640
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Children's and Adults’ Ability to Build Online Emotional Inferences During Comprehension of Audiovisual and Auditory Texts

&

REFERENCES

  • Baddeley, A. & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (pp. 47–89). New York, NY: Academic.
  • Barsalou, L. W. (1999). Language comprehension: Archival memory or preparation for situated action? Discourse Processes, 28, 61–80.
  • Barsalou, L. W. (2008). Grounded cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 617–645.
  • Camras, L. A. & Allison, K. (1985). Children's understanding of emotional facial expressions and verbal labels. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 9, 84–94.
  • Constantinidou, F., Danos, M. A., Nelson, D. & Baker, S. (2011). Effects of modality presentation on working memory in school-age children: Evidence for the pictorial superiority hypothesis. Child Neuropsychology, 17, 173–196.
  • Domaratius, S. & Ohler, P. (2006, September). Ein Onlinetest zur Messung medialer Zeichenkompetenz bei Kindern [An online measure for media sign literacy in children]. Paper presented at the 45th Congress of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie, Nürnberg, Germany.
  • Dorr, A. (1998). Contexts for experience with emotion, with special attention to television. In M. Lewis & C. Saarni (Eds.), The socialization of emotion (pp. 55–85). New York, NY: Plenum.
  • Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists.
  • Fecica, A. M. & O'Neill, D. K. (2010). A step at a time: Preliterate children's simulation of narrative movement during story comprehension. Cognition, 116, 368–381.
  • Feierabend, S. & Klingler, W. (2008). Was Kinder sehen. Eine Analyse der Fernsehnutzung Drei- bis 13-Jähriger 2007 [Television viewing among 3- to 13-year-olds in 2007]. Media Perspektiven, 4, 190–204.
  • Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L. & Flavell, E. R. (2000). Development of children's awareness of their own thoughts. Journal of Cognition and Development, 1, 97–112.
  • Fletcher, C. R. (1994). Levels of representation in memory for discourse. In M. A. Gernsbacher (Ed.), Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 589–607). San Diego, CA: Academic.
  • Gernsbacher, M. A. (1995). Activating knowledge of fictional characters’ emotional states. In C. A. Weaver S. Mannes & C. R. Fletcher (Eds.), Discourse comprehension: Essays in honor of Walter Kintsch (pp. 141–155). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H. & Robertson, R. R. (1992). Do readers mentally represent characters’ emotional states? Cognition & Emotion, 6, 89–111.
  • Gernsbacher, M. A., Hallada, B. M. & Robertson, R. R. (1998). How automatically do readers infer fictional characters’ emotional states? Scientific Studies of Reading, 2, 271–300.
  • Gernsbacher, M. A. & Robertson, R. R. (1992). Knowledge activation versus sentence mapping when representing fictional characters’ emotional states. Language and Cognitive Processes, 7, 353–371.
  • Gernsbacher, M. A., Robertson, R. R., Palladino, P. & Werner, N. K. (2004). Managing mental representations during narrative comprehension. Discourse Processes, 37, 145–164.
  • Gibbons, J., Anderson, D. R., Smith, R., Field, D. E. & Fischer, C. (1986). Young children's recall and reconstruction of audio and audiovisual narratives. Child Development, 57, 1014–1023.
  • Gillioz, C., Gygax, P. & Tapiero, I. (2012). Individual differences and emotional inferences during reading comprehension. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, 66, 239–250.
  • Glenberg, A. M. (1997). What memory is for. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20, 1–55.
  • Gnepp, J. & Gould, M. E. (1985). The development of personalized inferences: Understanding other people's emotional reactions in light of their prior experiences. Child Development, 56, 1455–1464.
  • Graesser, A. C., Millis, K. K. & Zwaan, R. A. (1997). Discourse comprehension. In J. T. Spence J. M. Darley & D. J. Foss (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 48, pp. 163–189). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
  • Graesser, A. C., Singer, M. & Trabasso, T. (1994). Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review, 101, 371–395.
  • Graesser, A. C. & Zwaan, R. A. (1995). Inference generation and the construction of situation models. In C. A. Weaver S. Mannes & C. R. Fletcher (Eds.), Discourse comprehension: Essays in honor of Walter Kintsch (pp. 117–139). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Groeben, N. (2002). Dimensionen der Medienkompetenz: Deskriptive und normative Aspekte. In N. Groeben & B. Hurrelmann (Eds.), Medienkompetenz. Voraussetzungen, Dimensionen, Funktionen [Dimensions of media competence: Descriptive and normative aspects] (pp. 160–197). Weinheim, Germany: Juventa.
  • Grüninger, C. & Lindemann, F. (2000). Vorschulkinder und Medien [Preschoolers and media]. Opladen, Germany: Leske & Budrich.
  • Gygax, P., Oakhill, J. & Garnham, A. (2003). The representation of characters’ emotional responses: Do readers infer specific emotions? Cognition & Emotion, 17, 413–428.
  • Harris, P. L., Johnson, C. N., Hutton, D., Andrews, G. & Cooke, T. (1989). Young children's theory of mind and emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 3, 379–400.
  • Harter, S. & Buddin, B. J. (1987). Children's understanding of the simultaneity of two emotions: A five-stage developmental acquisition sequence. Developmental Psychology, 23, 388–399.
  • Hitch, G. J., Halliday, M. S., Dodd, A. & Littler, J. E. (1989). Development of rehearsal in short-term memory: Differences between pictorial and spoken stimuli. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7, 347–362.
  • Janke, B. (2002). Entwicklung des Emotionswissens bei Kindern [Development of children's emotional knowledge]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
  • Janke, B. (2008). Emotionswissen und Sozialkompetenz von Kindern im Alter von drei bis zehn Jahren [Development of emotion knowledge and social competence between 3 and 10]. Empirische Pädagogik, 22, 127–144.
  • Johnston, W. A. & Hawley, K. J. (1994). Perceptual inhibition of expected inputs: The key that opens closed minds. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, 56–72.
  • Kelter, S., Kaup, B. & Claus, B. (2004). Representing a described sequence of events: A dynamic view of narrative comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 451–464.
  • Kendeou, P., Bohn-Gettler, C., White, M. J. & van den Broek, P. (2008). Children's inference generation across different media. Journal of Research in Reading, 31, 259–272.
  • Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Koppenol-Gonzalez, G. V., Bouwmeester, S. & Vermunt, J. K. (2012). The development of verbal and visual working memory processes: A latent variable approach. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 111, 439–454.
  • Leahy, W. & Sweller, J. (2011). Cognitive load theory, modality of presentation and the transient information effect. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 943–951.
  • Levine, L. J. (1995). Young children's understanding of the causes of anger and sadness. Child Development, 66, 697–709.
  • MacWhinney, B. (Ed.). (1999). The emergence of language. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Marmolejo, R. & Heredia, A. T. (2006). Inferencias, modelos de situación y emociones en textos narratives: El caso de los niños de edad preescolar [Inferences, models of situation and text emotions narratives: The case of preschool age children]. Revista Intercontinental de Psicología y Educación, 8, 93–138.
  • Matlock, T. (2004). Fictive motion as cognitive simulation. Memory & Cognition, 32, 1389–1400.
  • Maxwell, B. (Producer) & Beaudine, W. (Director). (1954). Lassie [TV series]. United States: Desilu Studios.
  • Michalczyk, K., Malstädt, N., Worgt, M., Könen, T. & Hasselhorn, M. (2013). Age differences and measurement invariance of working memory in 5- to 12-year-old children. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 29, 220–229.
  • Miller, S. A. (2009). Children's understanding of second-order mental states. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 749–773.
  • Molinari, C., Burin, D., Saux, G., Barreyro, J. P., Irrazabal, N., Bechis, M. S., … Ramenzoni, V. (2009). Fictional characters’ emotional state representation: What is its degree of specificity? Psicothema, 21, 9–14.
  • Mousavi, S. Y., Low, R. & Sweller, J. (1995). Reducing cognitive load by mixing auditory and visual presentation modes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87, 319–334.
  • Munk, C., Diergarten, A. K., Nieding, G., Ohler, P. & Schneider, W. (2012). Die kognitive Entwicklung des Verständnisses filmischer Montagetechniken bei Kindern als ein Kernbereich der Medienkompetenz [Cognitive development of children's understanding of television production techniques—A manin aspect of media literacy]. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 44, 81–91.
  • Munk, C., Rey, G. D., Diergarten, A. K., Nieding, G., Schneider, W. & Ohler, P. (2012). The cognitive processing of film cuts of 4- to 8-year-old children—an eye tracker experiment. European Psychologist, 17, 257–265.
  • Nieding, G. (2006). Wie verstehen Kinder Texte? Die Entwicklung kognitiver Repräsentationen [How do children understand texts? The development of cognitive representations]. Lengerich, Germany: Pabst.
  • Nieding, G. & Ohler, P. (2004). Laborexperimentelle Methoden [Methods of laboratory experiments]. In R. Mangold P. Vorderer & G. Bente (Eds.), Lehrbuch der Medienpsychologie (pp. 355–376). Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
  • Nieding, G. & Ohler, P. (2008). Mediennutzung und Medienwirkung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen [Media use and media effects in children and adolescents]. In B. Batinic & M. Appel (Eds.), Medienpsychologie (pp. 379–402). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.
  • Ohler, P. (1994). Kognitive Filmpsychologie. Verarbeitung und mentale Repräsentation narrativer Filme [Cognitive film psychology. Processing and mental representation of narrative films]. Münster, Germany: MAkS.
  • Ohler, P., Nieding, G. & Töpper, J. (2002). Die Repräsentation von Protagonistenemotionen bei der Enkodierung narrativer Filme [The representation of the protagonist's emotions during the encoding of narrative films]. In M. Baumann A. Keinath & J. F. Krems (Eds.), Experimentelle Psychologie (p. 70). Regensburg: Roderer.
  • O'Neill, D. K. & Shultis, R. M. (2007). The emergence of the ability to track a character's mental perspective in narrative. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1032–1037.
  • Palmer, S. (2000). Working memory: A developmental study of phonological recoding. Memory, 8, 179–194.
  • Pezdek, K., Simon, S., Stoeckert, J. & Kiely, J. (1987). Individual differences in television comprehension. Memory & Cognition, 15, 428–435.
  • Pickering, S. J. & Gathercole, S. E. (2001). Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMTB-C). Hove, UK: Psychological Corporation.
  • Pons, F., Harris, P. L. & de Rosnay, M. (2004). Emotion comprehension between 3 and 11 years: Developmental periods and hierarchical organization. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1, 127–152.
  • Potter, W. J. (1998). Media literacy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Potter, W. J. (2011). Media literacy (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Rapp, D. N., Gerrig, R. J. & Prentice, D. A. (2001). Readers’ trait-based models of characters in narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 737–750.
  • Rey, G. D. (2012). Methoden der Entwicklungspsychologie. Datenerhebung und Datenauswertung [Methods of developmental psychology. Data collection and data analysis]. Norderstedt bei Hamburg, Germany: BoD.
  • Rideout, V. J. & Hamel, E. (2006). The media family: Electronic media in the lives of infants, toddlers, preschoolers and their parents. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
  • Roseman, I. J., Antoniou, A. A. & Jose, P. E. (1996). Appraisal determinants of emotions: Constructing a more accurate and comprehensive theory. Cognition & Emotion, 10, 241–278.
  • Schmalhofer, F., McDaniel, M. A. & Keefe, D. (2002). A unified model for predictive and bridging inferences. Discourse Processes, 33, 105–132.
  • Segers, E., Verhoeven, L. & Hulstijn-Hendrikse, N. (2008). Cognitive processes in children's multimedia text learning. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22, 375–387.
  • Stein, N. L. & Levine, L. J. (1989). The causal organisation of emotional knowledge: A developmental study. Cognition & Emotion, 3, 343–378.
  • Stoneman, Z. & Brody, G. H. (1983). Immediate and long-term recognition and generalization of advertised products as a function of age and presentation mode. Developmental Psychology, 19, 56–61.
  • Subrahmanyam, K. (2008). Media symbol systems and cognitive processes. In S. L. Calvert & B. J. Wilson (Eds.), Handbooks in communication and media. The handbook of children, media, and development (pp. 166–187). Boston, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Talwar, V. & Lee, K. (2008). Social and cognitive correlates of children's lying behavior. Child Development, 79, 866–881.
  • Therriault, D. J. & Rinck, M. (2007). Multidimensional situation models. In F. Schmalhofer & C. A. Perfetti (Eds.), Higher level language processes in the brain: Inference and comprehension processes (pp. 311–327). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Tibus, M., Heier, A. & Schwan, S. (2013). Do films make you learn? Inference processes in expository film comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105, 329–340.
  • Tracy, J. L., Robins, R. W. & Lagattuta, K. H. (2005). Can children recognize pride? Emotion, 5, 251–257.
  • Treisman, A. M. & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 97–136.
  • Unsöld, I. H. (2008). Die Bildung von Inferenzen bei der kognitiven Verarbeitung medialer Texte [The formation of inferences during processing of meida texts: A study with children and adults]. Hamburg, Germany: Dr. Kovač.
  • Unsöld, I. H. & Nieding, G. (2009). Die Bildung prädiktiver Inferenzen von Kindern und Erwachsenen bei der kognitiven Verarbeitung audiovisueller und auditiver Texte [The construction of predictive inferences in children and adults during the cognitive processing of audiovisual and auditory texts]. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 41, 87–95.
  • van Dijk, T. A. & Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York, NY: Academic.
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society. Development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Wellman, H. M., Cross, D. & Watson, J. (2001). A meta-analysis of theory of mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72, 655–684.
  • Widen, S. C. & Russell, J. A. (2008). Children acquire emotion categories gradually. Cognitive Development, 23, 291–312.
  • Widen, S. C. & Russell, J. A. (2010a). Children's scripts for social emotions: Causes and consequences are more central than are facial expressions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28, 565–581.
  • Widen, S. C. & Russell, J. A. (2010b). Differentiation in preschoolers’ categories of emotion. Emotion, 10, 651–661.
  • Ziegler, F., Mitchell, P. & Currie, G. (2005). How does narrative cue children's perspective taking? Developmental Psychology, 41, 115–123.
  • Zwaan, R. A., Langston, M. C. & Graesser, A. C. (1995). The construction of situation models in narrative comprehension: An event-indexing model. Psychological Science, 6, 292–297.
  • Zwaan, R. A., Madden, C. J., Yaxley, R. H. & Aveyard, M. E. (2004). Moving words: Dynamic representations in language comprehension. Cognitive Science, 28, 611–619.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.