Scaling discourse analysis: Experiences from Hermanus, South Africa and Walvis Bay, NamibiaFootnote1

1. In a companion article (Debbané & Keil, Citation2004), it was argued that urban environmental justice movements around the world constituted a challenge to common practices and discourses of ecological modernization but that environmental justice had to be conceptualized and understood in its specific environments.

References

• Bakker , K. 2003 . A Political Ecology of Water Privatization . Studies in Political Economy , 70 ( Spring ) : 35 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Bakker , K. and Hemson , D. 2000 . Privatizing water: Hydropolitics in the new South Africa . South African Journal of Geography , 82 : 3 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnard , Maggi . August 2 2001 . “ Walvis Bay sets its enviro agenda ” . In The Namibian August 2 , 9
   Google Scholar
• Beall , J. , Crankshaw , O. and Parnell , S. 2000 . Victims, Villains and Fixers: the Urban Environment and Johannesburg's Poor . Journal of Southern African Studies , 26 ( 4 ) : 833 – 855 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billawer , Hungiree Wilson and Muriel , Samé Ekobo . 2002 . A Human Geography Atlas of Walvis Bay: Beyond the Reintegration , Windhoek, Namibia : Gamsberg Macmillan Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Bond , P. 2002 . “ A Political Economy of Dam Building and Household Water Supply in Lesotho and South Africa ” . In Environmental Justice in South Africa: Theory, Practice, and Narrative , Edited by: McDonald , D. 223 – 269 . Athens, London and Oxford : Ohio University Press, James Currey and Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bond , P. and Ruiters , G. 2002 . “ Droughts and Floods: Water Shortages and Surpluses in Post-Apartheid South Africa ” . In Unsustainable South Africa: Environment, Development and Social Protest , Edited by: Bond , P. 225 – 299 . Piertermaritzburg : University of Natal Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brand , Ulrich and Christoph , Görg . 2002 . “Nachhaltige Globalisierung”? Sustainable Development als Kitt des neoliberalen Scherbenhaufens ” . In Mythen globalen Umweltmanagements. Rio + 10 und die Sackgassen “nachhaltiger Entwicklung” , Edited by: Christoph , Görg and Ulrich , Brand . 12 – 47 . Münster : Westfälisches Dampfboot .
   Google Scholar
• Brenner , N. 1997 . State territorial restructuring and the production of spatial scale: urban and regional planning in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1960–1990 . Political Geography , 16 ( 4 ) : 273 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner , N. 1998 . Between fixity and motion: accumulation, territorial organization and the historical geography of spatial scales . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space , 16 : 459 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner , N. 2000 . The urban question as a scale question: reflections on Henri Lefebvre, urban theory and the politics of scale . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 24 ( 2 ) : 361 – 378 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castree , N. 2000 . Marxism and the production of nature . Capital & Class , 72 ( Autumn ) : 5 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Castree , N. 2001a . “ Marxism, Capitalism, and the Production of Nature ” . In Social Nature: Theory, Practice and Politics , Edited by: Castree , N. and Braun , B. 189 – 207 . Malden, Mass. and Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Castree , N. 2001b . “ Socializing Nature: Theory, Practice and Politics ” . In Social Nature: Theory, Practice and Politics , Edited by: Castree , N. and Braun , B. 1 – 21 . Malden, Mass. and Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Collins , C. 2000 . Developing the Linguistic Turn in Urban Studies: Language, Context and Political Economy . Urban Studies , 37 ( 11 ) : 2027 – 2043 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conservation . 2002 . WBLA21 – protecting Walvis Bay's natural and human environment . Conservation and the Environment in Namibia , : 40 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , K. 2002 . “ Globalization, the Regulation Approach, and the Politics of Scale ” . In Geographies of Power: Placing Scale , Edited by: Herod , A. and Wright , M. 85 – 114 . Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Danced . 2001 . “ Walvis Bay Local Agenda 21 Project Namibia. Draft Inception Report ” . Danced : No place .
   Google Scholar
• Debbané , A. and Keil , R. 2004 . Multiple Disconnections: Environmental Justice and Urban Water in Canada and South Africa . Space and Polity , 8 ( 2 ) : 209 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Deedat , H. , Pape , J. and Qotole , M. 2001 . Blocked Tariffs or Blocked Access? The Greater Hermanus Water Conservation Programme, Municipal Services Project . Occasional Paper Series Number 5
   Google Scholar
• Delaney , D. and Leitner , H. 1997 . The Political Construction of Scale . Political Geography , 16 ( 2 ) : 93 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demeritt , David . 2002 . What is the ‘social construction of nature’? A typology and sympathetic critique . Progress in Human Geography , 26 ( 6 ) : 767 – 790 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) . 1997 . Initial Results of Water Conservation Programme , Hermanus : DWAF .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Water . 2002 . “ Waste & Environmental Management, Walvis Bay ” . In Annual Report July 2001–June 2002 , Walvis Bay : Municipality of Walvis Bay .
   Google Scholar
• Desfor , G. and Keil , R. 2004 . Nature and the City: Making Environmental Policy in Toronto and Los Angeles , Tuscon : University of Arizona Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , F. 2000 . Citizens, Experts and the Environment: The Politics of Local Knowledge , Durham : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , F. and Hajer , M. A. 1999 . Living with Nature: Environmental Politics as Culture Discourse , Edited by: Fischer , F. and Hajer , M. A. New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Görg , Christoph and Brand , Ulrich . 2002 . Mythen globalen Umweltmanagements. Rio + 10 und die Sackgassen”nachhaltiger Entwicklung” , Edited by: Görg , Christoph and Brand , Ulrich . Münster : Westfälisches Dampfboot .
   Google Scholar
• Hajer , M. 1995 . The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernisation and the Policy Process , Oxford : Clarendon .
   Google Scholar
• Hajer , Maarten . 2003 . Policy without polity? Policy analysis and the institutional void . Policy Sciences , 36 : 175 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajer , M. and Wagenaar , H. 2003 . Deliberative policy analysis: understanding governance in the network society , Edited by: Hajer , M. and Wagenaar , H. Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press . New York
   Google Scholar
• Haraway , D. 1991 . Simians, Cyborgs and Women – The Reinvention of Nature , London : Free Association Books .
   Google Scholar
• Haraway , D. 1997 . Modest-Witness@ Second Millennium. FemaleMan© – Meets OncoMouse™ , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , D. 1996 . Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference , Cambridge, , US : Basil Blackwell . Oxford, UK
   Google Scholar
• Herod , A. and Wright , M. 2002 . “ Placing Scale: An Introduction ” . In Geographies of Power: Placing Scale , Edited by: Herod , A. and Wright , M. 1 – 14 . Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Heynen , N. 2003 . The Scalar Production of Injustice within the Urban Forest . Antipode , 34 ( 4 ) : 980 – 998 .
   Google Scholar
• Howitt , R. 2002 . Scale and the Other: Levinas and Geography . Geoforum , 33 : 299 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaïka , M. 2003 . Constructing Scarcity and Sensationalising Water Politics: 170 Days That Shook Athens . Antipode , 34 ( 4 ) : 919 – 954 .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , C. 2001 . On the Grounds of Globalization: A Topography for Feminist Political Engagement . Signs , 26 ( 4 ) : 1213 – 1234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keil , R. 2003 . Progress Report 1: Urban Political Ecology . Urban Geography , 24 ( 8 ) : 723 – 738 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keil , R. Progress Report 2: Urban Political Ecology . Urban Geography , (Forthcoming)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keil , R. and Brenner , N. 2003 . “ Globalisierung, Stadt und Politik ” . In Das Ende der Politik: Globalisierung und der Strukturwandel des Politischen , Edited by: Scharenberg , A. and Schmidtke , O. 254 – 276 . Münster : Westfälisches Dampfboot .
   Google Scholar
• Keil , R. and Graham , J. 1998 . “ Reasserting Nature: Constructing Urban Environments After Fordism ” . In Remaking Reality: Nature at the Millenium , Edited by: Braun , B. and Castree , N. 100 – 125 . London, , UK : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , P. 1999 . The geographies and politics of globalization . Progress in Human Geography , 23 ( 3 ) : 379 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz , H. E. 2003 . Scales Frames and Counter-Scale Frames: Constructing the Problem of Environmental Injustice . Political Geography , 22 ( 8 ) : 887 – 916 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees , Loretta. 2004 . Urban geography: discourse analysis and urban research . Progress in Human Geography , 28 ( 1 ) : 101 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefebvre , H. 1991 . The Production of Space , Oxford, , UK : Blackwell . Cambridge, USA
   Google Scholar
• Lefebvre , H. 1996 . Writings on Cities , Oxford, , UK : Blackwell . Cambridge, USA
   Google Scholar
• Lefebvre , H. 2003 . The Urban Revolution , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Low , N. , Gleeson , B. , Elander , I. and Lidskop , R. 2000 . Consuming Cities: The Urban Environment in the Global Economy after the Rio Declaration , Edited by: Low , N. , Gleeson , B. , Elander , I. and Lidskop , R. London and New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Magnusson , W. 1996 . The Search for Political Space , Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marston , S. 2000 . The Social Construction of Scale . Progress in Human Geography , 24 ( 2 ) : 219 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , D. 2002 . Environmental Justice in South Africa: Theory, Practice, and Narrative , Edited by: McDonald , D. Athens, London and Oxford : Ohio University Press, James Currey and Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , D. and Pape , J. 2003 . Cost Recovery and the Crisis of Service Delivery In South Africa , Edited by: McDonald , D. and Pape , J. New York : Zed Books .
   Google Scholar
• McMaster , R. and Sheppard , E. 2004a . Scale and Geographic Inquiry: Nature, Society and Method , Edited by: McMaster , R. and Sheppard , E. Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Publishers . Cambridge, Mass
   Google Scholar
• McMaster , R. and Sheppard , E. 2004b . “ Introduction: Scale and Geographic Inquiry ” . In Scale and Geographic Inquiry: Nature, Society and Method , Edited by: McMaster , R. and Sheppard , E. 1 – 22 . Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Publishers . Cambridge, Mass
   Google Scholar
• Municipality of Walvis Bay . 2002 . “ Walvis Bay Local Agenda 21 Project Namibia. Draft Integrated Environmental Policy ” . Municipality of Walvis Bay .
   Google Scholar
• Namib Times . December 7 2001 . “ Marine Pollution Findings ” . In Namib Times December 7 ,
   Google Scholar
• Namib Times . May 8 2002 . “ Bicycle Project ” . In Namib Times May 8 ,
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , L. 2004 . Topographies of Citizenship: Purchepechan, Mexico . Gender, Place and Culture , 11 ( 2 ) : 163 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Paehlke , R. 2000 . Environmentalism in One Country: Canadian Environmental Policy in an Era of Globalization . Policy Studies , 28 ( 1 ) : 160 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paehlke , Robert . 2001 . “ Spatial Proportionality: Right-Sizing Environmental Decision-Making ” . In Governing the Environment: Persistent Challenges, Uncertain Innovations , Edited by: Parson , E. 73 – 122 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ruiters , G. 2003 . “ Debt, Disconnection and Privatisation: The Case of Fort Beaufort, Queenstown and Stutterheim ” . In Cost Recovery and the Crisis of Service Delivery In South Africa , Edited by: McDonald , D. and Pape , J. 41 – 57 . New York : Zed Books .
   Google Scholar
• Rural Development Services Network (RDSN) . 2000 . Water for All: Meeting Basic Water and Sanitation Needs , Johannesburg : Rural Development Services Network .
   Google Scholar
• Rydin , Y. 2003 . Conflict, Consensus, and Rationality in Environmental Planning: an Institutional Discourse Approach , Oxford, England; New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schmid , Christian . 2005 . “ Stadt, Raum ” . In Gesellschaft: Henri Lefebvre und die Theorie der Produktion des Raumes , Stuttgart : Franz Steiner Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Silverman , Melinda . 2002 . Human and Environmental Interactions in Walvis Bay , Walvis Bay : Local Agenda 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , N. 1984 . Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , N. 1993 . “ Homeless/global: Scaling Places ” . In Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change , Edited by: Bird , J. , Curtis , B. , Putnam , T. , Robertson , G. and Tickner , L. 87 – 119 . London, , UK : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Swyngedouw , E. 1996 . The City as Hybrid: On Nature, Society and Cyborg Urbanization . Capitalism, Nature and Society , 7 ( 2 ) : 65 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Swyngedouw , E. 2000 . Authoritarian Governance, Power, and the Politics of Rescaling . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space , 18 : 63 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swyngedouw , E. 2004a . “ Scaled Geographies: Nature, Place and the Politics of Scale ” . In Scale and Geographic Inquiry: Nature, Society and Method , Edited by: McMaster , R. and Sheppard , E. 129 – 153 . Oxford, , UK : Blackwell Publishers . Cambridge, Mass
   Google Scholar
• Swyngedouw , E. 2004b . Social Power and the Urbanization of Water: Flows of Power , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sywngedouw , E. and Heynen , N. 2003 . Urban Political Ecology, Justice and the Politics of Scale . Antipode , 35 ( 5 ) : 898 – 918 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarr , Jacquie . 2000 . Issues and Threats to Sustainable Development in Namibia , Windhoek : Prime Press .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , P. 1982 . A materialist framework for political geography . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 7 : 15 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towers , G. 2000 . Applying the Political Geography of Scale: Grassroots Strategies and Environmental Justice . The Professional Geographer , 52 ( 1 ) : 23 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Linde , J. paper presented at 23rd WECD Conference: Water and Sanitation for all . Hermanus Water Conservation Programm , Durban, , South Africa : Partnerships and Innovations .
   Google Scholar
• Walvis Bay Local Agenda 21 . July 2002 . Guidelines and Procedures for Local Agenda 21 Projects , July , Walvis Bay : Civic Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , R. 1999 . Environmental Injustice in America and Its Politics of Scale . Political Geography , 18 : 49 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , D. and Keil , R. 2005 . Urinetown or Morainetown?: Debates on the Reregulation of the Urban Water Regime in Toronto . Capitalism, Nature, Socialism , 16 ( 2 ) : 61 – 84 .
   Google Scholar