References
- Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Erlbaum.
- Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46(4), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.333
- Andrew, A., Cattan, S., Costa Dias, M., Farquharson, C., Kraftman, L., Krutikova, S., & Sevilla, A. (2020). The gendered division of paid and domestic work under lockdown. Discussion Paper Series, No. 13500, 1–32. https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/13500/the-gendered-division-of-paid-and-domestic-work-under-lockdown
- Anthony, L. G., Anthony, B. J., Glanville, D. N., Naiman, D. Q., Waanders, C., & Shaffer, S. (2005). The relationships between parenting stress, parenting behaviour and preschoolers’ social competence and behaviour problems in the classroom. Infant and Child Development, 14(2), 133–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.385
- Balaž, B., Jelovčić, S., Kotrla Topić, M., Žitković, V., Merkaš, M., Perić, K., & Varga, V. (2020). Rezultati istraživanja “Korištenje digitalne tehnologije u obitelji” tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19 [The results of research „Challenges of digital technologies use in the family” during the Covid-19 pandemic]. https://www.bib.irb.hr/1099045
- Bandura, A. (1971). Social learning theory. General Learning Press.
- Bandura, A. (1997). The anatomy of stages of change. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12(1), 8–10. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.8
- Bariola, E., Gullone, E., & Hughes, E. K. (2011). Child and adolescent emotion regulation: The role of parental emotion regulation and expression. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(2), 198–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-011-0092-5
- Barr, R. (2019). Growing up in the digital age: Early learning and family media ecology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419838245
- Barr, R., Kirkorian, H., Radesky, J., Coyne, S., Nichols, D., Blanchfield, O., … Bellagamba, F. (2020). Beyond Screen Time: A synergistic approach to a more comprehensive assessment of family media exposure during early childhood. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01283
- Beamish, N., Fisher, J., & Rowe, H. (2019). Parents’ use of mobile computing devices, caregiving and the social and emotional development of children: A systematic review of the evidence. Australasian Psychiatry, 27(2), 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856218789764
- Belsky, J., & Barends, N. (2002). Personality and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Being and becoming a parent (pp. 415–438). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss v (Vol. 3 (1)). Random House.
- Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Volume II: Separation, anxiety and anger. The Hogarth press and the institute of psycho-analysis.
- Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1982.tb01456.x
- Brajša‐Žganec, A., Merkaš, M., & Šakić Velić, M. (2019). The relations of parental supervision parental school involvement, and child’s social competence with school achievement in primary school. Psychology in the Schools, 56(8), 1246–1258. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22273
- Bretherton, I. (1990). Communication patterns, internal working models, and the intergenerational transmission of attachment relationships. Infant Mental Health Journal, 11(3), 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(199023)11:3<237::AID-IMHJ2280110306>3.0.CO;2-X
- Burke, T. J., Woszidlo, A., & Segrin, C. (2013). The intergenerational transmission of social skills and psychosocial problems among parents and their young adult children. Journal of Family Communication, 13(2), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.768247
- Calkins, S. D. (2004). Early attachment processes and the development of emotional self-regulation. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (pp. 324–339). The Guilford Press.
- Carroll, N., Sadowski, A., Laila, A., Hruska, V., Nixon, M., Ma, D. W., & Haines, J. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on health behavior, stress, financial and food security among middle to high income Canadian families with young children. Nutrients, 12(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082352
- Chassiakos, Y. L. R., Radesky, J., Christakis, D., Moreno, M. A., & Cross, C. (2016). Children and adolescents and digital media. Pediatrics, 138(5), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2593
- Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2020). Correlates of maternal Emotional Stability: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. Personality and Individual Differences, 164(1), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110119
- Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (CPPRG). (1995). Psychometric properties of the Social Competence Scale – Teacher and parent ratings. Pennsylvania State University. (Fast Track Project Technical Report).
- Corrigan, A. (2002). Social Competence Scale – Parent Version, Grade 1/Year 2. (Fast Track Project Technical Report). Available from the Fast Track Project Web site. http://www.fasttrackproject.org
- Croatian Bureau of Statistics (2020a). Average monthly net and gross earnings of persons in paid employment for May 2020. https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/publication/2020/09-01-01_05_2020.htm
- Croatian Bureau of Statistics (2020b). Indicators of poverty and social exclusion, 2019. https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/publication/2020/14-01-01_01_2020.htm
- Dodge, K. A., & Murphy, R. R. (1984). The assessment of social competence in adolescents. Advances in Child Behavioral Analysis & Therapy, 3, 61–96.
- Drouin, M., McDaniel, B. T., Pater, J., & Toscos, T. (2020). How parents and their children used social media and technology at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and associations with anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 23(11), 727–736. ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0284
- Erzen, E., Odaci, H., & Yeniceri, I. (2019). Phubbing: Which personality traits are prone to phubbing? Social Science Computer Review, 20(10), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439319847415
- Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2004). Family communication patterns theory: Observations on its development and application. Journal of Family Communication, 4(3–4), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2004.9670129
- Fitzpatrick, M. A., & Ritchie, L. D. (1994). Communication schemata within the family: Multiple perspectives on family interaction. Human Communication Research, 20(3), 275–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1994.tb00324.x
- Gadaire, D. M., Henrich, C. C., & Finn-Stevenson, M. (2016). Longitudinal effects of parent–child interactions on children’s social competence. Research on Social Work Practice, 27(7), 767–778. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731516632592
- Gil De Zúñiga, H., Diehl, T., Huber, B., & Liu, J. (2017). Personality traits and social media use in 20 countries: How personality relates to frequency of social media use, social media news use, and social media use for social interaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 20(9), 540–552. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0295
- Golen, R. P., & Ventura, A. K. (2015). What are mothers doing while bottle-feeding their infants? Exploring the prevalence of maternal distraction during bottle-feeding interactions. Early Human Development, 91(12), 787–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.09.006
- Gottman, J. M., & DeClaire, J. (2002). The relationship cure. Harmony.
- Gresham, F. M. (1986). Conceptual and definitional issues in the assessment of children’s social skills: Implications for classifications and training. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 15(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp1501_1
- Grolnick, W. S., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1997). Internalization within the family: The self-determination theory perspective. In Parenting and children’s internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory (pp. 135–161).
- Gross, J. T., Stern, J. A., Brett, B. E., & Cassidy, J. (2017). The multifaceted nature of prosocial behavior in children: Links with attachment theory and research. Social Development, 26(4), 661–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12242
- Grusec, J. E. (1992). Social learning theory and developmental psychology: The legacies of Robert Sears and Albert Bandura. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 776–786. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.776
- Hart, C. H., Newell, L. D., & Olsen, S. F. (2003). Parenting skills and social-communicative competence in childhood. In J. O. Greene & B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of communication and social interaction skills (pp. 753–797). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Hiniker, A., Sobel, K., Suh, H., Sung, Y. C., Lee, C. P., & Kientz, J. A. (2015). Texting while parenting: How adults use mobile phones while caring for children at the playground. In Proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 727–736). New York, NY: ACM
- Jiang, J. (2018). How teens and parents navigate screen time and device distractions. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewinternet.org/2018/08/22/how-teens-and-parents-navigate-screen-time-and-device-distractions/
- Karazsia, B. T., & Berlin, K. S. (2018). Can a mediator moderate? Considering the role of time and change in the mediator-moderator distinction. Behavior Therapy, 49(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.10.001
- Knitter, B., & Zemp, M. (2020). Digital family life: A systematic review of the impact of parental smartphone use on parent-child interactions. Digital Psychology, 1(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.24989/dp.v1i1.1809
- Koerner, A. F., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2002b). Toward a theory of family communication. Communication Theory, 12(1), 70–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00260.x
- Koerner, A. F., & Schrodt, P. (2014). An introduction to the special issue on family communication patterns theory. Journal of Family Communication, 14(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.857328
- Koerner, F. A., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2002a). Understanding family communication patterns and family functioning: The roles of conversation orientation and conformity orientation. Annals of the International Communication Association, 26(1), 36–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2002.11679010
- Kontoangelos, K., Economou, M., & Papageorgiou, C. (2020). Mental Health Effects of COVID-19 Pandemia: A Review of Clinical and Psychological Traits. Psychiatry. Investigation, 17(6), 491–505. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0161
- Leidy, M. S., Guerra, N. G., & Toro, R. I. (2010). Positive parenting, family cohesion, and child social competence among immigrant Latino families. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(3), 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019407
- Lemish, D., Elias, N., & Floegel, D. (2020). “Look at me!” Parental use of mobile phones at the playground. Mobile Media and Communication, 8(2), 170–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157919846916
- Liu, Q., Wu, J., Zhou, Z., & Wang, W. (2020). Parental technoference and smartphone addiction in Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of social sensitivity and loneliness. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105434
- McDaniel, B., & Coyne, S. (2016b). Technology interference in the parenting of young children: Implications for mothers’ perceptions of coparenting. The Social Science Journal, 53(4), 435–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2016.04.010
- McDaniel, B. T. (2016). Understanding stability and change in daily coparenting: Predictors and outcomes in families with young children [Doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University]. PennState. https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/13140
- McDaniel, B. T. (2019). Parent distraction with phones, reasons for use, and impacts on parenting and child outcomes: A review of the emerging research. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.139
- McDaniel, B. T., & Coyne, S. M. (2016a). “Technoference”: The interference of technology in couple relationships and implications for women’s personal and relational well-being. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 5(1), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000065
- McDaniel, B. T., Everest, J., & White, C. (2018). Parent distraction with technology and its impact on parenting quality. Child Development, 84(1), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12822
- McDaniel, B. T., & Radesky, J. S. (2018). Technoference: Longitudinal associations between parent technology use, parenting stress, and child behavior problems. Pediatric Research, 84(2), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-018-0052-6
- Meeus, A., Eggermont, S., & Beullens, K. (2020). Digital distraction or stimulated self-disclosure: Preadolescents’ mobile device use in the family context. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 25(5), 328–345. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmaa010
- Mesch, G. S. (2006). Family relations and the Internet: Exploring a family boundaries approach. The Journal of Family Communication, 6(2), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327698jfc0602_2
- Mlačić, B., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007). An analysis of a cross-cultural personality inventory: The IPIP Big Five factor markers in Croatia. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(2), 168–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701267993
- Montag, C., & Elhai, J. D. (2020). Discussing digital technology overuse in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: On the importance of considering Affective Neuroscience Theory. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 12, 100313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100313
- Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 361–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
- Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2012). Mplus user’s guide: Statistical analysis with latent variables (7th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
- Nakamura, T. (2015). The action of looking at a mobile phone display as nonverbal behavior/communication: A theoretical perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.042
- Oduor, E., Neustaedter, C., Odom, W., Tang, A., Moallem, N., Tory, M., & Irani, P. (2016). The frustrations and benefits of mobile device usage in the home when co-present with family members. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM conference on designing interactive systems (pp. 1315–1327). New York, NY: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2901790.2901809
- Orben, A., & Przybylski, A. K. (2019). The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(2), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1
- Parents together (2020). Survey shows parents alarmed as kids’ screen time skyrockets during COVID-19 crisis. https://parents-together.org/survey-shows-parents-alarmed-as-kids-screen-time-skyrockets-during-covid-19-crisis/
- Pew Research Center (2018). How teens and parents navigate screen time and device distractions. https://www.pewinternet.org/2018/08/22/how-teens-and-parents-navigate-screen-time-and-device-distractions/
- Poulain, T., Ludwig, J., Hiemisch, A., Hilbert, A., & Kiess, W. (2019). Media use of mothers, media use of children, and parent–child interaction are related to behavioral difficulties and strengths of children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23), 4651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234651
- Radesky, J., Leung, C., Appugliese, D., Miller, A. L., Lumeng, J. C., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2018). Maternal mental representations of the child and mobile phone use during parent–child mealtimes. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 39(4), 310–317. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000556
- Radesky, J. S., & Christakis, D. A. (2016). Increased screen time: Implications for early childhood development and behavior. Pediatric Clinics, 63(5), 827–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.06.006
- Radesky, J. S., Kistin, C., Eisenberg, S., Gross, J., Block, G., Zuckerman, B., & Silverstein, M. (2016). Parent perspectives on their mobile technology use: The excitement and exhaustion of parenting while connected. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 37(9), 694–701. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000357
- Radesky, J. S., Kristin, C. J., Zuckerman, B., Nitzberg, K., Gross, J., Kaplan-Sanoff, M., Augustyn, M., & Silverstein, M. (2014). Patterns of mobile device use by caregivers and children during meals in fast food restaurants. Pediatrics, 133(4), 843849. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3703
- Reed, J., Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Golinkoff, R. M. (2017). Learning on hold: Cell phones sidetrack parent- child interactions. Developmental Psychology, 53(8), 1428–1436. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000292
- Rideout, V., & Robb, M. B. (2018). Social media, social life: Teens reveal their experiences. Common Sense Media.
- Rose‐Krasnor, L. (1997). The nature of social competence: A theoretical review. Social Development, 6(1), 111–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.1997.tb00097.x
- Rubin, K. H., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (1992). Interpersonal problem solving and social competence in children. In V. B. Van Hasselt & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of social development: A lifespan perspective (pp. 283–323). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0694-6_12
- Schoenrock, C. J., Bell, N. J., Sun, S. W., & Avery, A. W. (1999). Family correlates of adolescent self-monitoring and social competence. The Journal of Psychology, 133(4), 377–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989909599750
- Schrodt, P., Ledbetter, A. M., Jernberg, K. A., Larson, L., Brown, N., & Glonek, K. (2009). Family communication patterns as mediators of communication competence in the parent—child relationship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26(6–7), 853–874. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509345649
- Sharaievska, I., & Stodolska, M. (2017). Family satisfaction and social networking leisure. Leisure Studies, 36(2), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2016.1141974
- Spruijt, A. M., Dekker, M. C., Ziermans, T. B., & Swaab, H. (2019). Linking parenting and social competence in school-aged boys and girls: Differential socialization, diathesis-stress, or differential susceptibility? Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2789. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02789
- Stockdale, L. A., Coyne, S. M., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2018). Parent and child technoference and socioemotional behavioral outcomes: A nationally representative study of 10- to 20-year-old adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 88, 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.034
- Stupica, B. (2016). Rounding the bases with a secure base. Attachment & Human Development, 18(4), 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2016.1170052
- Sundqvist, A., Hiemann, M., & Koch, F. S. (2020). Relationship between family technoference and behavior problems in children aged 4–5 years. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 23(6), 371–376. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0512
- Third, A., Bellerose, D., Diniz De Oliveira, J., Lala, G., & Theakstone, G. (2017). Young and online: Children’s perspectives on life in the digital age (The State of the World’s Children 2017 Companion Report). https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:44562/datastream/PDF/view
- Turvill, A., Fido, D., & Parker, E. (2019, August 23). Early childhood technoference threat is predicted by authoritative parenting, but not parental knowledge of digital risks. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9t4dp
- Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Social consequences of the Internet for adolescents: A decade of research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01595.x
- Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Walther, J. B. (2016). Media effects: Theory and research. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 315–338. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033608
- Valkenburg, P. M., & Piotrowski, J. T. (2017). Plugged in: How media attract and affect youth. Yale University Press.
- Van Aken, C., Junger, M., Verhoeven, M., Van Aken, M. A. G., Deković, M., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2007). Parental personality, parenting and toddlers’ externalising behaviours. European Journal of Personality, 21(8), 993–1015. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.643
- Vanden Abeele, M. M. P., Abels, M., & Hendrickson, A. T. (2020). Are parents less responsive to young children when they are on their phones? A systematic naturalistic observation study. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 23(6), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0472
- Verschueren, K., Marcoen, A., & Schoefs, V. (1996). The internal working model of the self, attachment, and competence in five‐year‐olds. Child Development, 67(5), 2493–2511. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131636
- Wang, N., Roaché, D. J., & Pusateri, K. B. (2019). Interconnection of multiple communication modes in long-distance dating relationships. Western Journal of Communication, 83(5), 600–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2018.1552986
- Wang, R., Bianchi, S. M., & Raley, S. B. (2005). Teenagers’ Internet use and family rules: A research note. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(5), 1249–1258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00214.x
- Williams, A. L., & Merten, M. J. (2011). iFamily: Internet and social media technology in the family context. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 40(2), 150–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-3934.2011.02101.x
- Xiang, M., Zhang, Z., & Kuwahara, K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents’ lifestyle behavior larger than expected. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 531–532. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.013
- Zayia, D. N. (2019). Social Learning in the digital age: The impact of technoference on mother child attachment and social skills (Publication No. 1255) [Doctoral dissertation, Illinois State University]. Milner library. https://doi.org/10.30707/ETD2020.1603713861842