References
- Amin, A., Kågesten, A., Adebayo, E., & Chandra-Mouli, V. (2018). Addressing gender socialization and masculinity norms among adolescent boys: Policy and programmatic implications. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(3), 53–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.022
- Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice-Hall.
- Bank, B. J., & Hansford, S. L. (2000). Gender and friendship: Why are men’s best same-sex friendships less intimate and supportive? Personal Relationships, 7(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2000.tb00004.x
- Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(2), 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036215
- Bowman, J. M. (2008). Gender role orientation and relational closeness: Self-disclosive behavior in same-sex male friendships. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 16(3), 316–330. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1603.316
- Buchanan, C. M., Maccoby, E. E., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Caught between parents: Adolescents’ experience in divorced homes. Child Development, 62(5), 1008–1029. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131149
- Burleson, B. R., Holmstrom, A. J., & Gilstrap, C. M. (2005). “Guys can’t say that to guys”: Four experiments assessing the normative motivation account for deficiencies in the emotional support provided by men. Communication Monographs, 72(4), 468–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750500322636
- Burn, S. M., & Ward, A. Z. (2005). Men’s conformity to traditional masculinity and relational satisfaction. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6(4), 254–263. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.6.4.254
- Cissna, K. N., & Sieburg, E. (1981). Patterns of interactional confirmation and disconfirmation. In C. Wilder-Mott & J. H. Weakland (Eds.), Rigor and imagination: Essays from the legacy of Gregory Bateson (pp. 253–282). Praeger.
- Cox, D. W., & O’Loughlin, J. (2017). Posttraumatic stress mediates traditional masculinity ideology and romantic relationship satisfaction in veteran men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 18(4), 382–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000067
- Curran, T. M., & Yoshimura, S. M. (2016). Mother-child reports of affectionate communication with fathers: Associations with family satisfaction and life satisfaction. Communication Reports, 29(3), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2016.1170171
- Dailey, R. M. (2006). Confirmation in parent-adolescent relationships and adolescent openness: Toward extending confirmation theory. Communication Monographs, 73(4), 434–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750601055432
- Dailey, R. M. (2008). Parental challenge: Developing and validating a measure of how parents challenge their adolescents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(4), 643–669. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407508093784
- Dailey, R. M. (2009). Confirmation from family members: Parent and sibling contributions to adolescent psychosocial adjustment. Western Journal of Communication, 73(3), 273–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310903082032
- Dailey, R. M. (2010). Testing components of confirmation: How acceptance and challenge from mothers, fathers, and siblings are related to adolescent self-concept. Communication Monographs, 77(4), 592–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2010.499366
- Duckworth, J. D., & Buzzanell, P. M. (2009). Constructing work-life balance and fatherhood: Men’s framing of the meanings of both work and family. Communication Studies, 60(5), 558–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970903260392
- Ellis, K. (2002). Perceived parental confirmation: Development and validation of an instrument. Southern Communication Journal, 67(4), 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/10417940209373242
- Floyd, K. (2002). Human affection exchange: V. Attributes of the highly affectionate. Communication Quarterly, 50(2), 135–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370209385653
- Floyd, K. (2006). Communicating affection: Interpersonal behavior and social context. Cambridge University Press.
- Floyd, K. (2016). Affection deprivation is associated with physical pain and poor sleep quality. Communication Studies, 67(4), 379–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2016.1205641
- Floyd, K., Hess, J. A., Miczo, L. A., Halone, K. K., Mikkelson, A. C., & Tusing, K. J. (2005). Human affection exchange: VIII. Further evidence of the benefits of expressed affection. Communication Quarterly, 53(3), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370500101071
- Floyd, K., & Morman, M. T. (1998). The measurement of affectionate communication. Communication Quarterly, 46(2), 144–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463379809370092
- Gilbert, M. A., Giaccardi, S., & Ward, L. M. (2018). Contributions of game genre and masculinity ideologies to associations between video game play and men’s risk-taking behavior. Media Psychology, 21(3), 437–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2018.1450153
- Hamilton, C. J., & Mahalik, J. R. (2009). Minority stress, masculinity, and social norms predicting gay men’s health risk behaviors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014440
- Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
- Hayes, A. F., Montoya, A. K., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017). The analysis of mechanisms and their contingencies: PROCESS versus structural equation modeling. Australasian Marketing Journal, 25(1), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2017.02.001
- Hesse, C., & Floyd, K. (2019). Affection substitution: The effect of pornography consumption on close relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(11–12), 3887–3907. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519841719
- Hesse, C., Floyd, K., Rains, S., Mikkelson, A., Pauley, P., Woo, N., Custer, B., & Duncan, K. (2020). Affectionate communication and health: A meta-analysis. Communication Monographs, 1–25. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2020.1805480
- Hesse, C., Mikkelson, A. C., & Saracco, S. (2018). Parent-child affection and helicopter parenting: Exploring the concept of excessive affection. Western Journal of Communication, 82(4), 457–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2017.1362705
- Huston, T. L., McHale, S., & Crouter, A. C. (1986). When the honeymoon’s over: Changes in the marriage relationship over the first year. In R. Gilmour & S. Duck (Eds.), The emerging field of personal relationships (pp. 109–132). Erlbaum.
- Illouz, E. (2008). Saving the modern soul: Therapy, emotions, and the culture of self-help. University of California Press.
- Johansson, T. (2011). Fatherhood in transition: Paternity leave and changing masculinities. Journal of Family Communication, 11(3), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2011.561137
- Kaplan, D., Rosenmann, A., & Shuhendler, S. (2017). What about nontraditional masculinities? Toward a quantitative model of therapeutic new masculinity ideology. Men and Masculinities, 20(4), 393–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X16634797
- Karre, J. K. (2016). Gender-based attitudes and father involvement: Amount, assessment, and desires for more. Fathering, 13(3), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.3149/fth.1303.231
- Klann, E. M., Wong, Y. J., & Rydell, R. J. (2018). Firm father figures: A moderated mediation model of perceived authoritarianism and the intergenerational transmission of gender messages from fathers to sons. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(4), 500–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000296
- Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford.
- Lawson, K. M., Crouter, A. C., & McHale, S. M. (2015). Links between family gender socialization experiences in childhood and gendered occupational attainment in young adulthood. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 90(1), 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.07.003
- Levant, R. F. (1992). Toward the reconstruction of masculinity. Journal of Family Psychology, 5(3–4), 379–402. https://doi.org/10.1037//0893-3200.5.3–4.379
- Levant, R. F., Webster, B. A., Stanley, J. T., & Thompson, E. H. (2019). The aging men’s masculinity ideologies inventory (AMMII): Dimensionality, variance composition, measurement invariance by gender, and validity. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 21(1), 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000208
- Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 151–173. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1
- Little, T. D., Rhemtulla, M., Gibson, K., & Shoemann, A. M. (2013). Why the items versus parcels controversy needn’t be one. Psychological Methods, 18(3), 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033266
- Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B. D., Ludlow, L. H., Diemer, M. A., Scott, R. P. J., Gottfried, M., & Freitas, G. (2003). Development of the conformity to masculine norms inventory. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 4(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.3
- Mahalik, J. R., Talmadge, W. T., Locke, B. D., & Scott, R. P. J. (2005). Using the conformity to masculine norms inventory to work with men in a clinical setting. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 661–674. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20101
- Mansson, D. H., & Sigurðardóttir, A. G. (2017). Trait affection given and received: A test of Hofstede’s theoretical framework. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 46(2), 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2017.1292944
- Marshall, T. C. (2008). Cultural differences in intimacy: The influence of gender-role ideology and individualism-collectivism. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(2), 143–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407507086810
- Morman, M. T., & Floyd, K. (1999). Affectionate communication between fathers and young adult sons: Individual and relational level correlates. Communication Studies, 50(4), 294–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510979909388501
- Morman, M. T., & Floyd, K. (2002). A “changing culture of fatherhood”: Effects on affectionate communication, closeness, and satisfaction in men’s relationships with their fathers and their sons. Western Journal of Communication, 66(4), 395–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310209374746
- Morman, M. T., Schrodt, P., & Tornes, M. J. (2013). Self-disclosure mediates the effects of gender orientation and homophobia on the relationship quality of male same-sex friendships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(5), 582–605. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512463991
- Odenweller, K. G., Brann, M., Rittenour, C. E., & Myers, S. A. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of traditional and contemporary gender ideologies via father-son memorable messages. Communication Research Reports, 35(3), 232–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2018.1442823
- Odenweller, K. G., Rittenour, C. E., Myers, S. A., & Brann, M. (2013). Father-son family communication patterns and gender ideologies: A modeling and compensation analysis. Journal of Family Communication, 13(4), 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.823432
- Padgett, J. K. (2017). Mapping alternative masculinities: Development, validation, and latent profile analysis of a new masculinity measure [Master’s thesis]. University of Western Ontario. https://ir.lib.uwo/etd/4619
- Petts, R. J., Shafer, K. M., & Essig, L. (2018). Does adherence to masculine norms shape fathering behavior? Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(3), 704–720. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12476
- Phillips, K. E., & Schrodt, P. (2015). Sibling confirmation as a moderator of rivalries and relational outcomes in sibling relationships. Journal of Family Communication, 15(1), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2014.980825
- Ratele, K. (2015). Working through resistance in engaging boys and men towards gender equality and progressive masculinities. Culture, Health, & Sexuality, 17(sup2), 144–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2015.1048527
- Reilly, E. D., Rochlen, A. B., & Awad, G. H. (2014). Men’s self-compassion and self-esteem: The moderating roles of shame and masculine norm adherence. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031028
- Rittenour, C. E., Colaner, C. W., & Odenweller, K. G. (2014). Mothers’ identities and gender socialization of daughters. Southern Communication Journal, 79(3), 215–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2014.895408
- Roberts, S. (2013). Boys will be boys … won’t they? Change and continuities in contemporary young working-class masculinities. Sociology, 47(4), 671–686. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038512453791
- Rochlen, A. B., McKelley, R. A., Suizzo, M., & Scaringi, V. (2008). Predictors of relationship satisfaction, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction among stay-at-home fathers. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 9(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.9.1.17
- Schrodt, P. (2009). Family strength and satisfaction as functions of family communication environments. Communication Quarterly, 57(2), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370902881650
- Schrodt, P., & Ledbetter, A. M. (2012). Parental confirmation as a mitigator of feeling caught and family satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 19(1), 146–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01345.x
- Schrodt, P., Ledbetter, A. M., & Ohrt, J. K. (2007). Parental confirmation and affection as mediators of family communication patterns and children’s mental well-being. Journal of Family Communication, 7(1), 23–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267430709336667
- Schrodt, P., & Shimkowski, J. R. (2017). Family communication patterns and perceptions of coparental communication. Communication Reports, 30(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2015.1111400
- Starcher, S. C. (2015). Memorable messages from fathers to children through sports: Perspectives from sons and daughters. Communication Quarterly, 63(2), 204–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2015.1012221
- Wade, J. C., & Coughlin, P. (2012). Male reference group identity dependence, masculinity ideology, and relationship satisfaction in men’s heterosexual romantic relationships. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 13(4), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026278
- Woszidlo, A., & Kunkel, A. (2018). Social learning theory: An emphasis on modeling in parent-child relationships. In D. O. Braithwaite, E. A. Suter, & K. Floyd (Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication: Multiple perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 290–299). Routledge.
- Young, J. E., & Schrodt, P. (2016). Family communication patterns, parental modeling, and confirmation in romantic relationships. Communication Quarterly, 64(4), 454–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2015.1103297