The Porosity of Autonomy: Social and Biological Constitution of the Patient in Biomedicine

REFERENCES

• Abbott, A. 2016. Scientists bust the myth that our bodies have more bacteria than human cells. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19136
   Google Scholar
• Akabayashi, A., and Y. Hayashi. 2014. Informed consent revisited. In The future of bioethics: International dialogues, ed. A. Akabayashi, 735–49. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alfano, M. 2013. Character as a moral fiction, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bäckhed, F., R. E. Ley, J. L. Sonnenburg, D. A. Peterson, and J. I. Gordon. 2005. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 307(1915): 1915–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baier, A. 1981. Cartesian persons. Philosophia 10(3–4): 169–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banaji, M., and A. Greenwald. 2013. Blind spot—Hidden biases of good people. New York, NY: Delacorte Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bapteste, E., and J. Dupré. 2013. Towards a processual microbial ontology. Biology and Philosophy 28 (2):379–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargh, J. 1999. Cognitive monster: The case against the controllability of automatic stereotype effects. In Dual-process theories in social psychology, ed. S. Chaiken and Y. Trope, 361–82. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barclay, L. 2000. Autonomy and the social self. In Relational autonomy, ed. C. MacKenzie and N. Stoljar, 52–71. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, T. L., and J. F. Childress. 2013. Principles of biomedical ethics, 7th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bohannan, B. 2013. The human body as an ecosystem. TEDx talk. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dfy2qYfUWE0.
   Google Scholar
• Bravo, J. A., P. Forsythe, M. V. Chew, E. Escaravage, H. M. Savignac, T. G. Dinan, J. Bienenstock, and J. F. Cryan. 2011. Ingestion of Lactobacillus Strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in mouse via the vague nerve. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(38): 16050–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callahan, D. 2013. Obesity chasing an elusive epidemic. Hasting Center Report 43(1): 34–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC.gov. 2014. Tuskegee study: Timeline. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm (accessed November 14, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Childress, J. F. 1990. The place of autonomy in bioethics. Hastings Center Report January/February: 12–17.
   Google Scholar
• Christman, J. 2004. Relational autonomy, liberal individualism, and the social constitution of selves. Philosophical Studies 117:143–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christman, J. 2009. The politics of persons: Individual autonomy and socio-historical selves. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Christman, J. 2014. Relational autonomy and the social dynamics of paternalism. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 17:369–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, E. 2011. The problem of biological individuality. Biological Theory 5(4): 312–25.
   Google Scholar
• Code, L. 2006. Ecological thinking: The politics of epistemic location. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Costello, E. K., K. Stagaman, L. Dethlefsen, B. J. Bohannan, and D. A. Relman. 2012. The application of ecological theory toward an understanding of the human microbiome. Science 336:1255–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cryan, J. F., and T. Dinan. 2012. Mind-altering microorganisms: The impact of the gut microbiota on the brain and behavior. Nature Neuroscience 13:701–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cryan, J. F., and S. M. O'Mahony. 2011. The microbiome-gut-brain-axis: From bowel to behavior. Neurogastroenterology and Motility 23:187–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennett, D. 1992. The self as a center of narrative gravity. In Self and consciousness: Multiple perspectives, ed. F. Kessel, P. Cole, and D. Johnson, 275–88, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Donchin, A. 2000. Autonomy and interdependence: Quandries in genetic decision-making. In Relational autonomy, ed. C. MacKenzie and N. Stoljar, 236–58. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dupré, J. 2008. The constituents of life. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum.
   Google Scholar
• Dupré, J. 2012. Processes of life: Essays in the philosophy of biology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dupré, J., and M. O'Malley. 2007. Metagenomics and biological ontology. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biology & Biomedical Science 38:834–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dupré, J., and M. O'Malley. 2010. The metagenomic world-view: A comment on Eric T. Juengst's ‘Metagenomic metaphors’. In New visions of nature—Complexity and authenticity, ed. M. Drenthen, J. Keulartz, and J. Proctor, 147–53. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Foster, J. A., and K. A. Neufeld. 2013. Gut–brain axis: How the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends in Neurosciences 36(5): 305–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, S., J. Sapp, and A. Tauber. 2013. A symbiotic view of life: We have never been individuals. Quarterly Review of Biology 87(4): 325–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, J., R. E. Ley, R. Wilson, E. Mardis, J. Xu, C. M. Fraser, and D. A. Relman. 2005. Extending our view of self: The human gut microbiome initiative. Available at: http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Research/Sequencing/SeqProposals/HGMISeq.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, J. I., and T. R. Klaenhammer. 2011. A rendezvous with our microbes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(1): 4513–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haidt, J. 2012. The righteous mind, Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hari Dass, S. A., and A. Vyas. 2014. Toxoplasma gondii infection reduces predator aversion in rats through epigenetic modulation in the host medial amygdala, Molecular Ecology online. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hehemann, J.-H., G. Correc, T. Barbeyron, W. Helbert, M. Czjzek, and G. Michel. 2010. Transfer of carbohydrate-active enzymes from marine bacteria to apanese gut microbiota. Nature 464(April 8): 908–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Held, V. 2006. The ethics of care: Personal, political, global. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hertzman, C. 2006. The biological embedding of early experience and its effects on health in adulthood. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 896:85–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hertzman, C., and T. Boyce. 2010. How experience gets under the skin to create gradients in developmental health. Annual Review of Public Health 31:329–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurd, P. 2010. The era of epigenetics. Briefings in Functional Genomics 9(5–6): 425–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joffe, S., M. Manocchia, J. C. Weeks, and P. D. Cleary. 2003. What do patients value in their hospital care? An empirical perspective on autonomy centred bioethics. Journal of Medical Ethics 29:103–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juengst, E. 2009. Metagenomic metaphors: New images of the human from ‘Translational’ genomic research. In New visions of nature—Complexity and authenticity, ed. M. Drenthen, J. Keulartz, and J. Proctor, 129–45. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Keim, B. 2010. Gut bacteria give super seaweed-digestion power to Japanese. Wired. Available at: http://www.wired.com/2010/04/sushi-guts/.
   Google Scholar
• Kittay, E. F. 1999. Love's labor: Essays on women, equality and dependency. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kurokawa, K., T. Itoh, T. Kuwahara, et al. 2007. Comparative metagenomics revealed commonly enriched gene sets in human gut microbiomes. DNA Research 14:169–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lema, S. C. 2014. The ethical implications of organism–environment interdependency. Environmental Ethics 36:151–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, R. J. 1975. The nature and definition of informed consent in various research settings. Belmont Report Appendix I, 3–1–3–91. Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Lewontin, R. C. 2000. The triple helix: Gene, organism and environment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ley, R. E., P. J. Turnbaugh, S. Klain, and J. I. Gordon. 2006. Human gut microbes linked to obesity. Nature 444:1022–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, P., D. C. Thomasma, J. Bergsma. 1994. Intercultural reasoning: The challenge for international bioethics. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 3(3): 321–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, C., and N. Stoljar, eds. 2000. Relational autonomy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, E., R. Knight, S. Mazmanian, J. Cryan, and K. Tillisch. 2014. Gut microbes and the brain: Paradigm shift in neuroscience. Journal of Neuroscience 34(46): 15490–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod, C., and S. Sherwin. 2000. Relational autonomy, self-trust, and health care for patients who are oppressed. In Relational autonomy, ed. C. MacKenzie and N. Stoljar, 259–79. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. 1978a. The Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. DHEW Publication No. (OS) 78–0012. Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. 1978b. The Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research: Appendix Volume 1. DHEW Publication No. (OS) 78–0013. Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Nature. 2008. Editorial: Who are we? Nature 453(7195): 563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nedelsky, J. 2011. Law's relations: A relational theory of self, autonomy, and law. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nedelsky, J. 1989. Reconceiving autonomy: Sources, thoughts and possibilities. Yale Journal of Law and Feminism 1(7): 7–36.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, M. E. J., and M. M. Andersen. 2014. Should we hold the obese responsible? Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 23:443–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Malley, M. 2014. Philosophy of microbiology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• O'Malley, M., and J. Dupré. 2007. Size does not matter: Towards a more inclusive philosophy of biology. Biology and Philosophy 22:155–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Malley, M., and J. Dupré. 2010. Philosophical themes in metagenomics. In Metagenomics: Theory, methods and applications. ed. D. Marco, 183–209. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oyama, S. 2000. The ontogeny of information: Developmental systems and evolution, 2nd ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oyama, S., P. E. Griffiths, and R. D. Gray. 2001. Cycles of contingency: Developmental systems and evolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pettit, P. 2011. Group agency: The possibility, design, and status of corporate agents. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pettit, P. 1989. Consequentialism and respect for persons, Ethics 100(1): 124–26.
   Google Scholar
• Ravel, J., M. J. Blaser, J. Braun, et al. 2014. Human microbiome science: Visions for the future, Bethesda, MD, July 24 to 26, 2013. Microbiome 2(16): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2049-2618-2-16.
   Google Scholar
• Relman, D. 2012. The human microbiome: Ecosystem resilience and health. Nutrition Reviews 70(Suppl.1): S2–S9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rhodes, R., N. Gligorov, and A. P. Schwab. 2013. The human microbiome: Ethical, legal and social concerns. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ridaura, V. K., J. J. Faith, F. E. Rey, et al. 2013. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Science 341(6150): 1241214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1241214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert, J. S. 2006. Embryology, epigenesis, and evolution: Taking developmental seriously. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sherwin, S. 2000. A relational approach to autonomy in health care. In Readings in health care ethics, ed. E. Boetzkes and W. Waluchow, 69–87. Peterborough, ON, Canada: Broadview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sleator, R. 2010. The human superorganism of microbes and men. Medical Hypotheses 74(2): 214–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E. R., and E. C. Collins. 2009. Dual-process models: A social psychological perspective. In Two minds: Dual processes and beyond, ed. J. St., B. T. Evans, and K., Frankish, 197–216. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Subramanian, S., S. Huq, T. Yatsunenko, et al. 2014. Persistent gut microbiota immaturity in malnourished Bangladeshi children. Nature 510:417–21. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoljar, N. 2013. Feminist perspectives on autonomy. In Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, ed. E. Zalta, Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/feminism-autonomy.
   Google Scholar
• Tuana, N. 2007. Viscous porosity: Witnessing Katrina. In Material feminisms, ed. S. Hekman and S. Alaimo, 188–213. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Turnbaugh, P. J., R. E. Ley, M. A. Mahowald, V. Magrini, E. R. Mardis, and J. I. Gordon. 2006. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444:1027–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veatch, R. 1976. Three theories of informed consent: Philosophical foundations and policy implications. Belmont Report Appendix II, 26–1–26–66. Washington DC.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, S. 2013. The other microbiome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1300923110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, R. 2005. Genes and the agents of life: The individual in the fragile sciences: Biology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, R., and M. Barker. 2013. The biological notion of individual. In Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biology-individual/
   Google Scholar
• Xu, J., and J. Gordon. 2003. Honor thy symbionts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(18): 10452–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar