Nucleoside Analog Activity in Malignant Melanoma Cell Lines

REFERENCES

• Braakhuis, B.J.; Ruiz van Haperen, V.W.; Boven, E.; Veerman, G.; Peters, G.J. Schedule-dependent antitumor effect of gemcitabine in in vivo model system. Semin. Oncol. 1995, 22, 42–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman, A.M.; Munch-Petersen, B.; Jensen, P.B.; Sehested, M.; Veerman, G.; Voorn, D.A.; Smid, K.; Pinedo, H.M.; Peters, G.J. Collateral sensitivity to gemcitabine (2’,2’-difluorodeoxycytidine) and cytosine arabinoside of daunorubicin- and VM-26-resistant variants of human small cell lung cancer cell lines. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2001, 61, 1401–1408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz van Haperen, V.W.; Veerman, G.; Eriksson, S.; Boven, E.; Stegmann, A.P.; Hermsen, M.; Vermorken, J.B.; Pinedo, H.M.; Peters, G.J. Development and molecular characterization of a 2’,2’-difluorodeoxycytidine-resistant variant of the human ovarian carcinoma cell line A2780. Cancer Res. 1994, 54, 4138–4143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonate, P.L.; Arthaud, L.; Cantrell, W.R., Jr.; Stephenson, K.; Secrist, J.A., III; Weitman, S. Discovery and development of clofarabine: A nucleoside analogue for treating cancer. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2006, 5, 855–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, W.B.; Shaddix, S.C.; Chang, C.H.; White, E.L.; Rose, L.M.; Brockman, R.W.; Shortnacy, A.T.; Montgomery, J.A.; Secrist, J.A., III; Bennett, L.L., Jr. Effects of 2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine on K562 cellular metabolism and the inhibition of human ribonucleotide reductase and DNA polymerases by its 5’-triphosphate. Cancer Res. 1991, 51, 2386–2394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leoni, L.M.; Chao, Q.; Cottam, H.B.; Genini, D.; Rosenbach, M.; Carrera, C.J.; Budihardjo, I.; Wang, X.; Carson, D.A. Induction of an apoptotic program in cell-free extracts by 2-chloro-2’-deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate and cytochrome c. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 1998, 95, 9567–9571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arner, E.S.; Eriksson, S. Mammalian deoxyribonucleoside kinases. Pharmacol. Ther. 1995, 67, 155–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotfi, K.; Mansson, E.; Peterson, C.; Eriksson, S.; Albertioni, F. Low level of mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase is the dominant factor in acquired resistance to 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine cytotoxicity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002, 293, 1489–1496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman, A.M.; Pinedo, H.M.; Peters, G.J. Determinants of resistance to 2’,2’-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine). Drug. Resist. Updat. 2002, 5, 19–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L.; Karlsson, A.; Arner, E.S.; Eriksson, S. Substrate specificity of mitochondrial 2’-deoxyguanosine kinase. Efficient phosphorylation of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268, 22847–22852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosania, G.R. Mitochondria give cells a tan. Chem. Biol. 2005, 12, 412–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saada-Reisch, A. Deoxyribonucleoside kinases in mitochondrial DNA depletion. Nucleos. Nucleot. Nucl. Acids. 2004, 23, 1205–1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheson, B.D.; Vena, D.A.; Foss, F.M.; Sorensen, J.M. Neurotoxicity of purine analogs: A review. J. Clin. Oncol. 1994, 12, 2216–2228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindemalm, S.; Liliemark, J.; Larsson, B.S.; Albertioni, F. Distribution of 2-chloro-2’-deoxyadenosine, 2-chloro-2’-arabino-fluoro-2’-deoxyadenosine, fludarabine and cytarabine in mice: A whole-body autoradiography study. Med. Oncol. 1999, 16, 239–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra, J.; Mansson, E.; Gogvadze, V.; Kaufmann, S.H.; Albertioni, F.; Orrenius, S. Resistance of leukemic cells to 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine is due to a lack of calcium-dependent cytochrome c release. Blood. 2002, 99, 655–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyrberg, A.; Mirzaee, S.; Lotfi, K. Cell cycle dependent regulation of deoxycytidine kinase, deoxyguanosine kinase, and cytosolic 5’-nucleotidase I activity in MOLT-4 cells. Nucleos. Nucleot. Nucl. Acids. 2006, 25, 1201–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyrberg, A.; Albertioni, F.; Lotfi, K. Cell cycle effect on the activity of deoxynucleoside analogue metabolising enzymes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2007, 357, 847–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durham, J.P.; Ives, D.H. Deoxycytidine kinase. I. Distribution in normal and neoplastic tissues and interrelationships of deoxycytidine and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine phosphorylation. Mol. Pharmacol. 