How Social Media Influencers Foster Relationships with Followers: The Roles of Source Credibility and Fairness in Parasocial Relationship and Product Interest

References

• Agrawal, A.J. (2016), “Why Influencer Marketing Will Explode in 2017,” Forbes, December 27, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ajagrawal/2016/12/27/why-influencer-marketing-will-explode-in-2017/#3bfaf85c20a9.
   Google Scholar
• Auter, Philip J. (1992), “Psychometric: TV That Talks Back: An Experimental Validation of a Parasocial Interaction Scale,” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 36 (2), 173–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belch, George E., and Michael A. Belch (2004), Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective, 6th ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, Lucy (2014), “Fan/Celebrity Interactions and Social Media: Connectivity and Engagement in Lady Gaga Fandom,” in The Ashgate Research Companion to Fan Cultures, L. Duits, Koos Zwaan, and Stijn Reijnders, eds., Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 109–20.
   Google Scholar
• Bentler, Peter M. (1992), “On the Fit of Models to Covariances and Methodology to the Bulletin,” Psychological Bulletin, 112 (3), 400–04.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergkvist, Lars, and Kris Qiang Zhou (2016), “Celebrity Endorsements: A Literature Review and Research Agenda,” International Journal of Advertising, 35 (3), 642–63.
   Google Scholar
• Bernhold, Quinten S., and Miriam Metzger (2020), “Older Adults’ Parasocial Relationships with Favorite Television Characters and Depressive Symptoms,” Health Communication, 35 (2), 168–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besley, John C., Katherine A. McComas, and Leah Waks (2006), “Media Use and the Perceived Justice of Local Science Authorities,” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 83 (4), 801–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bies, Robert J (2005), “Are Procedural Justice and Interactional Justice Conceptually Distinct?,” in Handbook of Organizational Justice, J. Greenberg and Jason Colquitt, eds., Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 85–112.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, Bradley J. (2016), “Following Your ‘Friend’: Social Media and the Strength of Adolescents' Parasocial Relationships with Media Personae,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19 (11), 656–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, Bradley J. (2018), “Parasocial Relationships with Media Personae: Why They Matter and How They Differ among Heterosexual, Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents,” Media Psychology, 21 (3), 457–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, Norman, and Julie Ann Matic (2011), “Mapping and Leveraging Influencers in Social Media to Shape Corporate Brand Perceptions,” Corporate Communications, 16 (3), 184–91.
   Google Scholar
• Calvert, Sandra L., and Melissa N. Richards (2014), “Children’s Para-Social Relationships,” in Media and the Well-Being of Children and Adolescents, A.B. Jordan and Daniel Romer, eds., New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 187–200.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Chih-Ping (2016), “Forming Digital Self and Parasocial Relationships on YouTube,” Journal of Consumer Culture, 16 (1), 232–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chory, Rebecca M. (2007), “Enhancing Student Perceptions of Fairness: The Relationship between Instructor Credibility and Classroom Justice,” Communication Education, 56 (1), 89–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, Jonathan (2009), “Mediated Relationships and Media Effects: Parasocial Interaction and Identification,” in The Sage handbook of media processes and effects, R. Nabi and Mary Beth Oliver, eds., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 223–36.
   Google Scholar
• Colliander, Jonas, and Micael Dahlén (2011), “Following the Fashionable Friend: The Power of Social Media,” Journal of Advertising Research, 51 (1), 313–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colquitt, Jason A. (2001), “On the Dimensionality of Organizational Justice: A Construct Validation of a Measure,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (3), 386–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colquitt, Jason A., Donald E. Conlon, Michael J. Wesson, Christopher O.L.H. Porter, and K. Yee Ng (2001). “Justice at the Millennium: A Meta-Analytic Review of 25 Years of Organizational Justice Research,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (3), 425–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Veirman, Marijke, Veroline Cauberghe, and Liselot Hudders (2017), “Marketing through Instagram Influencers: The Impact of Number of Followers and Product Divergence on Brand Attitude,” International Journal of Advertising, 36 (5), 798–828.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeConinck, James B. (2010), “The Effect of Organizational Justice, Perceived Organizational Support, and Perceived Supervisor Support on Marketing Employees’ Level of Trust,” Journal of Business Research, 63 (12), 1349–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehghani, Milad, Mojtaba Khorram Niaki, Iman Ramezani, and Rasoul Sali (2016), “Evaluating the Influence of YouTube Advertising for Attraction of Young Customers,” Computers in Human Behavior, 59 (June), 165–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibble, Jayson L., Tilo Hartmann, and Sarah F. Rosaen (2016), “Parasocial Interaction and Parasocial Relationship: Conceptual Clarification and a Critical Assessment of Measures,” Human Communication Research, 42 (1), 21–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djafarova, Elmira, and Chloe Rushworth (2017), “Exploring the Credibility of Online Celebrities’ Instagram Profiles in Influencing the Purchase Decisions of Young Female Users,” Computers in Human Behavior, 68 (March), 1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duck, Steve, and Melanie K. Barnes (1992), “Disagreeing about Agreement: Reconciling Differences about Similarity,” Communications Monographs, 59 (2), 199–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwivedi, Abhishek, Lester W. Johnson, and Robert E. McDonald (2015), “Celebrity Endorsement, Self-Brand Connection, and Consumer-Based Brand Equity,” Journal of Product and Brand Management, 24 (5), 449–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, S.E., K. Harrison, and S.D. Cin (2018), “Toward a Multi-Dimensional Model of Adolescent Romantic Parasocial Attachment,” Communication Theory, 28 (3), 376–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escalas, Jennifer Edson, and James R. Bettman (2017), “Connecting with Celebrities: How Consumers Appropriate Celebrity Meanings for a Sense of Belonging,” Journal of Advertising, 46 (2), 297–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, Yu-Hui, and Chao-Min Chiu (2010), “In Justice We Trust: Exploring Knowledge-Sharing Continuance Intentions in Virtual Communities of Practice,” Computers in Human Behavior, 26 (2), 235–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freberg, Karen, Kristin Graham, Karen McGaughey, and Laura A. Freberg (2011), “Who Are the Social Media Influencers? A Study of Public Perceptions of Personality,” Public Relations Review, 37 (1), 90–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giffin, Kim (1967), “The Contribution of Studies of Source Credibility to a Theory of Interpersonal Trust in the Communication Process,” Psychological Bulletin, 68 (2), 104–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles, David C. (2002), “Parasocial Interaction: A Review of the Literature and a Model for Future Research,” Media Psychology, 4 (3), 279–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guido, Gianluigi, and Alessandro M. Peluso (2009), “When Are Baby-Faced Endorsers Appropriate? Testing Effects on Credibility and Purchase Intention,” Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 31 (2), 67–74.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, Joseph F., Jr., G. Tomas M. Hult, Christian M. Ringle, and Marko Sarstedt (2016), A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, Neil, Moira Clark, and Melanie Shapiro (2010), “Toward a Classification System of Relational Activity in Consumer Electronic Communities: The Moderator’s Tale,” Journal of Relationship Marketing, 9 (1), 54–65.
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann, Tilo, and Charlotte Goldhoorn (2011), “Horton and Wohl Revisited: Exploring Viewers’ Experience of Parasocial Interaction,” Journal of Communication, 61 (6), 1104–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffner, Cynthia, and Martha Buchanan (2005), “Young Adults’ Wishful Identification with Television Characters: The Role of Perceived Similarity and Character Attributes,” Media Psychology, 7 (4), 325–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, Donald, and R. Richard Wohl (1956), “Mass Communication and Para-Social Interaction: Observations on Intimacy at a Distance,” Psychiatry, 19 (3), 215–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovland, Carl I., and Walter Weiss (1951), “The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness,” Public Opinion Quarterly, 15 (4), 635–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Li‐tze, and Peter M. Bentler (1999), “Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives,” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6 (1), 1–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, Christian, Vanitha Swaminathan, and Gillian Brooks (2019), “Driving Brand Engagement through Online Social Influencers: An Empirical Investigation of Sponsored Blogging Campaigns,” Journal of Marketing, 83 (5), 78–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, Hyun Seung (2003), “Compounding Consumer Interest: Effects of Advertising Campaign Publicity on the Ability to Recall Subsequent Advertisements,” Journal of Advertising, 32 (4), 29–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, Hyun Seung, and Phua, J. (2014), “Following Celebrities’ Tweets About Brands: The Impact of Twitter-Based Electronic Word of Mouth on Consumers’ Source Credibility Perception, Buying Intention, and Social Identification with Celebrities,” Journal of Advertising, 43 (2), 181–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, Seung-A. Annie, and Namkee Park (2009), “Parasocial Interaction with My Avatar: Effects of Interdependent Self-Construal and the Mediating Role of Self-Presence in an Avatar-Based Console Game, Wii,” CyberPsychology and Behavior, 12 (6), 723–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karp, Katie (2016), “New Research: The Value of Influencers on Twitter,” May 10, https://blog.twitter.com/2016/new-research-the-value-of-influencers-on-twitter.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Jihyun, and Hayeon Song (2016), “Celebrity’s Self-Disclosure on Twitter and Parasocial Relationships: A Mediating Role of Social Presence,” Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 570–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, Rex B. (2011), Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 3rd ed., New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lauber, T. Bruce (1999), “Measuring Fairness in Citizen Participation: A Case Study of Moose Management,” Society and Natural Resources, 12 (1), 19–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Younghan, and Jakeun Koo (2015), “Athlete Endorsement, Attitudes, and Purchase Intention: The Interaction Effect between Athlete Endorser-Product Congruence and Endorser Credibility,” Journal of Sport Management, 29 (5), 523–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lind, E. Allan (2001), “Thinking Critically about Justice Judgments,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58 (2), 220–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Yi, Ying Huang, Yadong Luo, and Yang Zhao (2012), “How Does Justice Matter in Achieving Buyer–Supplier Relationship Performance?,” Journal of Operations Management, 30 (5), 355–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou, Chen, and Hye Kyung Kim (2019), “Fancying the New Rich and Famous? Explicating the Roles of Influencer Content, Credibility, and Parental Mediation in Adolescents’ Parasocial Relationship, Materialism, and Purchase Intentions,” Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 25–67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lou, Chen, Sang-Sang Tan, and Xiaoyu Chen (2019), “Investigating consumer engagement with influencer-vs. brand-promoted ads: The roles of source and disclosure,” Journal of Interactive Advertising, 19 (3), 169–86.
   Google Scholar
• Lou, Chen, and Shupei Yuan (2019), “Influencer Marketing: How Message Value and Credibility Affect Consumer Trust of Branded Content on Social Media,” Journal of Interactive Advertising, 19 (1), 58–73.
   Google Scholar
• Macho, Siegfried, and Thomas Ledermann (2011), “Estimating, Testing, and Comparing Specific Effects in Structural Equation Models: The Phantom Model Approach,” Psychological Methods, 16 (1), 34–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez‐Tur, Vicente, José M. Peiró, José Ramos, and Carolina Moliner (2006), “Justice Perceptions as Predictors of Customer Satisfaction: The Impact of Distributive, Procedural, and Interactional Justice,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36 (1), 100–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey, James C. (1966), “Scales for the Measurement of Ethos,” Speech Monographs, 33 (1), 65–72.
   Google Scholar
• McGuire, William J. (2001), “Input and Output Variables Currently Promising for Constructing Persuasive Communications,” in Public Communication Campaigns, 3rd ed., R.E. Rice and C.K. Atkin, eds., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 22–48.
   Google Scholar
• Munnukka, Juha, Outi Uusitalo, and Hanna Toivonen (2016), “Credibility of a Peer Endorser and Advertising Effectiveness,” Journal of Consumer Marketing, 33 (3), 182–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perse, Elizabeth M., and Rebecca B. Rubin (1989), “Attribution in Social and Parasocial Relationships,” Communication Research, 16 (1), 59–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roose, Kevin (2019), “Don’t Scoff at Influencers. They’re Taking Over the World,” New York Times, July 16, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/technology/vidcon-social-media-influencers.html.
   Google Scholar
• Rosaen, Sarah F., and Jayson L. Dibble (2016), “Clarifying the Role of Attachment and Social Compensation on Parasocial Relationships with Television Characters,” Communication Studies, 67 (2), 147–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, Alan M. (2002), “The Uses-and-Gratifications Perspective of Media Effects,” in Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, J. Bryant and Mary Beth Oliver, eds., Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 525–48.
   Google Scholar
• Schiappa, Edward, Mike Allen, and Peter B. Gregg (2007), “Parasocial Relationships and Television: A Meta-Analysis of the Effects,” in Mass Media Effects Research: Advances through Meta-Analysis, R.W. Preiss, Barbara Mae Gayle, Nancy Burrell, Mike Allen, and Jennings Bryant, eds., New York, NY: Routledge, 301–14.
   Google Scholar
• Schmid, Hannah, and Christoph Klimmt (2011), “A Magically Nice Guy: Parasocial Relationships with Harry Potter across Different Cultures,” International Communication Gazette, 73 (3), 252–69.
   Google Scholar
• Stever, Gayle S. (2017), “Evolutionary Theory and Reactions to Mass Media: Understanding Parasocial Attachment,” Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 6 (2), 95–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swant, Marty (2016), “Twitter Says Users Now Trust Influencers Nearly As Much As Their Friends,” Adweek, May 10, http://www.adweek.com/digital/twitter-says-users-now-trust-influencers-nearly-much-their-friends-171367/.
   Google Scholar
• Thibaut, John W., and Laurens Walker (1975), Procedural Justice: A Psychological Analysis, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Thorson, Kjerstin S., and Shelly Rodgers (2006), “Relationships between Blogs As eWOM and Interactivity, Perceived Interactivity, and Parasocial Interaction,” Journal of Interactive Advertising, 6 (2), 5–44.
   Google Scholar
• Tian, Qing, and Cynthia A. Hoffner (2010), “Parasocial Interaction with Liked, Neutral, and Disliked Characters on a Popular TV Series,” Mass Communication and Society, 13 (3), 250–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, Wan-Hsiu Sunny, and Linjuan Rita Men (2013), “Motivations and Antecedents of Consumer Engagement with Brand Pages on Social Networking Sites,” Journal of Interactive Advertising, 13 (2), 76–87.
   Google Scholar
• Uzunoğlu, Ebru, and Sema Misci Kip (2014), “Brand Communication through Digital Influencers: Leveraging Blogger Engagement,” International Journal of Information Management, 34 (5), 592–602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Bos, Kees, and Jan-Willem van Prooijen (2001), “Referent Cognitions Theory: The Role of Closeness of Reference Points in the Psychology of Voice,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81 (4), 616–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van-Tien Dao, William, Angelina Nhat Hanh Le, Julian Ming-Sung Cheng, and Der Chao Chen (2014), “Social Media Advertising Value: The Case of Transitional Economies in Southeast Asia,” International Journal of Advertising, 33 (2), 271–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varsamis, Evan (2018), “Are Social Media Influencers the Next-Generation Brand Ambassadors?,” Forbes, June 13, https://www.forbes.com/sites/theyec/2018/06/13/aresocial-media-influencers-the-next-generation-brandambassadors/#2d8b9e82473d.
   Google Scholar
• Wen, Nainan (2017), “Celebrity Influence and Young People’s Attitudes toward Cosmetic Surgery in Singapore: The Role of Parasocial Relationships and Identification,” International Journal of Communication, 11, 1234–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi, Ikushi (2005), “Interpersonal Communication Tactics and Procedural Justice for Uncertainty Management of Japanese Workers,” International Journal of Business Communication, 42 (2), 168–94.
   Google Scholar
• Yuan, Chun Lin, Juran Kim, and Sang Jin Kim (2016), “Parasocial Relationship Effects on Customer Equity in the Social Media Context,” Journal of Business Research, 69 (9), 3795–803.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar