Neuroimaging Techniques for Memory Detection: Scientific, Ethical, and Legal Issues

REFERENCES

• Allen , J. J. 2002 . The role of psychophysiology in clinical assessment: ERPs in the evaluation of memory . Psychophysiology , 39 ( 3 ) : 261 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , J. J. , Iacono , W. G. and Danielson , K. D. 1992 . The identification of concealed memories using the event-related potential and implicit behavioral measures: a methodology for prediction in the face of individual differences . Psychophysiology , 29 ( 5 ) : 504 – 522 .
   Google Scholar
• Bashore , T. R. and Rapp , P. E. 1993 . Are there alternatives to traditional polygraph procedures? . Psychological Bulletin , 113 ( 1 ) : 3 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley , P. , Vuilleumier , P. , Thiel , C. M. , Driver , J. and Dolan , R. J. 2003 . Effects of attention and emotion on repetition priming and their modulation by cholinergic enhancement . Journal of Neurophysiology , 90 ( 2 ) : 1171 – 1181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridson , N. C. , Fraser , C. S. , Herron , J. E. and Wilding , E. L. 2006 . Electrophysiological correlates of familiarity in recognition memory and exclusion tasks . Brain Research , 1114 ( 1 ) : 149 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Brunet , A. , Orr , S. P. , Tremblay , J. , Robertson , K. , Nader , K. and Pitman , R. K. 2007 . Effect of post-retrieval propranolol on psychophysiologic responding during subsequent script-driven traumatic imagery in post-traumatic stress disorder . Journal of Psychiatric Research ,
   Google Scholar
• Buller , T. 2005 . Can we scan for truth in a society of liars? . American Journal of Bioethics , 5 ( 2 ) : 58 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cave , C. B. 1997 . Very long-lasting priming in picture naming . Psychological Science , 8 ( 4 ) : 322 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran , T. 2004 . Effects of attention and confidence on the hypothesized ERP correlates of recollection and familiarity . Neuropsychologia , 42 ( 8 ) : 1088 – 1106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran , T. and Cleary , A. M. 2003 . Using ERPs to dissociate recollection from familiarity in picture recognition . Cognitive Brain Research , 15 ( 2 ) : 191 – 205 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Curran , T. and Friedman , W. J. 2004 . ERP old/new effects at different retention intervals in recency discrimination tasks . Cognitive Brain Research , 18 ( 2 ) : 107 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Czernochowski , D. , Mecklinger , A. , Johansson , M. and Brinkmann , M. 2005 . Age-related differences in familiarity and recollection: ERP evidence from a recognition memory study in children and young adults . Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience , 5 ( 4 ) : 417 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daselaar , S. M. , Fleck , M. S. and Cabeza , R. 2006 . Triple dissociation in the medial temporal lobes: recollection, familiarity, and novelty . Journal of Neurophysiology , 96 ( 4 ) : 1902 – 1911 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1993 . Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals. United States Supreme Court, 509 U.S. 579
   Google Scholar
• Doyère , V. , Debiec , J. , Monfils , M. H. , Schafe , G. E. and LeDoux , J. E. 2007 . Synapse-specific reconsolidation of distinct fear memories in the lateral amygdala . Nature Neuroscience , 10 ( 4 ) : 414 – 416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Düzel , E. , Vargha-Khadem , F. , Heinze , H. J. and Mishkin , M. 2001 . Brain activity evidence for recognition without recollection after early hippocampal damage . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 98 ( 14 ) : 8101 – 8106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dywan , J. , Segalowitz , S. and Arsenault , A. 2002 . Electrophysiological response during source memory decisions in older and younger adults . Brain and Cognition , 49 ( 3 ) : 322 – 340 .
   Google Scholar
• Eger , E. , Henson , R. N. , Driver , J. and Dolan , R. J. 2004 . BOLD repetition decreases in object-responsive ventral visual areas depend on spatial attention . Journal of Neurophysiology , 92 ( 2 ) : 1241 – 1247 .
   Google Scholar
• 2004 . Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind Focus Features
   Google Scholar
• Farwell , L. A. and Donchin , E. 1991 . The truth will out: interrogative polygraphy (“lie detection”) with event-related brain potentials . Psychophysiology , 28 ( 5 ) : 531 – 547 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , D. and Johnson , R. 2000 . Event-related potential (ERP) studies of memory encoding and retrieval: a selective review . Microscopy Research and Technique , 51 ( 1 ) : 6 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1923 . Frye v. United States. District of Columbia Court of Appeals, 293 F. 1013
   Google Scholar
• Garland , B. and Glimcher , P. W. 2006 . Cognitive neuroscience and the law . Current Opinion in Neurobiology , 16 ( 2 ) : 130 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Grill-Spector , K. , Henson , R. and Martin , A. 2006 . Repetition and the brain: neural models of stimulus-specific effects . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 10 ( 1 ) : 14 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2000 . Harrington v. State of Iowa. Pottawattamie County District Court, case number PCCV073247
   Google Scholar
• Henson , R. N. 2003 . Neuroimaging studies of priming . Progress in Neurobiology , 70 ( 1 ) : 53 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henson , R. N. , Rugg , M. D. , Shallice , T. , Josephs , O. and Dolan , R. J. 1999 . Recollection and familiarity in recognition memory: An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study . Journal of Neuroscience , 19 ( 10 ) : 3962 – 3972 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henson , R. N. , Shallice , T. , Gorno-Tempini , M. L. and Dolan , R. J. 2002 . Face repetition effects in implicit and explicit memory tests as measured by fMRI . Cerebral Cortex , 12 ( 2 ) : 178 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herron , J. E. and Rugg , M. D. 2003 . Strategic influences on recollection in the exclusion task: electrophysiological evidence . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 10 ( 3 ) : 703 – 710 .
   Google Scholar
• Illes , J. 2004 . A fish story? Brain maps, lie detection, and personhood . Cerebrum: The Dana Forum on Brain Science , 6 ( 4 ) : 73 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• 2004 . Innovation: Brain Fingerprinting , New York : Thirteen/WNET .
   Google Scholar
• Jacoby , L. L. 1991 . A process dissociation framework: separating automatic from intentional uses of memory . Journal of Memory and Language , 30 ( 5 ) : 513 – 541 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , R. Jr. , Barnhardt , J. and Zhu , J. 2003 . The deceptive response: effects of response conflict and strategic monitoring on the late positive component and episodic memory-related brain activity . Biological Psychology , 64 ( 3 ) : 217 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Koutstaal , W. , Wagner , A. D. , Rotte , M. , Maril , A. , Buckner , R. L. and Schacter , D. L. 2001 . Perceptual specificity in visual object priming: functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a laterality difference in fusiform cortex . Neuropsychologia , 39 ( 2 ) : 184 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mecklinger , A. 2006 . Electrophysiological measures of familiarity memory . Clinical EEG and Neuroscience , 37 ( 4 ) : 292 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Meister , I. G. , Weidemann , J. Foltys , H. 2005 . The neural correlate of very-long-term picture priming . European Journal of Neuroscience , 21 ( 4 ) : 1101 – 1106 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , A. R. , Rosenfeld , J. P. , Soskins , M. and Jhee , M. 2002 . P300 amplitude and topography in an autobiographical oddball paradigm involving simulated amnesia . Journal of Psychophysiology , 16 ( 1 ) : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , D. B. 2006 . Nonconscious priming after 17 years: invulnerable implicit memory? . Psychological Science , 17 ( 11 ) : 925 – 929 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moenssens , A. A. 2002 . Brain Fingerprinting: can it be used to detect the innocence of persons charged with a crime? . UMKC Law Review , 70 ( 4 ) : 891 – 920 .
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 2003 . The polygraph and lie detection , Washington, D. C. : The National Academies Press . Committee to Review the Scientific Evidence on the Polygraph. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
   Google Scholar
• Orwell , G. 1949 . Nineteen Eighty-Four: A Novel (Reprint, Markham, Ontario Penguin Books Canada, 1975)
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , H. 2006 . Lure of lie detectors spooks ethicists . Nature , 441 ( 7096 ) : 918 – 919 .
   Google Scholar
• Pitman , R. K. , Sanders , K. M. Zusman , R. M. 2002 . Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol . Biological Psychiatry , 51 ( 2 ) : 189 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polich , J. and Kok , A. 1995 . Cognitive and biological determinants of P300: an integrative review . Biological Psychology , 41 ( 2 ) : 103 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld , J. P. 2005 . ‘Brain Fingerprinting’: a critical analysis . The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice , 4 ( 1 ) : 20 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld , J. P. , Biroschak , J. R. and Furedy , J. J. 2006 . P300-based detection of concealed autobiographical versus incidentally acquired information in target and non-target paradigms . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 60 ( 3 ) : 251 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld , J. P. , Cantwell , B. , Nasman , V. T. , Wojdac , V. , Ivanov , S. and Mazzeri , L. 1988 . A modified, event-related potential-based guilty knowledge test . International Journal of Neuroscience , 42 ( 1–2 ) : 157 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld , J. P. , Rao , A. , Soskins , M. and Miller , A. R. 2003 . Scaled P300 scalp distribution correlates of verbal deception in an autobiographical oddball paradigm: control for task demand . Journal of Psychophysiology , 17 ( 1 ) : 14 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld , J. P. , Shue , E. and Singer , E. 2007 . Single versus multiple probe blocks of P300-based concealed information tests for self-referring versus incidentally obtained information . Biological Psychology , 74 ( 3 ) : 396 – 404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld , J. P. , Soskins , M. , Bosh , G. and Ryan , A. 2004 . Simple, effective countermeasures to P300-based tests of detection of concealed information . Psychophysiology , 41 ( 2 ) : 205 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rugg , M. D. , Allan , K. and Birch , C. S. 2000 . Electrophysiological evidence for the modulation of retrieval orientation by depth of study processing . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 12 ( 4 ) : 664 – 678 .
   Google Scholar
• Rugg , M. D. , Mark , R. E. , Walla , P. , Schloerscheidt , A. M. , Birch , C. S. and Allan , K. 1998 . Dissociation of the neural correlates of implicit and explicit memory . Nature , 392 ( 6676 ) : 595 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rugg , M. D. and Yonelinas , A. P. 2003 . Human recognition memory: a cognitive neuroscience perspective . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 7 ( 7 ) : 313 – 319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schacter , D. L. 2001 . The Seven Sins of Memory , New York : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Schacter , D. L. , Dobbins , I. G. and Schnyer , D. M. 2004 . Specificity of priming: a cognitive neuroscience perspective . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 5 ( 11 ) : 853 – 862 .
   Google Scholar
• Schloerscheidt , A. M. and Rugg , M. D. 2004 . The impact of change in stimulus format on the electrophysiological indices of recognition . Neuropsychologia , 42 ( 4 ) : 451 – 466 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sententia , W. 2001 . Brain Fingerprinting: databodies to databrains . Journal of Cognitive Liberty , 2 ( 3 ) : 31 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Spencer , K. M. , Vila , A. E. and Donchin , E. 2000 . On the search for the neurophysiological manifestation of recollective experience . Psychophysiology , 37 ( 4 ) : 494 – 506 .
   Google Scholar
• Tardif , H. P. , Barry , R. J. , Fox , A. M. and Johnstone , S. J. 2000 . Detection of feigned recognition memory impairment using the old/new effect of the event-related potential . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 36 ( 1 ) : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsivilis , D. , Otten , L. J. and Rugg , M. D. 2001 . Context effects on the neural correlates of recognition memory: an electrophysiological study . Neuron , 31 ( 3 ) : 497 – 505 .
   Google Scholar
• United States General Accounting Office . 2001 . Federal Agency Views on the Potential Application of “Brain Fingerprinting” GAO-02–22
   Google Scholar
• van Hooff , J. C. 2005 . The influence of encoding intention on electrophysiological indices of recognition memory . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 56 ( 1 ) : 25 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• van Hooff , J. C. , Brunia , C. H. and Allen , J. J. 1996 . Event-related potentials as indirect measures of recognition memory . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 21 ( 1 ) : 15 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• van Hooff , J. C. and Golden , S. 2002 . Validation of an event-related potential memory assessment procedure: Effects of incidental and intentional learning . Journal of Psychophysiology , 16 ( 1 ) : 12 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• van Turennout , M. , Bielamowicz , L. and Martin , A. 2003 . Modulation of neural activity during object naming: effects of time and practice . Cerebral Cortex , 13 ( 4 ) : 381 – 391 .
   Google Scholar
• van Turennout , M. , Ellmore , T. and Martin , A. 2000 . Long-lasting cortical plasticity in the object naming system . Nature Neuroscience , 3 ( 12 ) : 1329 – 1334 .
   Google Scholar
• Vuilleumier , P. , Henson , R. N. , Driver , J. and Dolan , R. J. 2002 . Multiple levels of visual object constancy revealed by event-related fMRI of repetition priming . Nature Neuroscience , 5 ( 5 ) : 491 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuilleumier , P. , Schwartz , S. , Duhoux , S. , Dolan , R. J. and Driver , J. 2005 . Selective attention modulates neural substrates of repetition priming and “implicit” visual memory: suppressions and enhancements revealed by fMRI . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 17 ( 8 ) : 1245 – 1260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggs , C. L. and Martin , A. 1998 . Properties and mechanisms of perceptual priming . Current Opinion in Neurobiology , 8 ( 2 ) : 227 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolk , D. A. , Schacter , D. L. Lygizos , M. 2006 . ERP correlates of recognition memory: effects of retention interval and false alarms . Brain Research , 1096 ( 1 ) : 148 – 162 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolpe , P. R. , Foster , K. R. and Langleben , D. D. 2005 . Emerging neurotechnologies for lie-detection: promises and perils . American Journal of Bioethics , 5 ( 2 ) : 39 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi , D. J. and Chun , M. M. 2005 . Attentional modulation of learning-related repetition attenuation effects in human parahippocampal cortex . Journal of Neuroscience , 25 ( 14 ) : 3593 – 3600 .
   Google Scholar
• Yi , D. J. , Kelley , T. A. , Marois , R. and Chun , M. M. 2006 . Attentional modulation of repetition attenuation is anatomically dissociable for scenes and faces . Brain Research , 1080 ( 1 ) : 53 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Yonelinas , A. P. 2002 . The nature of recollection and familiarity: a review of 30 years of research . Journal of Memory and Language , 46 ( 3 ) : 441 – 517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yonelinas , A. P. , Otten , L. J. , Shaw , K. N. and Rugg , M. D. 2005 . Separating the brain regions involved in recollection and familiarity in recognition memory . Journal of Neuroscience , 25 ( 11 ) : 3002 – 3008 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar