Moving Outside or Inside? Objectification and Reflexivity in the Governance of Socio-Technical Systems

References

• Adam , B. , Beck , U. and van Loon , J. 2000 . The Risk Society and Beyond: critical issues for social theory , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Adams , R. 2002 . City Diary . Guardian , 13 December
   Google Scholar
• Arrow , K. 1963 . Social Choice and Individual Values , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• BBC . BBC News . Blair defiant over nuclear plans , Thursday, 15 February. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6366725.stm (accessed 27 April 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Beck , U. 1992 . Risk Society , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Beetham , D. 1991 . The Legitimation of Power , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Berkhout , F. 2002 . Technological regimes, path dependency and the environment . Global Environmental Change , 12 ( 1 ) : 1 – 4 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkhout , F. , Smith , A. and Stirling , A. 2005 . “ Socio-technical regimes and transition contexts ” . In System Innovation and the Transition to Sustainability: Theory, Evidence and Policy , Edited by: Boelie , Elzen , Frank , Geels and Ken , Green . 00 – 01 . Camberley : Edward Elgar Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Bezembinder , T. 1989 . “ Social Choice Theory and Practice ” . In Social Decision Methodology for Technological Projects , Edited by: Vlek , C. and Cvetkovitch , T. 00 – 01 . Dordrecht : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Blair , T. 2000 . Speech Delivered by the UK Prime Minister to The European Bioscience Conference London Monday, 20 November. Available at http://www.monsanto.co.uk/news/ukshowlib.phtml?uid=4104 (accessed 15 April 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Blair , T. 2003 . “ Response to Questions, 10 November ” . In Hansard London Column 14 W, Available at http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo031110/text/31110w04.htm#31110w04.html_spmin1 (accessed 15 April 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Brand , R. 2005 . Synchronising science and technology with human behaviour , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , H. 1986 . The Typology of Surprises in Technology, Institution and Development , Edited by: Clark , W. C. and Munn , R. E. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Sustainable Development of the Biosphere
   Google Scholar
• Brown , N. , Rappert , B. and Webster , A. 2000 . Contested Futures: A Sociology of Prospective Technoscience , Edited by: Brown , N. , Rappert , B. and Webster , A. Aldershot : Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , D. 1998 . Complexity and the Social Sciences , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Cilliers , P. 2005 . Complexity, deconstruction and relativism . Theory, Culture & Society , 22 ( 5 ) : 255 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEFRA . 2003 . GM Nation: findings of a public debate , London : Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs . Available at http://www.gmnation.org.uk/ (accessed 22 August 2006)
   Google Scholar
• DEFRA . 2004 . Evidence and innovation: Defra's needs from the sciences over the next 10 years , London : Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs . Available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/science/documents/forwardlook/ScienceForwardLook3rd.pdf (accessed 22 August 2006)
   Google Scholar
• DTI . 2003 . Energy White Paper: our energy future—creating a low carbon economy , London : UK Department of Trade and Industry, HMSO . Available at http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/energy-policy/energy-white-paper/page21223.html (accessed 16 July 2006)
   Google Scholar
• DTI . 2006 . The Energy Challenge: report of the UK Government Energy Review , London : UK Department of Trade and Industry . Available at http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file31890.pdf (accessed 16 July 2006)
   Google Scholar
• EEA . 2001 . Late Lesson from Early Warnings: the precautionary principle 1898–2000 , Copenhagen : European Environment Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Elzen , B. , Geels , F. and Green , K. 2005 . System Innovation and the Transition to Sustainability: Theory, Evidence and Policy , Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Feenberg , A. 2002 . Transforming Technology: a critical theory revisited , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Folke , C. , Carpenter , S. , Walker , B. , Scheffer , M. , Elmqvist , T. , Gunderson , L. and Holling , C. S. 2004 . Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management . Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics , 35 : 557 – 581 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geels , F. 2002 . Understanding the Dynamics of Technological Transitions , Enschede : Twente University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Giddens , A. 1990 . The Consequences of Modernity , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Glasbergen , P. 1998 . “ The question of environmental governance ” . In Co-operative Environmental Governance , Edited by: Glasbergen , P. 1 – 18 . Dordrecht : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Grafstein , R. 1981 . The failure of Weber's concept of legitimacy . Journal of Politics , 43 : 456 – 472 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grin , J. 2006 . “ Reflexive modernisation as a governance issue, or: designing and shaping re-structuration ” . In Reflexive Governance for Sustainable Development , Edited by: Voβ , J. P. , Bauknecht , D. and Kemp , R. 57 – 81 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Grove-White , R. 2006 . Britain's Genetically Modified Crop Contoversies: the agriculture and environment biotechnology commission and the negotiation of ‘uncertainty’ . Community Genetics , 9 : 170 – 177 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Habermas , J. 1996 . “ Popular sovereignty as procedure ” . In Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy , Edited by: Habermas , J. 463 – 490 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hajer , M. 1995 . The Politics of Environmental discourse: Ecological Modernisation and the Policy Process , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hajer , M. and Wagenaar , H. 2003 . “ Introduction ” . In Deliberative Policy Analysis , Edited by: Hajer , M. and Wagenaar , H. 00 – 01 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hertin , J. and Berkhout , F. 2003 . Analysing institutional strategies for environmental policy integration: the case of EU enterprise policy . Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning , 5 ( 1 ) : 39 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoff , J. 2003 . “ A constructivist bottom-up approach to governance: the need for increased theoretical and methodological awareness in research ” . In Governance as Social and Political Communication , Edited by: Bang , H. P. 00 – 01 . Manchester : Manchester University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , M. 1999 . “ Sustainable development as a contested concept ” . In Fairness and Futurity , Edited by: Dobson , A. 00 – 01 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Jessop , B. 2002 . The Future of the Capitalist State , London : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jessop , B. 2003 . “ Governance and meta-governance: on reflexivity, requisite variety and requisite irony ” . In Governance as Social and Political Communication , Edited by: Bang , H. P. 00 – 01 . Manchester : Manchester University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kemp , R. , Schot , J. and Hoogma , R. 1998 . Regime shifts to sustainability through processes of niche formation: the approach of strategic niche management . Technology Analysis and Strategic Management , 10 ( 2 ) : 175 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kooiman , J. 1993 . “ Governance and governability: using complexity, dynamics and diversity ” . In Modern Governance , Edited by: Kooiman , J. 35 – 48 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Kooiman , J. 2003 . Governing as Governance , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lash , S. 2001 . Technological Forms of Life . Theory, Culture and Society , 18 ( 1 ) : 105 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latour , B. 1996 . Aramis, or the love of technology , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Latour , B. 2003 . Is re-modernizing occurring – and if so, how to prove it? A commentary on Ulrich Beck . Theory, Culture and Society , 20 : 35 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latour , B. 2004 . “ Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy (translated by Catherine Porter) ” . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Law , J. and Urry , J. 2004 . Enacting the social . Economy and Society , 33 ( 3 ) : 390 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach , M. , Scoones , I. and Wynne , B. 2005 . “ Introduction ” . In Science, Citizenship and Globalisation , Edited by: Leach , M. , Scoones , I. and Wynne , B. 00 – 01 . London : Zed .
   Google Scholar
• Lukes , S. 2005 . Power: A Radical View , 2 , Basingstoke : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• MacKay , A. 1980 . Arrow's Theorem: the paradox of social choice—a case study in the philosophy of economics , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marin , B. and Mayntz , R. 1991 . Policy Networks , Frankfurt : Campus Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Marsh , D. and Rhodes , R. A. W. 1992 . Policy Networks in British Government , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Meadowcroft , J. 1998 . “ Co-operative environmental regimes: a way forward? ” . In Co-operative Environmental Governance , Edited by: Glasbergen , P. 21 – 42 . Dordrecht : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Meadowcroft , J. 2005 . Environmental political economy, technological transitions and the state . New Political Economy , 10 ( 4 ) : 479 – 498 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munton , R. 2003 . “ Deliberative democracy and environmental decision-making ” . In Negotiating Environmental Change , Edited by: Berkhout , F. , Leach , M. and Scoones , I. 109 – 136 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Nowotny , H. , Scott , P. and Gibbons , M. 2001 . Rethinking Science: knowledge and the public in an age of uncertainty , Cambridge : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• Raven , R. P. J. M. 2006 . Towards alternative trajectories? Reconfigurations in the Dutch electricity regime . Research Policy , 35 : 581 – 595 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes , R. A. W. 1997 . Understanding Governance , Buckingham : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rip , A. 2006 . “ A co-evolutionary approach to reflexive governance – and its ironies ” . In Reflexive Governance for Sustainable Development , Edited by: Voβ , J. P. , Bauknecht , D. and Kemp , R. 82 – 100 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Rip , A. and Kemp , R. 1998 . “ Technological change ” . In Human Choices and Climate Change Volume 2 – Resources and Technology , Edited by: Rayner , S. and Malone , E. L. 00 – 01 . Columbus, Ohio : Battelle .
   Google Scholar
• Rotmans , J. and Kemp , R. 2001 . More evolution than revolution: transition management in public policy . Foresight , 3 ( 1 ) : 15 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , S. and Williams , R. 2002 . “ Social shaping of technology: frameworks, findings and implications for policy with glossary of social shaping concepts ” . In Shaping Technology, Guiding Policy: Concepts, Spaces and Tools , Edited by: Sørensen , K. H. and Williams , R. 00 – 01 . Camberley : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , J. C. 1998 . Seeing Like A State , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shove , E. 2003 . Comfort, Cleanliness and Convenience: the Social Organisation of Normality , Oxford : Berg .
   Google Scholar
• Simon , H. 1983 . Reason in Human Affairs , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 2000 . Advocacy coalitions and policy networks: explaining policy change and stability in industrial pollution control . Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy , 18 ( 1 ) : 95 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 2006a . Green niches in sustainable development: the case of organic food in the UK . Environment and Planning C , 24 : 439 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 2006b . “ Governance lessons from green niches: the case of eco-housing ” . In Framing the Present, Shaping the Future: Contemporary Governance of Sustainable Technologies , Edited by: Murphy , J. 00 – 01 . London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 2008 . Translating sustainabilities between green niches and socio-technical regimes . Technology Analysis & Strategic Management , 00 : 00 – 01 . in press
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. , Stirling , A. and Berkhout , F. 2005 . The governance of sustainable socio-technical transitions . Research Policy , 34 : 1491 – 1510 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirling , A. 2003 . “ Risk, Uncertainty and Precaution: some instrumental implications from the social sciences ” . In Negotiating Change , Edited by: Berkhout , F. , Leach , M. and Scoones , I. 00 – 01 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Stirling , A. 2005 . “ Opening Up or Closing Down: analysis, participation and power in the social appraisal of technology ” . In Science and citizens: globalization and the challenge of engagement , Edited by: Leach , M. , Scoones , I. and Wynne , B. 218 – 231 . London : Zed .
   Google Scholar
• Stirling , A. 2006 . “ Precaution, foresight, sustainability: reflection and reflexivity in the governance of science and technology ” . In Sustainability and Reflexive Governance , Edited by: Voß , J.-P. , Kemp , R. and Bauknecht , D. 00 – 01 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Stirling , A. 2007 . A General Framework for Analysing Diversity in Science, Technology and Society . Journal of the Royal Society Interface , 4 ( 15 ) August p707–719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirling , A. 2008 . Participation, power and progress in the social appraisal of technology . Technology and Human Values , in press (manuscript available from the author)
   Google Scholar
• Stoker , G. 1998 . Governance as theory: five propositions . International Social Science Journal , 155 : 17 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• SU . 2002 . The Energy Review , Prime Minister's Strategy Unit, UK Cabinet Office, February. Available at http://www.strategy.gov.uk/downloads/su/energy/TheEnergyReview.pdf (accessed 16 July 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Torgerson , D. 2003 . “ Democracy through policy discourse ” . In Deliberative Policy Analysis: Understanding Governance in the Network Society , Edited by: Hajer , M. A. and Wagenaar , H. 00 – 01 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Voβ , J. P. and Kemp , R. 2006 . “ Sustainability and reflexive governance: an introduction ” . In Reflexive Governance for Sustainable Development , Edited by: Voβ , J. P. , Bauknecht , D. and Kemp , R. 419 – 437 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Voβ , J. P. , Kemp , R. and Bauknecht , D. 2006 . “ Reflexive governance: a view on an emerging path ” . In Reflexive Governance for Sustainable Development , Edited by: Voβ , J. P. , Bauknecht , D. and Kemp , R. 419 – 437 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , M. and Hemmelskamp , J. 2005 . Towards Environmental Innovation Systems , Edited by: Weber , M. and Hemmelskamp , J. Heidelberg : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Webler , T. , Kastenholz , H. and Renn , O. 1995 . Public participation in impact assessment: A social learning perspective . Environmental Impact Assessment Review , 15 : 443 – 463 .
   Google Scholar
• Woodward and W . 2007 . Judge deals blow to Blair's nuclear plans: court rules consultation on power stations was ‘misleading and flawed’ . Guardian , Friday 16 February
   Google Scholar
• Wynne , B. 1992 . Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: reconceiving science and policy in the preventive paradigm . Global Environmental Change , 2 ( 2 ) : 111 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynne , B. 1995 . “ Technology Assessment and Reflexive Social Learning: Observations from the Risk Field ” . In Managing Technology in Society , Edited by: Rip , A. , Misa , T. and Schot , J. 19 – 36 . London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Wynne , B. 2001 . Creating public alienation: expert cultures of risk and ethics on GMOs . Science as Culture , 10 ( 4 ) : 445 – 481 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar