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Open Peer Commentaries

Ethical Human-Research Protections: Not Universal and Not Uniform

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Pages 21-22 | Published online: 05 Dec 2008

REFERENCES

  • Code of Federal Regulations . 2006b . Title 45 Part 46
  • Code of Federal Regulations . 2006b . Title 45 Part 46.102(d)
  • Department of Health, Education, and Welfare . 1979 . Available at: http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.htm Belmont Report (accessed October 16, 2008)
  • Emanuel , E. J. , Wendler , D. and Grady , C. 2000 . What makes clinical research ethical? . Journal of the American Medical Association , 283 : 2701 – 2711 .
  • Emanuel , E. J. , Wendler , D. Killen , J. 2004 . What makes clinical research in developing countries ethical? The benchmarks of ethical research . Journal of Infectious Diseases , 189 : 930 – 937 .
  • Emanuel , E. J. , Wendler , D. and Grady , C. 2008 . “ An ethical framework for biomedical research ” . In The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics , Edited by: Emanuel , E. J. 123 – 135 . New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
  • Maryland Laws . 2002 . Chapter 552, Enhancing Health-General Article Title 13, Subtitle 20
  • The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research . The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research , Washington, D.C. : Department of Health Education and Welfare . Available: http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.htm DHEW Publication OS 78-0012 1978 (accessed October 16, 2008)
  • 2004 . Moral standards for research in developing countries: From ‘reasonable availability’ to ‘fair benefits’ . Hastings Center Report , 34 ( 3 ) : 17 – 27 . Participants in the 2001 Conference on Ethical Aspects of Research in Developing Countries
  • President and Fellows of Harvard College . 2003 . Use of Human Subjects in Research Available at: http://www.provost.harvard.edu/policies_guidelines/human_subjects.php (accessed October 16, 2008)
  • Wertheimer , A. 1996 . Exploitation , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .

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