Does stakeholder participation increase the legitimacy of nature reserves in local communities? Evidence from 92 Biosphere Reserves in 36 countries

References

• Allison, P. D. (1990). Change scores as dependent variables in regression analysis. Sociological Methodology, 20, 93–114.
   Google Scholar
• Andrade, G. S. M., & Rhodes, J. R. (2012). Protected areas and local communities: An inevitable partnership toward successful conservation strategies? Ecology and Society, 17(4), 14. doi:10.5751/ES-05216-170414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2008). Collaborative governance in theory and practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543–571. doi: 10.1093/jopart/mum032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony, B. (2007). The dual nature of parks: Attitudes of neighbouring communities towards Kruger National Park, South Africa. Environmental Conservation, 34(3), 236–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnesen, S. (2017). Legitimacy from decision-making influence and outcome Favourability: Results from general population survey experiments. Political Studies, 65(1S), 146–161.
   Google Scholar
• Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäckstrand, K., Khan, J., Kronsell, A., & Lövbrand, E. (2010). Environmental politics after the deliberative turn. In K. Bäckstrand (Ed.), Environmental politics and deliberative democracy: Examining the promise of new modes of governance (pp. 217–234). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, M., Newman, J., & Sullivan, H. (2007). Power, participation and political renewal: Case studies in public participation. Bristol: Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Biggs, S. (1989). Resource-poor farmer participation in research: A synthesis of experiences from nine national agricultural research systems. OFCOR Comparative Study Paper, vol. 3. International Service for National Agricultural Research: The Hague.
   Google Scholar
• Birnbaum, S. (2016). Environmental co-governance, legitimacy, and the quest for compliance: When and why is stakeholder participation desirable? Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 18(3), 306–323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnbaum, S., Bodin, Ö, & Sandström, A. (2015). Tracing the sources of legitimacy: The impact of deliberation in participatory natural resource management. Policy Sciences, 48(4), 443–461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, K. (2003). Integrating conservation and development: A case of institutional misfit. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1(9), 479–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Euler, J., & Heldt, S. (2018). From information to participation and self-organization: Visions for European river basin management. Science of the Total Environment, 621, 905–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Font, J., Della Porta, D., & Sintomer, Y. (2012). Presentation: Methodological challenges in participation research. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 70( Extra 2), 9–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, B., Wang, K., Lu, Y., Liu, S., Ma, K., Chen, L., & Liu, G. (2004). Entangling the complexity of protected area management: The case of Wolong Biosphere Reserve, Southwestern China. Environmental Management, 33(6), 788–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, A. (2006). Varieties of participation in Complex governance. Public Administration Review, 66(s1), 66–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, A., & Wright, E. O. (2003). Thinking about empowered participatory governance. In A. Fung, & E. O. Wright (Eds.), Deepening democracy: Institutional innovations in empowered participatory governance (pp. 3–42). London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Gelcich, S., Edwards-Jones, G., & Kaiser, M. J. (2005). Importance of attitudinal differences among artisanal fishers toward co-management and conservation of marine resources. Conservation Biology, 19(3), 865–875.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz, A. M., & Gaventa, J. (2001). Bringing citizen voice and client focus into service delivery. IDS Working Paper 138, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Gundelach, B., Buser, P., & Kübler, D. (2017). Deliberative democracy in local governance: The impact of institutional design on legitimacy. Local Government Studies, 43(2), 218–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, R., Williams, K. J., Pert, P. L., Robinson, C. J., Dale, A. P., Westcott, D. A., … O’Malley, T. (2010). Adaptive community-based biodiversity conservation in Australia's tropical rainforests. Environmental Conservation, 37(1), 73–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishwaran, N., Persic, A., & Tri, N. H. (2008). Concept and practice: The case of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 7(2), 118–131. doi: 10.1504/IJESD.2008.018358
   Google Scholar
• Jagers, S. C., Berlin, D., & Jentoft, S. (2012). Why comply? Attitudes towards Harvest regulations among Swedish fishers. Marine Policy, 36(5), 969–976.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jentoft, S. (2000). Legitimacy and disappointment in fisheries management. Marine Policy, 24(2), 141–148. doi: 10.1016/S0308-597X(99)00025-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. (2005). Two-wave panel analysis: Comparing statistical methods for studying the effects of transitions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(4), 1061–1075.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellert, S. R., Mehta, J. N., Ebbin, S. A., & Lichtenfeld, L. L. (2000). Community natural resource management: Promise, rhetoric, and reality. Society & Natural Resources, 13(8), 705–715. doi: 10.1080/089419200750035575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelsey, E. (2003). Integrating multiple knowledge systems into environmental decision-making: Two case studies of participatory biodiversity initiatives in Canada and their implications for conceptions of education and public involvement. Environmental Values, 12(3), 381–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochskämper, E., Challies, E., Newig, J., & Jager, N. W. (2016). Participation for effective environmental governance? Evidence from water framework directive implementation in Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom. Journal of Environmental Management, 181, 737–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotus, J., & Sowada, T. (2017). Behavioural model of collaborative Urban management: Extending the concept of Arnstein’s ladder. Cities, 65, 78–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach, W. D. (2006). Collaborative public management and democracy: Evidence from Western Watershed Partnerships. Public Administration Review, 66, 100–110. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00670.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundmark, C., & Matti, S. (2015). Exploring the prospects for deliberative practices as a conflict-reducing and legitimacy-Enhancing tool: The case of Swedish Carnivore management. Wildlife Biology, 21(3), 147–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luyet, V., Schlaepfer, R., Parlange, M. B., & Buttler, A. (2012). A Framework to implement stakeholder participation in environmental projects. Journal of Environmental Management, 111, 213–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macnaghten, P., & Jacobs, M. (1997). Public identification with sustainable development: Investigating cultural barriers to participation. Global Environmental Change, 7(1), 5–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascia, M.B., J.P. Brosius, T.A. Dobson, B.C. Forbes, L. Horowitz, M.A. McKean, and N.J. Turner. 2003. Conservation and the social sciences. Conservation Biology. 17(3): 649–650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moe, T. M. (1984). The new economics of organization. American Journal of Political Science, 28(4), 739–777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newig, J., & Fritsch, O. (2009). Environmental governance: Participatory, multi-level –and effective? Environmental Policy and Governance, 19(3), 197–214.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E. (1998). A behavioral approach to the rational choice theory of collective action: Presidential address, American political science association, 1997. American Political Science Review, 92(1), 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, N. D. (2011). Excluding to include: (Non)Participation in Mexican natural resource management. Agriculture and Human Values, 28(1), 99–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platteau, J.-P. (2004). Monitoring elite capture in community-driven development. Development and Change, 35(2), 223–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretty, J. N. (1995). Participatory learning for sustainable agriculture. World Development, 23(8), 1247–1263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretty, J. N., Guijt, I., Thompson, J., & Scoones, I. (1995). A trainer’s guide for participatory learning and action. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Pretty, J., & Smith, D. (2004). Social capital in biodiversity conservation and management. Conservation Biology, 18(3), 631–638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, M. S. (2008). Stakeholder participation for environmental management: A literature review. Biological Conservation, 141(10), 2417–2431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie, J., & Spencer, L. (2002). Qualitative data analysis for Applied policy research. In A. M. Huberman, & M. B. Miles (Eds.), The qualitative researcher’s companion (pp. 305–329). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, H., Buchy, M., & Proctor, W. (2002). Laying down the ladder: A typology of public participation in Australian natural resource management. Australian Journal of Environmental Management, 9(4), 205–217.
   Google Scholar
• Sandström, A., Crona, B., & Bodin, Ö. (2014). Legitimacy in co-management: The impact of preexisting structures, social networks and governance strategies. Environmental Policy and Governance, 24(1), 60–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharpf, F. W. (1999). Governing in Europe : effective and democratic? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schenk, A., Hunziker, M., & Kienast, F. (2007). Factors influencing the acceptance of nature conservation measures – a qualitative study in Switzerland. Journal of Environmental Management, 83(1), 66–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, L., Duit, A., & Folke, C. (2011). Participation, adaptive co-management, and management performance in the world network of Biosphere Reserves. World Development, 39(4), 662–671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stringer, L. C., Dougill, A. J., Fraser, E., Hubacek, K., Prell, C., & Reed, M. S. (2006). Unpacking ‘participation’ in the adaptive management of social–ecological systems: A critical review. Ecology and Society, 11(2), 39. Retrieved from http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art39/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treffny, R., & Beilin, R. (2011). Gaining legitimacy and losing trust: Stakeholder participation in ecological risk assessment for marine protected area management. Environmental Values, 20(3), 417–438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tritter, J. Q., & McCallum, A. (2006). The snakes and ladders of user involvement: Moving beyond Arnstein. Health Policy, 76(2), 156–168. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, R. A., Addison, J., Arias, A., Bergseth, B. J., Marshall, N. A., Morrison, T. H., & Tobin, R. C. (2016). Trust, confidence, and equity affect the legitimacy of natural resource governance. Ecology and Society, 21(3), 18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (1996). Biosphere Reserves: The Seville strategy & the statutory framework of the world network. Paris: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2008). Madrid action plan for Biosphere Reserves (2008–2013). Paris: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2017). MAB Programme United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/man-and-biosphere-programme/
   Google Scholar
• Webler, T. (1999). The craft and theory of public participation: A Dialectical process. Journal of Risk Research, 2(1), 55–71.
   Google Scholar
• West, S. (2016). Meaning and action in Sustainability Science: Interpretive approaches for social-ecological systems research (PhD dissertation), Stockholm: Stockholm University.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2008). Country classifications. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups
   Google Scholar
• Young, J. C., Jordan, A., Searle, K. R., Butler, A., Chapman, D. S., Simmons, P., & Watt, A. D. (2013). Does stakeholder involvement really benefit biodiversity conservation? Biological Conservation, 158, 359–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar