Hedonic and Utilitarian Gratifications to the Use of TikTok by Generation Z and the Parasocial Relationships with Influencers as a Mediating Force to Purchase Intention

References

• Adcock, Robert, and David Collier. 2001. “Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research.” American Political Science Review 95 (3): 529–46. doi:10.1017/S0003055401003100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alalwan, A. A. 2018. “Investigating the Impact of Social Media Advertising Features on Customer Purchase Intention.” International Journal of Information Management 42 (42): 65–77. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.06.001.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Farraj, O., A. A. Alalwan, Z. M. Obeidat, A. Baabdullah, R. Aldmour, and S. Al-Haddad. 2021. “Examining the Impact of Influencers’ Credibility Dimensions: Attractiveness, Trustworthiness and Expertise on the Purchase Intention in the Aesthetic Dermatology Industry.” Review of International Business and Strategy 31 (3): 355–74. doi:10.1108/RIBS-07-2020-0089.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aluri, A., L. Slevitch, and R. Larzelere. 2016. “The Influence of Embedded Social Media Channels on Travelers’ Gratifications, Satisfaction, and Purchase Intentions.” Cornell Hospitality Quarterly 57 (3): 250–67. doi:10.1177/1938965515615685.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auter, P. J., and P. Palmgreen. 2000. “Development and Validation of a Parasocial Interaction Measure: The Audience‐Persona Interaction Scale.” Communication Research Reports 17 (1): 79–89. doi:10.1080/08824090009388753.
   Google Scholar
• Aw, E. C.-X., and S. H.-W. Chuah. 2021. “Stop the Unattainable Ideal for an Ordinary Me!” Fostering Parasocial Relationships with Social Media Influencers: The Role of Self-Discrepancy.” Journal of Business Research 132:146–57. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benassini, C. 2014. “De Audiencias a Prosumidores. Acercamiento Conceptual.” Revista Luciérnaga – Comunicación 6 (12): 16–29. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5529507.
   Google Scholar
• Beregovskaya, T. A., and S. A. Grishaeva. 2020. “Generation Z: Consumer Behavior in Digital Ecosystem.” Vestnik Universiteta 1 (1): 92–9. doi:10.26425/1816-4277-2020-1-92-99.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd, D. M., and N. B. Ellison. 2007. “Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13 (1): 210–30. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucknell-Bossen, C., and R. Kottasz. 2020. “Uses and Gratifications Sought by Pre-Adolescent and Adolescent TikTok Consumers.” Young Consumers 21 (4): 463–78. doi:10.1108/YC-07-2020-1186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnasheva, R., and Y. G. Suh. 2022. “The Moderating Role of Parasocial Relationships in the Associations between Celebrity Endorser’s Credibility and Emotion-Based Responses.” Journal of Marketing Communications 28 (4): 343–59. doi:10.1080/13527266.2020.1862894.
   Google Scholar
• Cheney, G. 1983. “The Rhetoric of Identification and the Study of Organizational Communication.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 69 (2): 143–58. doi:10.1080/00335638309383643.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi, H.-H. 2011. “Interactive Digital Advertising vs. Virtual Brand Community.” Journal of Interactive Advertising 12 (1): 44–61. doi:10.1080/15252019.2011.10722190.
   Google Scholar
• Cho, M., M. Bonn, and S. Han. 2018. “Generation Z’s Sustainable Volunteering: Motivations, Attitudes and Job Performance.” Sustainability 10 (5): 1400. doi:10.3390/su10051400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bérail, P., M. Guillon, and C. Bungener. 2019. “The Relations between YouTube Addiction, Social Anxiety and Parasocial Relationships with YouTubers: A Moderated-Mediation Model Based on a Cognitive-Behavioral Framework.” Computers in Human Behavior 99:190–204. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries, L., A. M. Peluso, S. Romani, P. S. H. Leeflang, and A. Marcati. 2017. “Explaining Consumer Brand-Related Activities on Social Media: An Investigation of the Different Roles of Self-Expression and Socializing Motivations.” Computers in Human Behavior 75:272–82. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dienlin, Tobias, and Niklas Johannes. 2020. “The Impact of Digital Technology Use on Adolescent Well-Being.” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 22 (2): 135–42. doi:10.31887/dcns.2020.22.2/tdienlin.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimofte, C. V., R. C. Goodstein, and A. M. Brumbaugh. 2015. “A Social Identity Perspective on Aspirational Advertising: Implicit Threats to Collective Self‐Esteem and Strategies to Overcome Them.” Journal of Consumer Psychology 25 (3): 416–30. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droesch, B. 2020, February 13. Influencers More Likely to Inspire Gen Zer and Millennial Purchases. EMarketer. https://www.emarketer.com/content/influencers-more-likely-to-inspire-gen-zer-and-millennial-purchases
   Google Scholar
• Duck, S. 1991. Understanding Relationships. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Erz, A., B. Marder, and E. Osadchaya. 2018. “Hashtags: Motivational Drivers, Their Use, and Differences between Influencers and Followers.” Computers in Human Behavior 89:48–60. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.07.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández Castrillo, C. 2014. “Prácticas Transmedia en la Era Del Prosumidor: Hacia Una Definición Del Contenido Generado Por el Usuario (CGU).” CIC Cuadernos de Información y Comunicación 19 (0): 53–67. doi:10.5209/revciyc.2014.v19.43903.
   Google Scholar
• Francis, T., and F. Hoefel. 2018. “True Gen”: Generation Z and Its Implications for Companies.” In McKinsey & Company, 2–10. McKinsey & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Gan, C., and H. Li. 2018. “Understanding the Effects of Gratifications on the Continuance Intention to Use WeChat in China: A Perspective on Uses and Gratifications.” Computers in Human Behavior 78: 306–15. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Rivero, A., E. C. Martínez Estrella, and G. Bonales Daimiel. 2022. “TikTok y Twitch: nuevos Medios y Fórmulas Para Impactar en la Generación Z.” Revista ICONO 14. Revista Científica de Comunicación y Tecnologías Emergentes 20 (1): 1770. doi:10.7195/ri14.v20i1.1770.
   Google Scholar
• Gentina, E., and F. Rowe. 2020. “Effects of Materialism on Problematic Smartphone Dependency among Adolescents: The Role of Gender and Gratifications.” International Journal of Information Management 54:102134. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, J. G. 1986. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, J. J. 2015. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday.
   Google Scholar
• Gong, W., and X. Li. 2017. “Engaging Fans on Microblog: The Synthetic Influence of Parasocial Interaction and Source Characteristics on Celebrity Endorsement.” Psychology & Marketing 34 (7): 720–32. doi:10.1002/mar.21018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigoreva, E. A., L. F. Garifova, and E. A. Polovkina. 2021. “Consumer Behavior in the Information Economy: Generation Z.” International Journal of Financial Research 12 (2): 164–71. doi:10.5430/ijfr.v12n2p164.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., M. C. Howard, and C. Nitzl. 2020. “Assessing Measurement Model Quality in PLS-SEM Using Confirmatory Composite Analysis.” Journal of Business Research 109:101–10. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., T. Hult, C. Ringle, and M. Sarstedt. 2021. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., M. Sarstedt, C. Ringle, and S. Gudergan. 2018. Advanced Issues in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Harrigan, P., T. M. Daly, K. Coussement, J. A. Lee, G. N. Soutar, and U. Evers. 2021. “Identifying Influencers on Social Media.” International Journal of Information Management 56: 102246. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, T., and C. Goldhoorn. 2011. “Horton and Wohl Revisited: Exploring Viewers’ Experience of Parasocial Interaction.” Journal of Communication 61 (6): 1104–21. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01595.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, T., H. Schramm, and C. Klimmt. 2004. “Personenorientierte Medienrezeption: Ein Zwei-Ebenen-Modell Parasozialer Interaktionen.” Publizistik 49 (1): 25–47. doi:10.1007/s11616-004-0003-6.
   Google Scholar
• Henseler, J., C. M. Ringle, and M. Sarstedt. 2015. “A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-Based Structural Equation Modeling.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 43 (1): 115–35. doi:10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henseler, J., C. M. Ringle, and R. R. Sinkovics. 2009. “The Use of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling in International Marketing.” Advances in International Marketing 20:277–319. doi:10.1108/s1474-7979(2009)0000020014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, D., and R. Wohl. 1956. “Mass Communication and Para-Social Interaction.” Psychiatry 19 (3): 215–29. doi:10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, J., and L. Zhou. 2018. “Timing of Web Personalization in Mobile Shopping: A Perspective from Uses and Gratifications Theory.” Computers in Human Behavior 88:103–13. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal, M. 2021, May 24. TikTok Revenue and Usage Statistics (2021). Business of Apps. https://www.businessofapps.com/data/tik-tok-statistics/
   Google Scholar
• Iványi, T., and S. Bíró-Szigeti. 2019. “Smart City: Studying Smartphone Application Functions with City Marketing Goals Based on Consumer Behavior of Generation Z in Hungary.” Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences 27 (1): 48–58. doi:10.3311/PPso.12451.
   Google Scholar
• Karimi, L., R. Khodabandelou, M. Ehsani, and M. Ahmad. 2014. “Applying the Uses and Gratifications Theory to Compare Higher Education Students’ Motivation for Using Social Networking Sites: Experiences from Iran, Malaysia, United Kingdom, and South Africa.” Contemporary Educational Technology 5 (1): 53–72. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1105542. doi:10.30935/cedtech/6115.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, E., J. G. Blumler, and M. Gurevitch. 1973. “Uses and Gratifications Research.” Public Opinion Quarterly 37 (4): 509–23. doi:10.1086/268109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D. Y., and H.-Y. Kim. 2021. “Influencer Advertising on Social Media: The Multiple Inference Model on Influencer-Product Congruence and Sponsorship Disclosure.” Journal of Business Research 130: 405–15. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.02.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. 2020. “Unpacking Unboxing Video-Viewing Motivations: The Uses and Gratifications Perspective and the Mediating Role of Parasocial Interaction on Purchase Intent.” Journal of Interactive Advertising 20 (3): 196–208. doi:10.1080/15252019.2020.1828202.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H., and D. Ko. 2011. “Culture and Self-Expression.” In The Self, 325–37. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Langner, S., N. Hennigs, and K.-P. Wiedmann. 2013. “Social Persuasion: Targeting Social Identities through Social Influencers.” Journal of Consumer Marketing 30 (1): 31–49. doi:10.1108/07363761311290821.
   Google Scholar
• Lastra, A. 2016. “El Poder Del Prosumidor. Identificación de Sus Necesidades y Repercusión en la Producción Audioviusal Transmedia.” Revista ICONO14 Revista Científica de Comunicación y Tecnologías Emergentes 14 (1): 71–94. doi:10.7195/ri14.v14i1.902.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. E., and B. Watkins. 2016. “YouTube Vloggers’ Influence on Consumer Luxury Brand Perceptions and Intentions.” Journal of Business Research 69 (12): 5753–60. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiner, D. J., L. Kobilke, C. Rueß, and H.-B. Brosius. 2018. “Functional Domains of Social Media Platforms: Structuring the Uses of Facebook to Better Understand Its Gratifications.” Computers in Human Behavior 83: 194–203. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., W. Chen, and P. Popiel. 2015. “What Happens on Facebook Stays on Facebook? The Implications of Facebook Interaction for Perceived, Receiving, and Giving Social Support.” Computers in Human Behavior 51: 106–13. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.066.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, C. M., and Y.-K. Kim. 2011. “Older Consumers’ Tv Home Shopping: Loneliness, Parasocial Interaction, and Perceived Convenience.” Psychology and Marketing 28 (8): 763–80. doi:10.1002/mar.20411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, I. L. B., C. M. K. Cheung, and M. K. O. Lee. 2016. “User Satisfaction with Microblogging: Information Dissemination versus Social Networking.” Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 67 (1): 56–70. doi:10.1002/asi.23371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou, C. 2022. “Social Media Influencers and Followers: Theorization of a Trans-Parasocial Relation and Explication of Its Implications for Influencer Advertising.” Journal of Advertising 51 (1): 4–21. doi:10.1080/00913367.2021.1880345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou, C., and H. K. Kim. 2019. “Fancying the New Rich and Famous? Explicating the Roles of Influencer Content, Credibility, and Parental Mediation in Adolescents’ Parasocial Relationship, Materialism, and Purchase Intentions.” Frontiers in Psychology 10: 2567. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra, N. K. 2020. Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation. Harlow: England Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Masuda, H., S. H. Han, and J. Lee. 2022. “Impacts of Influencer Attributes on Purchase Intentions in Social Media Influencer Marketing: Mediating Roles of Characterizations.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 174: 121246. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCay-Peet, L., and A. Quan-Haase. 2016. “A Model of Social Media Engagement: User Profiles, Gratifications, and Experiences.” In Why Engagement Matters, 199–217. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27446-1_9.
   Google Scholar
• Mesch, G. S., and I. Talmud. 2010. Wired Youth: The Social World of Adolescence in the Information Age. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Meservy, T. O., K. Fadel, B. Nelson, and M. Matthews. 2019. Production vs. Consumption on Social Media: A Uses and Gratifications Perspective. AMCIS 2019 Proceedings, 9. https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2019/virtual_communities/virtual_communities/9/
   Google Scholar
• Omar, B., and W. Dequan. 2020. “Watch, Share or Create: The Influence of Personality Traits and User Motivation on TikTok Mobile Video Usage.” International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 14 (04): 121–37. www.learntechlib.org., https://www.learntechlib.org/p/216454/. doi:10.3991/ijim.v14i04.12429.
   Google Scholar
• Pang, H. 2016. “Understanding Key Factors Affecting Young People’s WeChat Usage: An Empirical Study from Uses and Gratifications Perspective.” International Journal of Web Based Communities 12 (3): 262–78. doi:10.1504/IJWBC.2016.077757.
   Google Scholar
• Papacharissi, Z. 2003. “The Blogger Revolution: A Uses and Gratifications Study.” Association of Internet Researchers Annual Conference, 137–52.
   Google Scholar
• Papacharissi, Z., and A. Mendelson. 2011. “Toward a New(er) Sociability: Uses, Gratifications, and Social Capital on Facebook.” In Media Perspectives for the 21st Century, 212–30. Milton Park: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Plume, C. J., and E. L. Slade. 2018. “Sharing of Sponsored Advertisements on Social Media: A Uses and Gratifications Perspective.” Information Systems Frontiers 20 (3): 471–83. doi:10.1007/s10796-017-9821-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punyanunt-Carter, N. M., J. J. De La Cruz, and J. S. Wrench. 2017. “Investigating the Relationships among College Students’ Satisfaction, Addiction, Needs, Communication Apprehension, Motives, and Uses & Gratifications with Snapchat.” Computers in Human Behavior 75: 870–5. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quan-Haase, A. 2012. “Is the Uses and Gratifications Approach Still Relevant in a Digital Society? Theoretical and Methodological Applications to Social Media.” Journal of Mass Communication & Journalism 02 (07): 2–7. doi:10.4172/2165-7912.1000e124.
   Google Scholar
• Quan-Haase, A. 2014. “The Uses and Gratifications (U&G) Approach as a Lens for Studying Social Media Practice.” In The Handbook of Media and Mass Communication Theory, edited by R. S. Fortner & P. M. Fackler, 269–86. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:10.1002/9781118591178.
   Google Scholar
• Ringle, Sarstedt, and Straub. 2012. “Editor’s Comments: A Critical Look at the Use of PLS-SEM in “MIS Quarterly.” MIS Quarterly 36 (1): iii. doi:10.2307/41410402.
   Google Scholar
• Ruano, L. E., and J. A. Maca. 2017. “Motivación en el Uso de Redes Sociales Virtuales.” Ciaiq 2017, 3: 1982–91. https://proceedings.ciaiq.org/index.php/ciaiq2017/article/view/1560.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, A. M., and E. M. Perse. 1987. “Audience Activity and Television News Gratifications.” Communication Research 14 (1): 58–84. doi:10.1177/009365087014001004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, R. B., P. Palmgreen, and H. E. Sypher. 2009. Communication Research Measures: A Sourcebook. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Ruggiero, T. E. 2000. “Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century.” Mass Communication and Society 3 (1): 3–37. doi:10.1207/S15327825MCS0301_02.
   Google Scholar
• Rui, J. R., and M. A. Stefanone. 2016. “The Desire for Fame: An Extension of Uses and Gratifications Theory.” Communication Studies 67 (4): 399–418. doi:10.1080/10510974.2016.1156006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheinkman, J. A. 2008. “Social Interactions (Theory).” In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–7. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2422-1.
   Google Scholar
• Schlenker, B. R. 1980. Impression Management: The Self-Concept, Social Identity, and Interpersonal Relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co, Cop.
   Google Scholar
• Schramm, H., and T. Hartmann. 2008. “The PSR-Process Scales. A New Measure to Assess the Intensity and Breadth of Parasocial Processes.” COMM 33 (4): 385–401. doi:10.1515/COMM.2008.025.
   Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. 2004. “Can Happiness Be Taught?” Daedalus 133 (2): 80–7.
   Google Scholar
• Shan, Y., K.-J. Chen, and J.-S (Elaine). Lin. 2020. “When Social Media Influencers Endorse Brands: The Effects of Self-Influencer Congruence, Parasocial Identification, and Perceived Endorser Motive.” International Journal of Advertising 39 (5): 590–610. doi:10.1080/02650487.2019.1678322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, G. 2009. “Understanding the Appeal of User‐Generated Media: A Uses and Gratification Perspective.” Internet Research 19 (1): 7–25. doi:10.1108/10662240910927795.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, A. P., and J. Dangmei. 2016. “Understanding the Generation Z: The Future Workforce.” South -Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3 (3): 2–5.
   Google Scholar
• Song, S., and M. Yoo. 2016. “The Role of Social Media during the Pre-Purchasing Stage.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 7 (1): 84–99. doi:10.1108/JHTT-11-2014-0067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southgate, D. 2017. “The Emergence of Generation Z and Its Impact in Advertising.” Journal of Advertising Research 57 (2): 227–35. doi:10.2501/JAR-2017-028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statista. 2021. Topic: TikTok marketing. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/8309/tiktok-marketing/#dossierKeyfigures
   Google Scholar
• Sundar, S. S. 2000. “Multimedia Effects on Processing and Perception of Online News: A Study of Picture, Audio, and Video Downloads.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 77 (3): 480–99. doi:10.1177/107769900007700302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundar, S. S., and A. M. Limperos. 2013. “Uses and Grats 2.0: New Gratifications for New Media.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 57 (4): 504–25. doi:10.1080/08838151.2013.845827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, D. 2019. “The New Situation of Marketing in the Self-Media Era-Taking TikTok as an Example.” 2nd International Workshop on Advances in Social Sciences 2019: 1557–60. doi:10.25236/iwass.2019.281.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, M. R., V. Kavya, and M. Monica. 2018. “Online Website Cues Influencing the Purchase Intention of Generation Z Mediated by Trust.” Indian Journal of Commerce & Management Studies IX (1): 13–23. doi:10.18843/ijcms/v9i1/03.
   Google Scholar
• TikTok for Business. 2021. TikTok For Business: marketing on TikTok. www.tiktok.com. https://www.tiktok.com/business/es
   Google Scholar
• Turner, A. 2015. “Generation Z: Technology and Social Interest.” The Journal of Individual Psychology 71 (2): 103–13. doi:10.1353/jip.2015.0021.
   Google Scholar
• Verduyn, P., N. Gugushvili, K. Massar, K. Täht, and E. Kross. 2020. “Social Comparison on Social Networking Sites.” Current Opinion in Psychology 36: 32–7. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.04.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verduyn, P., O. Ybarra, M. Résibois, J. Jonides, and E. Kross. 2017. “Do Social Network Sites Enhance or Undermine Subjective Well-Being? A Critical Review.” Social Issues and Policy Review 11 (1): 274–302. doi:10.1111/sipr.12033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veybitha, Y., L. Alfansi, M. Salim, and E. Darta. 2021. “Critical Review: Factors Affecting Online Purchase Intention Generation Z.” Journal of International Conference Proceedings 4 (1): 354–63. doi:10.32535/jicp.v4i1.1162.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y.-H., T.-J. Gu, and S.-Y. Wang. 2019. “Causes and Characteristics of Short Video Platform Internet Community Taking the TikTok Short Video Application as an Example.” IEEE Xplore, 1–2. doi:10.1109/ICCE-TW46550.2019.8992021.
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler, L., and J. Nezlek. 1977. “Sex Differences in Social Participation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35 (10): 742–54. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.10.742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiting, A., and D. Williams. 2013. “Why People Use Social Media: A Uses and Gratifications Approach.” Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 16 (4): 362–9. doi:10.1108/QMR-06-2013-0041.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, D. L., V. L. Crittenden, T. Keo, and P. McCarty. 2012. “The Use of Social Media: An Exploratory Study of Usage Among Digital Natives.” Journal of Public Affairs 12 (2): 127–36.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, K. C., and R. A. Page. 2011. “Marketing to the Generations.” Journal of Behavioral Studies in Business 3 (3): 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, Y., L. Wang, and P. Wang. 2019. “Research on the Influence of Content Features of Short Video Marketing on Consumer Purchase Intentions.” Proceedings of the 2019 4th International Conference on Modern Management, Education Technology and Social Science (MMETSS 2019), 415–422. doi:10.2991/mmetss-19.2019.82.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, L., X. Yan, and Z. Zhang. 2019. “Research on the Causes of the “TikTok” App Becoming Popular and the Existing Problems.” Journal of Advanced Management Science 7 (2): 59–63. doi:10.18178/joams.7.2.59-63.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, S., Y. Zhao, and Y. Ma. 2019. “Analysis of the Reasons and Development of Short Video Application – Taking TikTok as an Example.” 9th International Conference on Information and Social Science, 340–3. doi:10.25236/iciss.2019.062.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., and L. Ha. 2021. “Why People Use TikTok (Douyin) and How Their Purchase Intentions Are Affected by Social Media Influencers in China: A Uses and Gratifications and Parasocial Relationship Perspective.” Journal of Interactive Advertising 21 (3): 297–305. doi:10.1080/15252019.2021.1995544.
   Google Scholar
• Yuan, S., and C. Lou. 2020. “How Social Media Influencers Foster Relationships with Followers: The Roles of Source Credibility and Fairness in Parasocial Relationship and Product Interest.” Journal of Interactive Advertising 20 (2): 133–47. doi:10.1080/15252019.2020.1769514.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, R. Z., A. Cheok, and E. Khoo. 2011. “Singaporean Adolescents’ Perceptions of Online Social Communication: An Exploratory Factor Analysis.” Journal of Educational Computing Research 45 (2): 203–21.
   Google Scholar
• Zhong, Y. Y. 2015. “Developing a Parasocial Relationship with Hotel Brands on Facebook: Will Millennials Differ from GenXers?” UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 2508. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/250.
   Google Scholar
• Zhong, Y., V. Shapoval, and J. Busser. 2021. “The Role of Parasocial Relationship in Social Media Marketing: Testing a Model among Baby Boomers.” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 33 (5): 1870–91. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-08-2020-0873.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zogaj, A., D. K. Tscheulin, and S. Olk. 2021. “Benefits of Matching Consumers’ Personality: Creating Perceived Trustworthiness via Actual Self‐Congruence and Perceived Competence via Ideal Self‐Congruence.” Psychology & Marketing 38 (3): 416–30. doi:10.1002/mar.21439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuo, H., and T. Wang. 2019. “Analysis of TikTok User Behavior from the Perspective of Popular Culture.” Frontiers in Art Research 1 (3): 1–5. doi:10.25236/FAR.20190301.
   Google Scholar