore bank in the liverwort Mannia fragrans (Aytoniaceae). American Journal of Botany 95, no. 5: 542–8. doi:10.3732/ajb.2007283.
  • Hodkinson, I. D., S. J. Coulson, and N. R. Webb. 2003. Community assembly along proglacial chronosequences in the high Arctic: Vegetation and soil development in north-west Svalbard. Journal of Ecology 91, no. 4: 651–63. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00786.x.
  • Ishikawa, M., T. Murata, Y. Sato, T. Nishiyama, Y. Hiwatashi, A. Imai, A. Kimura, et al. 2011. Physcomitrella cyclin-dependent kinase a links cell cycle reactivation to other cellular changes during reprogramming of leaf cells. The Plant Cell 23, no. 8: 2924–38. doi:10.1105/tpc.111.088005.
  • Jones, C., and R. Del Moral. 2009. Dispersal and establishment both limit colonization during primary succession on a glacier foreland. Plant Ecology 204, no. 2: 217–30. doi:10.1007/s11258-009-9586-3.
  • Jones, G. A., and G. H. R. Henry. 2003. Primary plant succession on recently deglaciated terrain in the Canadian High Arctic. Journal of Biogeography 30, no. 2: 277–96. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00818.x.
  • Jump, A. S., R. Marchant, and J. Penuelas. 2009. Environmental change and the option value of genetic diversity. Trends in Plant Science 14, no. 1: 51–8. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2008.10.002.
  • Koch, J., J. J. Clague, and G. Osborn. 2014. Alpine glaciers and permanent ice and snow patches in western Canada approach their smallest sizes since the mid-Holocene, consistent with global trends. The Holocene 24, no. 12: 1639–48. doi:10.1177/0959683614551214.
  • Kofuji, R., and M. Hasebe. 2014. Eight types of stem cells in the life cycle of the moss Physcomitrella patens. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 17: 13–21. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2013.10.007.
  • Kuzyk, G. W., D. E. Russell, R. S. Farnell, R. M. Gotthardt, P. G. Hare, and E. Blake. 1999. In pursuit of prehistoric caribou on Thandlät, Southern Yukon. Arctic 52, no. 2: 214–9. doi:10.14430/arctic924.
  • La Farge, C., K. H. Williams, and J. H. England. 2013. Regeneration of Little Ice Age bryophytes emerging from a polar glacier with implications of totipotency in extreme environments. PNAS 110, no. 24: 9839–44. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304199110.
  • Lee, C. M. 2012. Withering snow and ice in the mid-latitudes: A new archaeological and paleobiological record for the Rocky Mountain region. Arctic 65, no. 5: 165–77. doi:10.14430/arctic4191.
  • Lee, C. M., and K. Pusemen. 2017. Ice patch hunting in the Greater Yellowstone Area, Rocky Mountains, USA: Wood shafts, chipped stone projectile points, and bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). American Antiquity 82, no. 2: 223–43. doi:10.1017/aaq.2016.32.
  • Legendre, P., and L. Legendre. 1998. Numerical ecology. Second English ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science, Developments in environmental modeling 20.
  • Lenne, T., G. Bryant, C. H. Hocart, C. X. Huang, and M. C. Ball. 2010. Freeze avoidance: A dehydrating moss gathers no ice. Plant, Cell & Environment 33, no. 10: 1731–41. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02178.x.
  • Longton, R. E. 1988. Biology of polar bryophytes and lichens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Longton, R. E., and C. J. Miles. 1982. Studies on the reproductive biology of mosses. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 52: 219–40.
  • Longton, R. E. 1997. The role of bryophytes and lichens in polar ecosystems. In Ecology of Arctic environments, ed. S. J. Woodin and M. Marquiss, 69–96. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Lonnell, N., K. Hylander, B. G. Jonsson, and S. Sunberg. 2012. The fate of the missing spores — Patterns of realized dispersal beyond the closest vicinity of a sporulating moss. PLoS ONE 7, no. 7: e41987. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041987.
  • McCune, B., and J. B. Grace. 2002. Analysis of ecological communities. Oregon, USA: MjM Software, Gleneden Beach.
  • McCune, B., and M. J. Mefford. 2011. PC-ORD. Multivariate analysis of ecological data. Version 6. MjM Software. Oregon, USA: Gleneden Beach.
  • Meulendyk, T., B. J. Moorman, T. D. Andrews, and G. MacKay. 2012. Morphology and development of ice patches in Northwest Territories, Canada. Arctic 65, no. 5: 43–58. doi:10.14430/arctic4184.
  • Miles, C. J., and R. E. Longton. 1990. The role of spores in reproduction in mosses. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 104, no. 1–3: 149–73. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02216.x.
  • Miles, C. J., and R. E. Longton. 1992. Deposition of moss spores in relation to distance from parent gametophytes. Journal of Bryology 17, no. 2: 355–268. doi:10.1179/jbr.1992.17.2.355.
  • Miller, N. G., and L. J. H. Ambrose. 1976. Growth in culture of wind-blown bryophyte gametophyte fragments from Arctic Canada. The Bryologist 79, no. 1: 55–63. doi:10.2307/3241866.
  • Miller, G. H., S. J. Lehman, K. A. Refsnider, J. R. Southon, and Y. Zhong. 2013. Unprecedented recent summer warmth in Arctic Canada. Geophysical Research Letters 40, no. 21: 1–7. doi:10.1002/2013GL057188.
  • Nesje, A., L. H. Pilø, E. Finstad, B. Solli, V. Wangen, R. S. Ødegård, K. Isaksen, E. N. Støren, D. I. Bakke, and L. M. Andreassen. 2012. The climatic significance of artefacts related to prehistoric reindeer hunting exposed at melting ice patches in southern Norway. The Holocene 22, no. 4: 485–96. doi:10.1177/0959683611425552.
  • Ødegård, R. S., A. Nesje, K. Isaksen, L. M. Andreassen, T. Eiken, M. Schwikowski, and C. Uglietti. 2017. Climate change threatens archaeologically significant ice patches: Insights into their age, internal structure, mass balance and climate sensitivity. The Cryosphere 11, no. 1: 17–32. doi:10.5194/tc-11-17-2017.
  • Pilø, L. H., J. H. Barrett, T. Eiken, E. Finstad, S. Grønning, J. R. Post-Melbye, A. Nesje, J. Rosvold, B. Solli, and R. S. Ødegård. 2021. Interpreting archeological site-formation process at a mountain ice patch: A case study from Langfonne, Norway. The Holocene 31, no. 3: 469–82. doi:10.1177/0959683620972775.
  • Pohjamo, M., S. Laaka-Lindberg, O. Ovaskainen, and H. Korpelainen. 2006. Dispersal potential of spores and asexual propagules in the epixylic hepatic Anastrophyllum hellerianum. Evolutionary Ecology 20, no. 5: 415–30. doi:10.1007/s10682-006-0011-2.
  • Porter, T. L., S. W. Schoenemann, L. J. Davies, E. J. Steig, S. Bandara, and D. G. Froese. 2019. Recent summer warming in northwestern Canada exceeds the Holocene thermal maximum. Nature Communications 10, no. 1: 1631. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09622-y.
  • Proctor, M. C. F., P. Alpert, N. Cleavitt, B. D. Mishler, M. J. Oliver, L. R. Stark, and A. J. Wood. 2007. Desiccation tolerance in bryophytes: A review. The Bryologist 110, no. 4: 595–621. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[595:DIBAR]2.0.CO;2.
  • Proctor, M. C. F. 2000. Physiological ecology. In Bryophyte biology, ed. A. J. Shaw and B. Goffinet, 237–43. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Roads, E., R. E. Longton, and P. Convey. 2014. Millennial timescale regeneration in a moss from Antarctica. Current Biology 24, no. 6: R222–R223. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.053.
  • Robinson, S. C., and N. G. Miller. 2013. Bryophyte diversity on Adirondack alpine summits is maintained by dissemination and establishment of vegetative fragments and spores. The Bryologist 116, no. 4: 382–91. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-116.4.382.
  • Rosvold, J. 2016. Perennial ice and snow-covered land as important ecosystems for birds and mammals. Journal of Biogeography 43, no. 1: 3–12. doi:10.1111/jbi.12609.
  • Ruiz-Fernández, J., M. Oliva, F. Hrbáček, G. Vieira, and C. García-Hernández. 2016. Soil temperatures in an Atlantic high mountain environment: The Forcadona buried ice patch (Picos de Europa, NW Spain). CATENA 149: 637–47. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2016.06.037.
  • Segreto, R., K. Hassel, R. Bardal, and H. K. Stenoien. 2010. Desiccation tolerance and natural cold acclimation allows cryopreservation of bryophytes without pretreatment or use of cryoprotectants. The Bryologist 113, no. 4: 760–9. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-113.4.760.
  • Serrano, E., J. J. González‐Trueba, J. J. Sanjosé, and L. M. Del Río. 2011. Ice patch origin, evolution, and dynamics in a temperate high mountain environment: The Jou Negro, Picos de Europa (NW Spain). Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 93, no. 2: 57–70. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0459.2011.00006.x.
  • Serrano, E., J. González-Trueba, and M. González-García. 2012. Mountain glaciation and paleoclimate reconstruction in the Picos de Europa (Iberian Peninsula, SW Europe). Quaternary Research 78, no. 2: 303–14. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2012.05.016.
  • Sgouros, R., and M. Stirn. 2015. An ice patch artifact and paleobiological specimen from the Teton Mountains, Wyoming, USA. Journal of Glacial Archaeology 2: 3–24. doi:10.1558/jga.v2i1.27649.
  • Smith, C. A. S., J. C. Meikle, and C. F. Roots. 2004. Ecoregions of the Yukon Territory: Biophysical properties of Yukon landscapes. PARC Technical Bulletin No. 04–01, 313. Summerland, British Columbia: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
  • Stech, M., E. Kolvoort, L. Mjje, K. Vrieling, and J. D. Kruijer. 2010. Bryophyte DNA sequences from faeces of an artic herbivore, barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis). Molecular Ecology Resources 11, no. 2: 404–8. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02938.x.
  • Streicker, J. 2016. Yukon Climate Change Indicators and Key Findings 2015. Northern Climate ExChange, 84. Yukon Research Centre, Yukon College.
  • Stuiver, M., P. J. Reimer, and R. W. Reimer. 2022. CALIB 8.2. [WWW program]. http://calib.org (accessed June 10, 2022).
  • Sunberg, S. 2013. Spore rain related to regional sources and beyond. Ecography 36, no. 3: 364–73. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07664.x.
  • Taylor, W., J. K. Clark, B. Reichhardt, G. Hodgins, J. Bayarsaikhan, O. Batchuluun, J. Whitworth, M. Nansalmaa, C. M. Lee, and E. J. Dixon. 2019. Investigating reindeer pastoralism and exploitation of high mountain zones in northern Mongolia through ice patch archaeology. PloS one 14, no. 11: e0224741. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224741.
  • Thompson, K., and J. P. Grime. 1979. Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats. Journal of Ecology 67, no. 3: 893–921. doi:10.2307/2259220.
  • Tirlea, D., A. Osicki, T. Kristensen, R. Woywitka, B. Jensen, A. Criscitiello, K. Williams, et al. 2022. Ice patch archaeology and paleoenvironmental research in Jasper National Park (JNP), Alberta. Paper presented the 65th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Archaeological Association, April 27–30, Edmonton, Alberta.
  • VanderHoek, R., J. E. Dixon, N. L. Jarman, and R. M. Tedor. 2012. Ice patch archaeology in Alaska: 2000-10. Arctic 65, no. 5: 153–64. doi:10.14430/arctic4190.
  • VanderHoek, R., R. M. Tedor, and J. D. McMahan. 2007. Survey and monitoring of ice patches in the Denali Highway Region, Central Alaska. Alaska Journal of Anthropology 5: 76–86.
  • Wigglesworth, G. 1947. Reproduction in Polytrichum commune L. and the significance of the rhizoid system. Transactions of the British Bryological Society 1, no. 1: 4–13. doi:10.1179/006813847804879520.
  • Woo, M., and K. L. Young. 2003. Hydrogeomorphology of patchy wetlands in the High Arctic, polar desert environment. Wetlands 23, no. 2: 291–309. doi:10.1672/8-20.
  • Zerene Stacker. 2016. Version 1.04. Richland, WA: Zerene Systems, LLC.