Investigation of the hydrogeochemistry, groundwater quality, and associated health risks in industrialized regions of Tripura, northeast India

References

• Adamu, C. I., Nganje, T. N., and Edet, A. 2014. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment associated with abandoned barite mines in Cross River State, southeastern Nigeria. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 3:10–21.
   Google Scholar
• Ahel, M., Mikac, N., Cosovic, B., Prohic, E., and Soukup, V. 1998. The impact of contamination from a municipal solid waste landfill (Zagreb, Croatia) on underlying soil. Water Science and Technology 37(8):203–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APHA. 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 17th ed. Washington, DC: APHA.
   Google Scholar
• Appelo, C. A. J., and Postma, D. 2005. Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution. UK: Taylor &Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Astel, M., Bizuik, A., Prazyjazny, J., and Nameisink, J. 2006. Chemometrics in monitoring spatial and temporal variations in drinking water quality. Water Research 40:1706–1716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, J. W., and Nordstrom, D. K. 1991a. User’s manual for WATEQ4F, with revised thermodynamic data base and test cases for calculating speciation of major, trace, and redox elements in natural waters (91-183). 1–195.
   Google Scholar
• Ball, J. W., and Nordstrom, D. K. 1991b. WATEQ4F – User's manual with revised thermodynamic data base and test cases for calculating speciation of major, trace and redox elements in natural waters (No. 90-129).
   Google Scholar
• Barzegar, R., Moghaddam, A. A., Adamowski, J., and Nazemi, A. M. 2018. Assessing the potential origins and human health risks of trace elements in groundwater: A case study in the Khoy plain, Iran. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 41, 981–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belkhiri, L., Boudoukha, A., and Mouni, L. 2011. A multivariate statistical analysis of groundwater chemistry data. International Journal of Environmental Research 5(2):537–544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bortey-Sam, N., Nakayama, S. M., Ikenaka, Y., Akoto, O., Baidoo, E., Mizukawa, H., et al. 2015. Health risk assessment of heavy metals and metalloid in drinking water from communities near gold mines in Tarkwa, Ghana. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187(7):397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R. M., McClellan, N. I., Deininger, R. A., Tozer, R. G. 1972. A water quality index–do we dare? Water Sew Works 117:339–343.
   Google Scholar
• Chandra, S., Singh, P. K., Tiwari, A. K., Panigraphy, B. P., and Kumar, A. 2015. Evaluation of hydrogeological factors and their relationship with seasonal water table fluctuation in Dhanbad district, Jharkhand, India. ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 21 (2):193–2006.
   Google Scholar
• Chidambaram, S., Prasanna, M., Singaraja, C., Thilagavathi, R., Pethaperumal, S., and Tirumalesh, K. 2012. Study on the saturation index of the carbonates in the groundwater using WATEQ4F, in layered coastal aquifers of Pondicherry. Journal of the Geological Society of India 80(6):813–824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David, K., Essumang, S. J., Fianko, J. R., Nyarko, B. K., Adokoh, C. K., and Boamponsem, L. 2011. Groundwater quality assessment: physicochemical properties of drinking water in a rural setting of developing countries. Canadian Journal on Scientific & Industrial Research 2:102–126.
   Google Scholar
• de Figueiredo, B. R., Borba, R. P., and Angelica, R. 2007. Arsenic occurrence in Brazil and human exposure. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 29:109–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggal, V., Rani, A., Mehra, R., and Balaram, V. 2017. Risk assessment of metals from groundwater in northeast Rajasthan. Journal of the Geological Society of India 90(1):77–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egbueri, J. C. 2019. Water quality appraisal of selected farm provinces using integrated hydrogeochemical, multi-variate statistical, and microbiological technique. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 5(3):997–1013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egbueri, J. C. 2020. Signatures of contamination, corrosivity and scaling in natural waters from a fast-developing suburb (Nigeria): insights into their suitability for industrial purposes. Environment, Development and Sustainability 23, 591–609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egbueri, J. C., Ezugwu, C. K., Unigwe, C. O., Onwuka, O. S., Onyemesili, O. C., and Mgbenu, C. N. 2020. Multidimensional analysis of the contamination status, corrosivity and hydrogeochemistry of groundwater from parts of the Anambra Basin, Nigeria. Analytical Letters 54, 2126–2156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egbueri, J. C., Mgbenu, C. N., and Chukwu, C. N. 2019. Investigating the hydrogeochemical processes and quality of water resources in Ojoto and environs using integrated classical methods. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 5(4):1443–1461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egbueri, J. C., and Unigwe, C. O. 2020. Understanding the extent of heavy metal pollution in drinking water supplies from Umunya, Nigeria: an indexical and statistical assessment. Analytical Letters 53(13):2122–2144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezugwu, C. K., Onwuka, S. O., Egbueri, J. C., Unigwe, C. O., and Ayejoto, D. A. 2019. Multi-criteria approach to water quality and health risk assessments in a rural agricultural province, southeast Nigeria. HydroResearch 2:40–48.
   Google Scholar
• Gautam, S. K., Evangelos, T., Singh, S. K., Tripathi, J. K., and Singh, A. K. 2018. Environmental monitoring of water resources with the use of PoS index: a case study from Subarnarekha River basin, India. Environmental Earth Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7245-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gautam, S. K., Maharana, C., Sharma, D., Singh, A. K., Tripathi, J. K., and Singh, S. K. 2015. Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Chotanagpur Plateau region of the Subarnarekha River Basin, Jharkhand State, India. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology 6:57–74.
   Google Scholar
• Gautam, S. K., Singh, S. K., and Rawat, K. S. 2021. Intrinsic vulnerability evaluation of groundwater nitrate pollution along a course of the Subarnarekha River in Jharkhand, India. Water Conservation Science and Engineering, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Gautam, S. K., Singh, A. K., Tripathi, J. K., Singh, S. K., Srivastava, P. K., Narsimlu, B., et al. 2016. Appraisal of surface and groundwater of the Subarnarekha River Basin, Jharkhand, India: using remote sensing, irrigation indices, and statistical technique. In Geospatial Technology for Water Resource Development, eds. Srivastava, et al. USA: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis, 144–169.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, R. J. 1970. Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science (New Series) 170(3962):1088–1090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindarajan, M., and Senthilnathan, T. 2014. Ground water quality and its health impact analysis in an industrial area. International Journal of Current Microbiology & Applied Sciences 3(7):1028–1034.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, H., and Wang, Y. 2004. Hydrogeochemical processes in shallow quaternary aquifers from the northern part of the Datong Basin, China. Applied Geochemistry 19:19–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacintha, T. G. A., Rawat, K. S., Mishra, A., and Singh, S. K. 2016. Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater of Penninsular Indian region using multivariate statistical techniques. Applied Water Science 7:3001–3013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanth, K. R. 1989. Hydrogeology. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Katsoyiannis, I. A., and Katsoyiannis, A. A. 2006. Arsenic and other metal contamination of groundwaters in the industrial area of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 123(1–3):393–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur, T., Bhardwaj, R., and Arora, S. 2016. Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes using hydro-chemical studies in Malwa region, southwestern part of Punjab, India. Applied Water Science Journal 7(6):3301–3316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaveh, P., and Ardeshir, H. 2013. Hydro-geochemical processes and chemical characteristics around Sahand Mountain, NW Iran. Applied Water Science 3:479–489.
   Google Scholar
• Kelepertsis, A., Alexakis, D., and Skordas, K. 2006. Arsenic, antimony and other toxic elements in drinking water of Eastern Thessaly in Greece and its possible effects on human health. Environmental Geology 50:76–84.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, H. S., Lee, J. S., Chon, H. T., & Sagar, M. 2008. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in the vicinity of the abandoned Songcheon Au–Ag mine in Korea. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 96:223–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maliqi, E., Jusufi, K., and Singh, S. K. 2020. Assessment and spatial mapping of groundwater quality parameters using metal pollution indices, graphical methods and geoinformatics. Analytical Chemistry Letters, 10(2):152–180.
   Google Scholar
• Mgbenu, C. N., and Egbueri, J. C. 2019. Thehydrogeochemical signatures, quality indices and health risk assessment of water resources in Umunya district, southeast Nigeria. Applied Water Science 9(1):22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikac, N., Cosovic, B., Ahel, M., Andreis, S., and Tonzic, Z. 1998. Assessment of groundwater contamination in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste landfill (Zagreb, Croatia). Water Science and Technology 37:37–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moharir, K., Pande, C., Singh, S. K., Choudhari, P. P., Rawat, K. S., and Jeyakumar, L. 2019. Spatial interpolation approach based appraisal of groundwater quality of arid regions. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology – AQUA 68 (6):431–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, K. S. 1996. Hydrology and geochemistry of thermal waters in the Upper Napa Valley, California. Ground Water 34:1115–1124.
   Google Scholar
• Naveedullah, M., Hashmi, Z., Yu, C., Shen, H., Duan, D., Shen, C., et al. 2014. Concentrations and human health risk assessment of selected heavy metals in surface water of the Siling Reservoir watershed in Zhejiang Province, China. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 23(3):801–811.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishanthiny, S. C., Thushyanthy, M., Barathithasan, T., and Saravanan, S. 2010. Irrigation water quality based on hydrochemical analysis, Jaffna, Sri Lanka. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences 7:100–102.
   Google Scholar
• Nurmi, P., Ahonen, L., and Tuovinen, O. H. 2009. Thermodynamic modelling of iron solubility in sulphide mineral leaching. Advances in Materials Research 71:441–444.
   Google Scholar
• Olajire, A. A., and Imeokparia, F. E. 2001. Water-quality assessment of Osun River: studies on inorganic nutrients. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 69(1):17–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, K., and Chioma, N. C. 2017. Evaluation of heavy metals content and human health risk assessment via consumption of vegetables from selected markets in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Biochemistry & Analytical Biochemistry 6:332.
   Google Scholar
• Prasad, R. 1998. Fertilizer urea, food security, health and the environments. Current Science 75:667–683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. M., Islam, M. A., Bodrud-Doza, M., Muhib, M. I., Zahid, A., Shammi, M., Tareq, S. M., and Kurasaki, M. 2017. Spatio-temporal assessment of groundwater quality and human health risk: a case study in Gopalganj, Bangladesh. Exposure and Health 10:167–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajmohan, N., and Elango, L. 2004. Identification and evolution of hydrogeochemical processes in the groundwater environment in a part of Palar and Cheyyar River Basins, southern India. Environmental Geology 46:47–61.
   Google Scholar
• Rajmohan, N., and Elango, L. 2006. Hydrogeochemistry and its relation to groundwater level fluctuation in the Palar and Cheyyar river basins, southern India. Hydrological Processes 20:2415–2427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravikumar, P., and Somashekar, R. K. 2012. Assessment and modelling of groundwater quality data and evaluation of their corrosiveness and scaling potential using environmetric methods in Bangalore South Taluk, Karnataka State, India. Water Resources 39(4):446–473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawat, K. S., Mishra, A. K., and Singh, S. K. 2017. Mapping of groundwater quality using normalized difference dispersal index of Dwarka Sub-city at Delhi national capital of India. ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 23(3):229–240.
   Google Scholar
• Rawat, K. S., Pradhan, S., Tripathi, V. K., Lordwin, J., and Singh, S. K. 2019. An application of Water Quality Index (WQI) and statistical approaches to evaluate the Groundwater Contamination for drinking and irrigation purposes. Groundwater for Sustainable Development 9:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Rawat, K. S., Singh, S. K., Jacintha, T. G. A., Nemčić-Jurec, J., and Tripathi, V. K. 2018. Appraisal of long term groundwater quality of peninsular India using water quality index and fractal dimension. Journal of Earth System Science 126:122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawat, K. S., Tripathi, V. K., and Singh, S. K. 2017. Groundwater quality evaluation using numerical indices: a case study (Delhi, India). Sustainable Water Resources Management 4(3):1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, M., and Jones, S. 1998. Controls on the chemical composition of groundwater from alluvial aquifers in the Wanaka and Wakatipu basins, Central Otago, New Zealand. Hydrogeology Journal 6:264–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rout, C., and Setia, B. 2018. Assessment of groundwater quality for suitability of industrial purposes. International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences 7(3):8–16.
   Google Scholar
• Selvarajan, G., and Punitha, S. 2018. Estimation of physico-chemical parameters of ground water in Kilvelur Taluk, Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu, India. International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences 7(3):37–40.
   Google Scholar
• Shaikh, H., Gaikwad, H., Kadam, A., and Umrikar, B. 2020. Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater from semiarid region of western India for drinking and agricultural purposes with special reference to water quality index and potential health risks assessment. Applied Water Science 10:204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha, S., and Kazama, F. 2007. Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study of the Fuji River Basin, Japan. Environmental Modelling & Software 22 (4):464–475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, M. K., and Karmakar, B. 2017. Assessment of groundwater quality of Budhjungnagar Industrial Estate and A D Nagar, Dukli & Badharghat Industrial Cluster of Tripura West District, Tripura State, India by Water Quality Index Method. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology 3(8):1002–1010.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, M. K., Paul, R., and Karmakar, B. 2018. Studies on the seasonal variations of ground water quality in Lefunga block of West Tripura District, Tripura, India, 2018. International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences 7(6):25–33.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, S., Singh, C., Kumar, K., Gupta, R., and Mukherjee, S. 2009. Spatial-temporal monitoring of groundwater using multivariate statistical techniques in Bareilly District of Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 57:45–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S. K., Srivastava, P. K., Gupta, M., and Mukherjee, S. 2012. Modeling mineral phase change chemistry of groundwater in a rural–urban fringe. Water Science and Technology 66:1502–1510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S. K., Srivastava, P. K., and Pandey, A. C. 2013b. Fluoride contamination mapping of groundwater in Northern India integrated with geochemical indicators and GIS. Water Science & Technology Water Supply 13:1513–1523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S. K., Srivastava, P. K., Pandey, A. C., and Gautam, S. K. 2013a. Integrated assessment of groundwater influenced by a confluence river system: concurrence with remote sensing and geochemical modelling. Water Resources Management 27:4291–4313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S. K., Srivastava, P. K., Singh, D., Han, D., Gautam, S. K., and Pandey, A. C. 2015. Modeling groundwater quality over a humid subtropical region using numerical indices, earth observation datasets, and X-ray diffraction technique: a case study of Allahabad district, India. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 37:157–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stigtera, T. Y., van Ooijen, S. P. J., Post, V. E. A., Appelo, C. A. J., and Carvalho Dill, A. M. M. 1998. A hydrogeological and hydrochemical explanation of the groundwatercomposition under irrigated land in a Mediterranean environment, Algarve, Portugal. Journal of Hydrology 208:262–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakur, J. K., Diwakar, J., and Singh, S. K. 2015. Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater of Bhaktapur Municipality, Nepal. Environmental Earth Sciences 74(6):4973–4988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari, A., and Singh, A. K. 2014. Hydrogeochemical investigation and groundwater quality assessment of Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India 83:329–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tziritis, E., Skordas, K., and Kelepertsis, A. 2016. The use of hydrogeochemical analyses and multivariate statistics for the characterization of groundwater resources in a complex aquifer system. A case study in Amyros River basin, Thessaly, central Greece. Environmental Earth Sciences 75:339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ujević, M., Duić, Ž., Casiot, C., Sipos, L., Santo, V., Dadić, Ž., and Halamić, J. 2010. Occurrence and geochemistry of arsenic in the groundwater of Eastern Croatia. Applied Geochemistry 25(7):1017–1029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ukah, B. U., Ameh, P. D., Egbueri, J. C., Unigwe, C. O., and Ubido, O. E. 2020. Impact of effluent-derived heavy metals on the groundwater quality in Ajao industrial area, Nigeria: an assessment using entropy water quality index (EWQI). International Journal of Energy and Water Resources 4(3):231–244.
   Google Scholar
• Ukah, B. U., Egbueri, J. C., Unigwe, C. O., and Ubido, O. E. 2019. Extent of heavy metals pollution and health risk assessment of groundwater in a densely populated industrial area, Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources 3(4):291–303.
   Google Scholar
• US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Vol. 1, Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• US-EPA. (US Environmental Protection Agency). 2011. Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Vega, M., Pardo, R., Barrado, E., and Debán, L. 1998. Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis. Water Research 32(12):3581–3592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagh, V. M., Panaskar, D. B., Mukate, S. V., Gaikwad, S. K., Muley, A. A., and Varade, A. M. 2018. Health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in groundwater of Kadava River Basin, Nashik, India. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 4:969–980.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. 2004. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 3rd ed., Vol. 1. Recommendations. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 515.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO).
   Google Scholar
• WHO 2006. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Third edition incorporating first addendum. Vol. 1, Recommendations (electronic resource). Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, M., Fei, Y., Ju, Y., and LiH, M. Z. 2012. Health risk assessment of groundwater pollution—a case study of typical City in North China Plain. Journal of Earth Science 23(3):335–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, T., Wu, T. N., Hsu, S. W., Lai, C. H., Ko, K. N., and Liou, S. H. 2002. Blood lead levels of primary-school children in Penghu County, Taiwan: distribution and influencing factors. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 75:528–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yidana, S. M., Ophori, D., and Banoeng, Y. B. 2008. Hydrogeological and hydrochemical characterization of the Voltaian Basin: the Afram Plains Area, Ghana. Environmental Geology 55:1213–1223.
   Google Scholar