1969, 5, 358–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirzaee, S.; Eriksson, S.; Albertioni, F. Differences in cytosolic and mitochondrial 5’-nucleotidase and deoxynucleoside kinase activities in Sprague-Dawley rat and CD-1 mouse tissues: Implication for the toxicity of nucleoside analogs in animal models. Toxicology. 2010, 267, 159–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry, O.H.; Rosebrough, N.J.; Farr, A.L.; Randall, R.J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 1951, 193, 265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzis, P.; Al-Madhoon, A.S.; Jullig, M.; Petrakis, T.G.; Eriksson, S.; Talianidis, I. The intracellular localization of deoxycytidine kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273, 30239–30243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jullig, M.; Eriksson, S. Mitochondrial and submitochondrial localization of human deoxyguanosine kinase. Eur. J. Biochem. 2000, 267, 5466–5472.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mosmann, T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods. 1983, 65, 55–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyrberg, A.; Lotfi, K. Optimization and evaluation of electroporation delivery of siRNA in the human leukemic CEM cell line. Cytotechnology. 2010, 62, 497–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjoberg, A.H.; Wang, L.; Eriksson, S. Substrate specificity of human recombinant mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase with cytostatic and antiviral purine and pyrimidine analogs. Mol. Pharmacol. 1998, 53, 270–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, C.; Johansson, M.; Karlsson, A. Differential incorporation of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine into nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. FEBS Lett. 2000, 474, 129–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansson, E.; Flordal, E.; Liliemark, J.; Spasokoukotskaja, T.; Elford, H.; Lagercrantz, S.; Eriksson, S.; Albertioni, F. Down-regulation of deoxycytidine kinase in human leukemic cell lines resistant to cladribine and clofarabine and increased ribonucleotide reductase activity contributes to fludarabine resistance. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2003, 65, 237–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shewach, D.S.; Reynolds, K.K.; Hertel, L. Nucleotide specificity of human deoxycytidine kinase. Mol. Pharmacol. 1992, 42, 518–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotfi, K.; Karlsson, K.; Fyrberg, A.; Juliusson, G.; Jonsson, V.; Peterson, C.; Eriksson, S.; Albertioni, F. The pattern of deoxycytidine- and deoxyguanosine kinase activity in relation to messenger RNA expression in blood cells from untreated patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2006, 71, 882–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smal, C.; Vertommen, D.; Bertrand, L.; Ntamashimikiro, S.; Rider, M.H.; Van Den Neste, E.; Bontemps, F. Identification of in vivo phosphorylation sites on human deoxycytidine kinase. Role of Ser-74 in the control of enzyme activity. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 4887–4893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hengstschlager, M.; Denk, C.; Wawra, E. Cell cycle regulation of deoxycytidine kinase. Evidence for post-transcriptional control. FEBS Lett. 1993, 321, 237–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinemann, V.; Schulz, L.; Issels, R.D.; Plunkett, W. Gemcitabine: A modulator of intracellular nucleotide and deoxynucleotide metabolism. Semin. Oncol. 1995, 22, 11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plunkett, W.; Huang, P.; Xu, Y.Z.; Heinemann, V.; Grunewald, R.; Gandhi, V. Gemcitabine: Metabolism, mechanisms of action, and self-potentiation. Semin. Oncol. 1995, 22, 3–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinemann, V.; Hertel, L.W.; Grindey, G.B.; Plunkett, W. Comparison of the cellular pharmacokinetics and toxicity of 2’,2’-difluorodeoxycytidine and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Cancer Res. 1988, 48, 4024–4031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinemann, V.; Xu, Y.Z.; Chubb, S.; Sen, A.; Hertel, L.W.; Grindey, G.B.; Plunkett, W. Cellular elimination of 2’,2’-difluorodeoxycytidine 5’-triphosphate: A mechanism of self-potentiation. Cancer Res. 1992, 52, 533–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki, H.; Carrera, C.J.; Carson, D.A. Quantitative immunoassay of human deoxycytidine kinase in malignant cells. Anal. Biochem. 1992, 207, 193–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Queirolo, P.; Acquati, M. Targeted therapies in melanoma. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2006, 32, 524–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar