REFERENCES
- Horwitz , J. P. , Chua , J. and Boel , M. 1964 . Nucleosides. V. Monomethanesulfonates of 1-(2-deoxy-b -D-threo-pentofuranosyl)thymine . J. Org. Chem. , 29 : 2076 – 2078 .
- Furman , P. A. , Fyfe , J. A. , St. Clair , M. H. , Weinhold , K. , Rideout , J. L. , Freeman , G. A. , Lehrman , S. N. , Bolognesi , D. P. , Broder , S. , Mitsuya , H. and Barry , D. W. 1986 . Phosphorylation of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine and selective interaction of the 5′-triphosphate with human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 83 : 8333 – 8337 .
- Lee , H. , Hanes , J. and Johnson , K.A. 2003 . Toxicity of nucleoside used to treat AIDS and the selectivity of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase . Biochemistry , 42 : 14711 – 14719 .
- Hobbs , G.A. , Keilbaugh , S.A. , Rief , P.M. and Simpson , M.V. 1995 . Cellular targets of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine: an early (non-delayed) effect on oxidative phosphorylation . Biochem. Pharm. , 50 : 381 – 390 .
- Simons , C. 2001 . Nucleoside Mimetics: Their chemistry and Biological Properties. , Amsterdam : Gordon and Breach Science Publishers .
- Seeberger , P.H. and Caruthers , M.H. 1998 . “ Modified oligonucleotides as antisense therapeutics. in ” . In Applied Antisense Oligonucleotide Technology , Edited by: C.A. , Stein and Krieg , A.M. New York : Wiley-Liss . ch. 3.
- Lynx , M.D. , Bentley , A.T. and McKee , E.E. 2006 . 3′-Azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) inhibits thymidine phosphorylation in isolated rat liver mitochondria: A possible mechanism of AZT hepatotoxicity . Biochem Pharmacol. , 71 : 1342 – 1348 .
- Balzarini , J. , Herdewijn , P. and De Clercq , E. 1989 . Differential patterns of intracellular metabolism of 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine and 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine, two potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus compounds . J. Biol. Chem. , 264 : 6127 – 6133 .
- Olivero , O.A. and Poirier , M.C. 1993 . Preferential incorporation of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine into telomeric DNA and Z-DNA-containing regions of Chinese hamster ovary cells . Mol. Carcinogenesis , 8 : 81 – 88 .
- Pereira , L. F. , Oliviera , M. B. and Carnieri , E. G. 1998 . Mitochondrial sensitivity to AZT . Cell Biochem. Funct. , 16 : 173 – 181 .
- Perry , P.J. and Kellard , K.R. 1998 . Telomeres and telomerase: targets for cancer chemotherapy? . Expert Opin. Ther. Patents , 8 : 1567 – 1586 .
- Ji , H.J. , Rha , S.Y. , Jeung , H.C. , Tang , S.H. , An , S.W. and Chung , H.C. 2005 . Cyclic induction of senescence with intermittent AZT treatment accelerates both apoptosis and telomere loss . Breast Can. Res. Treat. , 93 : 227 – 236 .
- Melana , S.M. , Holland , J.F. and Pogo , B.G.-T. 1998 . Inhibition of cell growth and telomerase activity of breast cancer cells in vitro by AZT . Clin. Cancer. Res. , 4 : 693 – 696 .
- Feng , J. Y. , Johnson , A. A. , Johnson , K. A. and Anderson , K. S. 2001 . Insights into the molecular mechanism of meitochondrial toxicity by AIDS drugs . J. Biol. Chem. , 276 : 23832 – 23837 .
- Becher , F. , Pruvost , A.G. , Schlemmer , D.D. , Creminon , C.A. , Goujard , C.M. , Delfraissy , J.F. , Benech , H.C. and Grassi , J.J. 2003 . Significant levels of intracellular stavudine triphosphate are found in HIV-infected zidovudine-treated patients . AIDS , 17 : 555 – 561 .
- Benech , B. , Becher , F. , Pruvost , A. and Grassi , J.J. 2006 . Is stavudine triphosphate a natural metabolite of zidovudine? . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , 50 : 2899 – 2901 .
- Abraham , N.G. , Bucher , D. , Niranjan , U. , Brown , A.C. , Lutton , J.D. , Distenfeld , A. , Ahmed , T. and Levere , R.D. 1989 . Microenvironmental toxicity of azidothymidine: partial sparing with hemin . Blood , 74 : 139 – 44 .
- Leamon , C.P. and Low , P.S. 2005 . Receptor-Mediated Drug Delivery. Drug Delivery Principles and Application. , Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons .
- Diezel , W. , Weber , H.A. , Maciejewski , J. and Volk , H.D. 1993 . The effect of splenopentin (DA SP-5) on in vitro myelopoiesis and on AZT-induced bone marrow toxicity . Int. J. Immunopharm. , 15 : 269 – 273 .
- Lutton , J.D. , Mathew , A. , Levere , R.D. and Abraham , N.G. 1990 . Role of heme metabolism in AZT-induced bone marrow toxicity . Am. J. Hematology , 35 : 1 – 5 .
- Sommadossi , J.P. , Carlisle , R. and Zhou , Z. 1989 . Cellular pharmacology of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine with evidence of incorporation into DNA of human bone marrow cells . Mol. Pharmacol. , 36 : 9 – 14 .
- Calverley , D. , Haley , L. and Ballem , P. 1991 . Red blood cell alloimmunization in transfused patients on AZT . Brit. J. Haematology , 78 : 248 – 250 .
- Guo , W. and Lee , R.L. 1999 . Receptor-targeted gene delivery via folate-conjugated polyethylenimine . AAPS PharmSci , 1 : E19
- Bagnato , J.D. , Eilers , A.L. , Horton , R.A. and Grissom , C.B. 2004 . Synthesis and characterization of a cobalamin-colchicine conjugates as a novel tumor-targeted cytotoxin . J. Org. Chem. , 69 : 8987 – 8996 .
- Hogenkamp , H.P.C. , Collins , D.A. , West , F.G. and Grissom , C.B. 1999 . “ The pharmacological uses of cobalamin bioconjugates. In ” . Edited by: Banerjee , R. 385 – 410 . New York : B-12, Wiley .
- Gabizon , A. , Horowitz , A.T. , Goren , D. , Tzemach , D. , Mandelbaum-Shavit , F. , Qazen , M.M. and Zalipsky , S. 1999 . Targeting folate receptor with folate linked to extremities of poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted liposomes: in vitro studies . Bioconj. Chem. , 10 : 289 – 298 .
- Low , P.S. and Antony , A.C. 2004 . Folate receptor-targeted drugs for cancer and inflammatory diseases . Adv. Drug. Delivery Rev. , 56 : 1055 – 1058 .
- Yoo , H.S. and Park , T.G. 2004 . Folate receptor targeted biodegradable polymeric doxorubicin micelles . J. Control. Release , 96 : 273 – 283 .
- Boerman , O.C. , Niekerk , C.C. , Makkink , K. , Hanselaar , T.G. , Kenemans , P. and Poels , L.G. 1991 . Comparative immunohistochemical study of four monoclonal antibodies directed against ovarian carcinoma-associated antigens . Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. , 10 : 15 – 25 .
- Weitman , S.D. , Lark , R.H. , Coney , L.R. , Fort , D.W. , Frasca , V. , Zurawski , R. and Kamen , B.A. 1992 . Distribution of the folate receptor GP38 in normal and malignant cell lines and tissues . Cancer Res. , 52 : 3396 – 3401 .
- Ross , J.F. , Chaudhuri , P.K. and Ratnam , M. 2000 . Differential regulation of folate receptor isoforms in normal and malignant tissues in vivo and in established cell lines. physiologic and clinical implications . Cancer , 73 : 2432 – 2443 .
- Toffoli , G. , Cernigoi , C. , Russo , A. , Gallo , A. , Bagnoil , M. and Boiocchi , M. 1997 . Overexpression of folate binding protein in ovarian cancers . Int. J. Cancer , 74 : 193 – 198 .
- Leamon , C.P. , Parker , M.A. , Vlahov , I.R. , Xu , L. , Reddy , J.A. , Vetzel , M. and Douglas , N. 2002 . Synthesis and biological evaluation of ec20: a new folate-derived, 99mTc-based radiopharmaceutical . Bioconj. Chem. , 13 : 1200 – 1210 .
- Jayaram , H.N. , Zhang , Y. , Guo , L. , Roeske , R.W. and Antony , A.C. 2004 . Pteroyl-γ -glutamate-cysteine synthesis and its application in folate receptor-mediated cancer cell targeting using folate-tethered liposomes . Anal. Biochem. , 322 : 168 – 177 .
- Leamon , C.P. , Reddy , J.A. , Vlahov , I.R. , Vetzel , M. , Parker , N. , Nicoson , J.S. , Xu , L. and Westrick , E. 2005 . Synthesis and biological evaluation of EC72: a new folate-targeted chemotherapeutic . Bioconj. Chem. , 16 : 803 – 811 .
- Leamon , C.P. and Low , P.S. 1991 . Delivery of macromolecules into living cells: a method that exploits folate receptor endocytosis . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 88 : 5572 – 5576 .
- Sun , X.-L. , Jayaram , H.N. , Gharehbaghi , K. , Li , Q.-J. , Xiao , X. and Antony , A.C. 1999 . Modulation of the cytotoxicity of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine and methotrexate after transduction of folate receptor cDNA into human cervical carcinoma: identification of a correlation between folate receptor expression and thymidine kinase activity . Cancer Res. , 59 : 940 – 946 .
- Wang , S. , Lee , R.J. , Mathias , C.J. , Green , M.A. Low and Synthesis , P.S. 1996 . purification, and tumor cell uptake of 67Ga-deferoxamine-folate, a potential radiopharmaceutical for tumor imaging . Bioconj. Chem. , 7 : 56 – 62 .
- Liu , M. , Xu , W.L. , Zhong , G. , Che , S. and Lu , W. 2005 . Synthesis and biological evaluation of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-polyethylene glycol-folate: a new folate-derived, 99mTc-based radiopharmaceutical . Bioconj. Chem. , 16 : 1126 – 1132 .
- Park , T.G. and Yoo , H.S. 2004 . Folate-receptor targeted delivery of doxorubicin nano-aggregates stabilized by doxorubicin-peg-folate conjugate . J. Contr. Release , 100 : 247 – 256 .
- Wei , W.-H. , Fountain , M. , Magda , D. , Wang , Z. , Lecane , P. , Meslin , M. , Miles , D. and Sessler , J.L. 2005 . Gadolinium texaphrin-methotrexate conjugates. Towards improved cancer themotherapeutic agents. . Org. Biomol. Chem. , 3 : 3290 – 3296 .
- Ciapetti , G. , Granchi , D. , Verri , E. , Savarino , L. and Cavedagna , D. 1996 . Application of a combination of neutral red and amido black staining for rapid, reliable cytotoxicity testing of biomaterials . Biomaterials , 17 : 1259 – 1264 .
- http://www4.gelifesciences.com/aptrix/upp00919.nsf/Content/LabSep_AKTA∼design∼Auto
- Guo , W. , Hinkle , G.H. and Lee , R.J. 1999 . 99mTc-HYNIC-Foate: A novel receptor-based targeted radiopharmaceutical for tumor imaging . J. Nucl. Med. , 40 : 1563 – 1571 .
- Tadayoni , B.M. , Friden , P.M. , Walus , L.R. and Musso Synthesis , G.F. 1993 . in Vitro Kinetics, and in Vivo Studies of Protein Conjugates of AZT: Evaluation as a Transport System To Increase Brain Delivery . Bioconj. Chem. , 4 : 139 – 145 .
- Berezovskaya , Y.V. , Chudinov , M.V. and Yurkevich , A.M. 2003 . Optimization of antiviral prodrug properties using combinatorial methods . Nucleosides, Nucleotides Nucleic Acids , 22 : 837
- Arano , Y. , Wakisaka , K. , Ohmono , Y. , Uezono , T. , Akizawa , H. , Nakayama , M. , Sakahara , H. , Tanaka , C. , Konishi , J. and Yokoyama , A. 1996 . Assessment of radiochemical design of antibodies using an ester bond as the metabolizable linkage: Evaluation of maleimidoethyl-3-(tri-n-butylstannyl)hippurate as a radioiodination reagent of antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic applications . Bioconj. Chem. , 7 : 628 – 637 .