Integrated differentiation of multiple trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene groundwater impacts using spatial concentration, biodegradation indices, chemical fingerprinting and carbon/chlorine isotope patterns

References

• Abe, Y., Aravena, R., Zopfi, J., Shouakar-Stash, O., Cox, E., Roberts, J. D., et al. 2009. Carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation during aerobic oxidation and reductive dechlorination of vinyl chloride and cis-1,2-dichloroethene. Environmental Science & Technology 43 (1):101–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aeppli, C., Berg, M., Cirpka, O. A., Holliger, C., Schwarzenbach, R. P., and Hofstetter, T. B. 2009. Influence of mass-transfer limitations on carbon isotope fractionation during microbial dechlorination of trichloroethene. Environmental Science & Technology 43:8813–8820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aeppli, C., Holmstrand, H., Andersson, P., and Gustafsson, O. 2010. Direct compound-specific stable chlorine isotope analysis of organic compounds with quadrupole GC/MS using standard isotope bracketing. Analytical Chemistry 82:420–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1996. Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Dichloroethene. In 198. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2006. Toxicological Profile for Vinly Chloride. In 329. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2019a. Toxicological Profile for 1,1-Dichloroethene. In 263. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2019b. Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethylene. In 435. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2019c. Toxicological Profile for Trichloroethylene. In 511. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Aller, L., Bennett, T. W., JHackett, G., Petty, R. J., Lehr, J. H., Sedoris, H., et al. 1991. Handbook of Suggested Practices for the Design and Installation of Ground-Water Monitoring Wells. Vol. EPA 160014-891034. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory.
   Google Scholar
• American Society for Testing and Materials. 2016. Standard practice for design and installation of groundwater monitoring wells. West Conshohocken, PA USA: American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM Method D5092/D5092M - 16.
   Google Scholar
• Auer, N. R., Manzke, B. U., and Schulz-Bull, D. E. 2006. Development of a purge and trap continuous flow system for the stable carbon isotope analysis of volatile halogenated organic compounds in water. Journal of Chromatography. A 1131 (1–2):24–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beneteau, K. M., Aravena, R., and Frape, S. K. 1999. Isotopic characterization of chlorinated solvents–laboratory and field results. Organic Geochemistry 30 (8A):739–753.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, A., Shouakar-Stash, O., Ebert, K., Laskov, C., Hunkeler, D., Jeannottat, S., et al. 2011. Compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis: A comparison of gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometry methods in an interlaboratory study. Analytical Chemistry 83:7624–7634.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouchard, D. 2014. δ13C and δ37Cl on gas-phase TCE for source identification investigation - innovative solvent-based sampling method. In Environmental Forensics: Proceedings of the 2014 INEF Conference, Cambridge, UK, 13 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Brand, W. A., and Coplen, T. B. 2012. Stable isotope deltas: tiny, yet robust signatures in nature. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 48 (3):393–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, K.-H., Mahendra, S., Song, D. L., Conrad, M. E., and Alvarez-Cohen, L. 2004. Stable carbon isotope fractionation during aerobic biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes. Environmental Science & Technology 38 (11):3126–3130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, R. E. 2000. A history of the production and use of carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane in the United States: Part 1 – historical background; carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene. Environmental Forensics 1 (2):69–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, G. S., Emsbo-Marringly, S. D., Stout, S. A., Uhler, A. D., and McCarthy, K. J. 2015. Hydrocarbon fingerprinting methods. In Introduction to Environmental Forensics, eds. Murphy, B. L. and Morrison, R. D. Boston, MA: Adademic Press, 201–309.
   Google Scholar
• Elsner, M., Jochmann, M. A., Hofstetter, T. B., Hunkeler, D., Bernstein, A., Schmidt, T. C., et al. 2012. Current challenges in compound-specific stable isotope analysis of environmental organic contaminants. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 403 (9):2471–2491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gröning, M. 2004. "Chapter 40 - International stable isotope reference materials. In Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques, ed. de Groot, P. A. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 874–906.
   Google Scholar
• Heckel, B., McNeill, K., and Elsner, M. 2018. Chlorinated ethene reactivity with Vitamin B12 is governed by cobalamin chloroethylcarbanions as crossroads of competing pathways. ACS Catalysis 8:3054–3066.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, B. D., Sturchio, N. C., Abrajano, T. A., and Heraty, L. J. 1997. Conversion of chlorinated volatile organic compounds to carbon dioxide and methyl chloride for isotopic analysis of carbon and chlorine. Analytical Chemistry 69 (14):2727–2733.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horst, A., Renpenning, J., Richnow, H.-H., and Gehre, M. 2017. Compound specific stable chlorine isotopic analysis of volatile aliphatic compounds using gas chromatography hyphenated with multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 89:9131–9138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hunkeler, D., Araveba, R., and Butler, B. J. 1999. Monitoring microbial dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) in groundwater using compound-specific stable carbon isotope ratios: Microcosm and field studies. Environmental Science & Technology 33 (16):2733–2738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunkeler, D., Meckenstockl, R. U., Lollar, B. S., Schmidt, T. C., and Wilson, J. T. 2008. A Guide for Assessing Biodegradation and Source Identification of Organic Ground Water Contaminants Using Compound Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA). Ada, OK: U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Jendrzejewski, N., Eggenkamp, H. G. M., and Coleman, M. L. 2001. Characterisation of chlorinated hydrocarbons from chlorine and carbon isotopic compositions: Scope of application to environmental problems. Applied Geochemistry 16:1021–1031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, B., Laskov, C., Rolle, M., and Haderlein, S. B. 2011. Chlorine isotope analysis of organic contaminants using GC-qMS: Method optimization and comparison of different evaluation schemes. Environmental Science & Technology 45:5279–5286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jochmann, M. A., and Schmidt, T. C. 2013. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405:2753–2754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuder, T., Van Breukelen, B. M., Vanderford, M., and Philp, P. 2013. 3D-CSIA: Carbon, chlorine, and hydrogen isotope fractionation in transformation of TCE to ethene by a Dehalococcoides culture. Environmental Science & Technology 47:9668–9677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leys, D., Adrian, L., and Smidt, H. 2013. Organohalide respiration: microbes breathing chlorinated molecules. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 368:20120316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lihl, C., Douglas, L. M., Franke, S., Pérez-de-Mora, A., Meyer, A. H., Daubmeier, M., et al. 2019. Mechanistic dichotomy in bacterial trichloroethene dechlorination revealed by carbon and chlorine isotope effects. Environmental Science & Technology 53:4245–4254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lollar, B. S., Slater, G. F., Ahad, J., Sleep, B., Spivack, J., Brennan, M., et al. 1999. Contrasting carbon isotope fractionation during biodegradation of trichloroethylene and toluene: implications for intrinsic bioremediation. Organic Geochemistry 30 (8A):813–820.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meckenstock, R. U., Morasch, B., Griebler, C., and Richnow, H. H. 2004. Stable isotope fractionation analysis as a tool to monitor biodegradation in contaminated acquifers. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 75 (3–4):215–255. doi:.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier-Augenstein, W. 1999. Applied gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography. A 842 (1):351–371. doi:.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, R. D., Murphy, B. L., and Doherty, R. E. 2006. Chlorinated solvents. In Environmental Forensics: A Contaminant Specific Guide, eds. Morrison, R. D. and Murphy, B. L. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press, 259–278.
   Google Scholar
• National Library of Medicine. 2021. Hazardous substance data bank. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Numata, M., Nakamura, N., Koshikawa, H., and Terashima, Y. 2002. Chlorine isotope fractionation during reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes by anaerobic bacteria. Environmental Science & Technology 36 (20):4389–4394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pankow, J. F., and Cherry, J. A. 1996. Dense Chlorinated Solvents and Other DNAPLs in Groundwater: History, Behavior, and Remediation. Hove, UK: Waterloog Press.
   Google Scholar
• Renpenning, J., Hitzfeld, K. L., Gilevska, T., Nijenhuis, I., Gehre, M., and Richnow, H.-H. 2015. Development and validation of an universal interface for compound-specific stable isotope analysis of chlorine (37Cl/35Cl) by GC-high-temperature conversion (HTC)-MS/IRMS. Analytical Chemistry 87:2832–2839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renpenning, J., Horst, A., Schmidt, M., and Gehre, M. 2018. Online isotope analysis of 37Cl/35Cl universally applied for semi-volatile organic compounds using GC-MC-ICPMS. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 33:314–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakaguchi-Soder, K., Jager, J., Grund, H., Matthaus, F., and Schuth, C. 2007. Monitoring and evaluation of dechlorination processes using compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : RCM 21:3077–3084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sessions, A. L. 2006. Isotope-ratio detection for gas chromatography. Journal of Separation Science 29:1946–1961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shouakar-Stash, O., Frape, S. K., and Drimmie, R. J. 2003. Stable hydrogen, carbon and chlorine isotope measurements of selected chlorinated organic solvents. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 60:211–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shouakar-Stash, O., Zhang, R. J., Drimmie, M., and Frape, S. K. 2006. Compound-specific chlorine isotope ratios of TCE, PCE and DCE isomers by direct injection using CF-IRMS. Applied Geochemistry 21:766–781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, G. F., Lollar, B. S., Sleep, B. E., and Edwards, E. A. 2001. Variability in carbon isotopic fractionation during biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes: implications for field applications. Environmental Science & Technology 35 (5):901–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stout, S. A., Rouhani, S., Liu, B., Oehrig, J., Ricker, R. W., Baker, G., et al. 2017. Assessing the footprint and volume of oil deposited in deep-sea sediments following the deepwater horizon oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 114:327–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USEPA. 1996a. Method 5030B Purge-and-Trap for Aqueous Samples. Final Update III to the Third Edition of the Test methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods. In EPA publication SW-846.
   Google Scholar
• USEPA. 1996b. Method 5035 Closed-System Purge-and-Trap and Extraction for Volatile Organics in Soil and Waste Samples. Final Update III to the Third Edition of the Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods. In EPA publication SW-846.
   Google Scholar
• USEPA. 1996c. Method 8260B Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Final Update III to the Third Edition of the Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods. In EPA publication SW‐846.
   Google Scholar
• USEPA. 2014a. Method 5021A Closed-System Purge-and-Trap and Extraction for Volatile Organics in Soil and Waste Samples. Final Update V to the Third Edition of the Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods." In EPA publication SW‐846.
   Google Scholar
• USEPA. 2014b. Method 8270D Semivolatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Final Update V to the Third Edition of the Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods." In EPA publication SW‐846.
   Google Scholar
• van Warmerdam, E. M., Frape, S. K., Aravena, R., Drimmie, R. J., Flatt, H., and Cherry, J. A. 1995. Stable chlorine and carbon isotope measurements of selected chlorinated organic solvents. Applied Geochemistry 10:547–552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegert, C., Aeppli, C., Knowles, T., Holmstrand, H., Evershed, R., Pancost, R. D., et al. 2012. Dual carbon-chlorine stable isotope investigation of sources and fate of chlorinated ethenes in contaminated groundwater. Environmental Science & Technology 46:10918–10925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar