121
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

An Evaluation of Neurobehavioral Tests Used to Assess the Neurodevelopmental Effects of Early Ammonium Perchlorate Exposure

, &
Pages 835-844 | Accepted 01 Dec 2003, Published online: 12 Aug 2010

REFERENCES

  • Anderson , G. W. 2001 . Thyroid hormones and the brain . Front. Neuroendocrinol. , 22 : 1 – 17 .
  • Andersson , E. and Haymaker , W. 1974 . Breakthroughs in hypothalamic and pituitary research . Prog. Brain Res. , 41 : 1 – 60 .
  • Argus Research Laboratories, Inc. 1998 . A neurobehavioral developmental study of ammonium perchlorate administered orally in drinking water to rats , Horsham, PA : Argus Research Laboratories Inc. .
  • Bayer , S. A. , Altman , J. , Russo , R. J. and Zhang , X. 1993 . Timetables of neurogenesis in the human brain based on experimentally determined patterns in the rat . NeuroToxicology , 14 : 83 – 144 .
  • Bekkedal , M. Y. V. , Carpenter , T. M. , Smith , J. , Ademujohn , C. , Maken , D. and Mattie , D. R. 2000 . A neurodevelopmental study of the effects of oral ammonium perchlorate exposure on the motor activity of pre-weanling rat pups. Navy Tech. Rep. TOXDET-00-03.
  • Bernal , J. 1999 . Iodine, and brain development . Biofactors , 10 : 271 – 276 .
  • Brabant , G. , Bergmann , P. , Kirsch , C. M. , Köhrle , J. , Hesch , R. D. and von zur Mühlen , A. 1992 . Early adaptation of thyrotropin and thyroglobulin secretion to experimentally decreased iodine supply in man . Metabolism , 41 : 1093 – 1096 .
  • Brechner , R. J. , Parkhurst , G. D. , Humble , W. O. , Brown , M. B. and Herman , W. H. 2000 . Ammonium perchlorate contamination of Colorado River drinking water is associated with abnormal thyroid function in newborns in Arizona . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 42 : 777 – 782 .
  • Brown-Grant , K. , Harris , G. W. and Reichlin , S. 1957 . The effect of the pituitary stalk section on the thyroid function in the rabbit . J. Physiol. (Lond.) , 136 : 364 – 379 .
  • Chang , S. , Crothers , C. , Lai , S. and Lamm , S. 2003 . Pediatric neurobehavioral diseases in Nevada Counties with respect to perchlorate in drinking water: An ecological inquiry . Birth Defects Res. A , 67 : 886 – 892 .
  • Crooks , J. and Wayne , E. J. 1960 . A comparison of potassium perchlorate, methylthiouracil, and carbimazole in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis . Lancet , 7121 : 401 – 404 .
  • Crump , C. , Michaud , P. , Téllez , R. , Reyes , C. , Bonzalez , G. , Montgomery , E. L. , Crump , K. S. , Lobo , G. , Becerra , C. and Gibbs , J. P. 2000 . Does perchlorate in drinking water affect thyroid function in newborns or school-age children? . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 42 : 603 – 612 .
  • Delange , F. 2001 . Iodine deficiency as a cause of brain damage . Postgrad. Med. J. , 77 : 217 – 220 .
  • Döhler , K. D. , Wong , C. C. and von zur Mühlen , A. 1979 . The rat as model for the study of drug effects on thyroid function: Consideration of methodological problems . Pharm. Ther. , 5 : 305 – 318 .
  • Federal Register . 2000 . Unregulated contaminant monitoring regulation for public water systems: Analytical methods for perchlorate and acetochlor: Announcement of laboratory approval and performance testing (PT) program for the analysis of perchlorate; Final rule and proposed rule . Fed. Reg. , 42 ( 11 ) : 371 – 311, 385 . (March 2)
  • Fisher , J. , Todd , P. , Mattie , D. , Godfrey , D. , Narayanan , L. and Yu , K. 2000 . Preliminary development of a physiological model for perchlorate in the adult male rat: A framework for further studies . Drug Chem. Toxicol. , 23 : 243 – 258 .
  • Gibbs , J. P. , Ahmad , R. , Crump , K. S. , Houck , D. H. , Levielle , T. S. , Findley , J. E. and Francis , M. 1998 . Evaluation of a population with occupational exposure to airborne ammonium perchlorate for possible acute or chronic effects on thyroid function . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 40 : 1072 – 1082 .
  • Glinoer , D. 2001 . Potential consequences of maternal hypothyroidism on the offspring: Evidencs, and implications . Horm. Res. , 55 : 109 – 114 .
  • Goldey , E. S. , Kehn , L. S. , Lau , C. , Rehnberg , G. L. and Crofton , K. M. 1995b . Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) reduces circulating thyroid hormone concentrations and causes hearing deficits in rats . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 135 : 77 – 88 .
  • Goldey , E. S. , Kehn , L. S. , Lau , C. , Rehnberg , G. L. and Crofton , K. M. 1995b . Effects of developmental hypothyroidism on auditory and motor function in the rat . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 135 : 67 – 76 .
  • Greer , M. A. 1951 . Evidence of hypothalamic control of the pituitary release of thyrotrophin . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 77 : 603 – 608 .
  • Greer , M. A. , Goodman , G. , Pleus , R. C. and Greer , S. E. 2002 . Health effects assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: The dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodine uptake in humans . Environ. Health. Perspect. , 110 : 927 – 937 .
  • Haddow , J. E. , Palomaki , G. E. , Allan , W. C. , Williams , J. R. , Knight , G. J. , Gagnon , J. , O'Heir , C. E. , Mitchell , M. L. , Hermos , R. J. , Waisbren , S. E. , Faix , J. D. and Klein , R. Z. 1999 . Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child . N. Eng. J. Med. , 341 : 549 – 555 .
  • Hadj-Sahraoui , N. , Seugnet , I. , Ghorbel , M. T. and Demeneix , B. 2000 . Hypothyroidism prolongs mitotic activity in the post-natal mouse brain . Neurosci. Lett. , 280 : 79 – 82 .
  • Harris , G. W. , ed. 1955 . Neural control of the pituitary gland , London : Arnold .
  • Howdeshell , K. L. 2002 . A model of the development of the brain as a construct of the thyroid system . Environ. Health Perspect. , 110 : 337 – 348 .
  • Ibarrola , N. and Rodríguez-Peña , A. 1997 . Hypothyroidism coordinately and transiently affects myelin protein gene expression in most rat brain regions during postnatal development . Brain Res. , 752 : 285 – 293 .
  • Koibuchi , N. and Chin , W. W. 2000 . Thyroid hormone action, and brain development . Trends Endocrinol. Metab. , 11 : 123 – 128 .
  • Laffan , E. W. , Lisciotto , C. A. , Gapp , D. A. and Weldon , D. A. 1989 . Development of rotorod performance in normal and congenitally hypothyroid mutant mice . Behav. Neural Biol. , 52 : 411 – 416 .
  • Lamm , S. H. and Doemland , M. 1999 . Has perchlorate in drinking water increased the rate of congenital hypothyroidism? . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 41 : 409 – 411 .
  • Lamm , S. H. , Braverman , L. E. , Li , F. X. , Richman , K. , Pino , S. and Howearth , G. 1999 . Thyroid health status of ammonium perchlorate workers: A cross-sectional occupational health study . J. Occup. Med. , 41 : 248 – 260 .
  • Lavado-Autric , R. , Auso , E. , Garcia-Velasco , J. V. , del Carmen Arufe , M. , Escobar del Rey , F. , Berbel , P. and Morreale de Escobar , G. 2003 . Early maternal hypothyroxinemia alters histogenesis and cerebral cortex cytoarchitecture of the progeny . J. Clin. Invest. , 111 : 1073 – 1082 .
  • Lawrence , J. E. , Lamm , S. H. , Pino , S. , Richman , K. and Braverman , L. E. 2000 . The effect of shrot-term low-dose perchlorate on various aspects of thyroid function . Thyroid , 10 : 659 – 663 .
  • Lechan , R. M. and Toni , R. 1992 . “ Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neuronal systems in the central nervous system ” . In Neuroendocrinology , Edited by: Nermeroff , C. B. 275 – 326 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
  • Li , F. X. , Byrd , D. M. , Deyhle , G. M. , Sesser , D. E. , Skeels , M. R. , Katkowsky , S. R. and Lamm , S. H. 2000 . Neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone level and perchlorate in drinking water . Teratology , 62 : 429 – 431 .
  • Li , F. X. , Quartsoff , L. and Lamm , S. H. 2001 . Prevalence of thyroid disease in Nevada counties with respect to perchlorate in drinking water . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 43 : 630 – 634 .
  • Madeira , M. D. and Paula-Barbosa , M. M. 1993 . Reorganization of mossy fiber synapses in male and female hypothyroid rats: A stereological study . J. Comp. Neurol. , 337 : 334 – 352 .
  • Madeira , M. D. , Cadete-Leite , A. and Paula-Barbosa , M. M. 1991 . Effects of hypothyroidism upon the granular layer of the dentate gyrus in male and female adult rats: A morphometric study . J. Comp. Neurol. , 314 : 171 – 186 .
  • McIntosh , G. H. , Howard , D. A. , Mano , M. T. , Wellby , M. L. and Hetzel , B. S. 1981 . Iodine deficiency and brain development in the rat . Aust. J. Biol. Sci. , 34 : 427 – 433 .
  • Morreale de Escobar , G. , Obregón , M. J. and Escobar del Rey , F. 2000 . Is neuropsychological development related to maternal hypothyroidism or to maternal hypothyroxinemia . J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , 85 : 3975 – 3987 .
  • Motzer , W. E. 2001 . Perchlorate: Problems, detection, and solutions . Environ. Foren. , 2 : 301 – 311 .
  • Oppenheimer , J. H. and Schwartz , H. L. 1997 . Molecular basis of thyroid hormone-dependent brain development . Endocrinol. Rev. , 18 : 462 – 475 .
  • Panksepp , J. 1998a . Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions , 280 – 299 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Panksepp , J. 1998b . Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, psychostimulants, and inteolerance of childhood playfulness: A tragedy in the making? . Curr. Direct. Psychol. Sci. , 7 : 91 – 98 .
  • Panksepp , J. , Burgdorf , J. , Turner , C. and Gordon , N. 2003 . Modeling ADHD-type arousal with unilateral frontal cortex damage in rats and beneficial effects of play therapy . Brain Cognition , 52 : 97 – 105 .
  • Paxinos , G. , ed. 1995 . The rat nervous system , 2nd , San Diego : Academic Press .
  • Phibbs , P. , Preston , M. and Ware , P. 2003 . EPA asks academies to review science underlying agency's perchlorate analysis . Chem. Reg. Rep. , 27 : 415 – 416 .
  • Pop , V. J. , de Vries , E. , van Baar , A. L. , Waelkens , J. J. , de Rooy , H. A. , Horsten , M. , Donkers , M. M. , Komproe , I. H. , van Son , M. M. and Vader , H. L. 1995 . Maternal thyroid peroxidase antibodies during pregnancy: A marker of impaired child development? . J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , 80 : 3561 – 3566 .
  • Pop , V. J. , Kuijpens , J. L. , van Baar , A. L. , Verkerk , G. , van Son , M. M. , de Vijlder , J. J. , Vulsma , T. , Wiersinga , W. M. , Drexhage , H. A. and Vader , H. L. 1999 . Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy . Clin. Endocrinol. , 50 : 149 – 155 .
  • Rice , D. and Barone , S. Jr. 2000 . Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: Evidence from humans and animal models . Environ. Health Perspect. , 108 : 511 – 533 .
  • Ritchie , G. D. , Rossi , J. III. , Nordholm , A. F. , Still , K. R. , Carpenter , R. L. , Wenger , G. R. and Wright , D. R. 2001 . Effects of repeated exposure to JP-8 jet fuel on simple and complex learning in rats . J. Toxicol. Environ Health A , 64 : 385 – 415 .
  • Rodríguez-Peña , A. , Ibarrola , N. , Iñiguez , M. A. , Muñoz , A. and Bernal , J. 1993 . Neonatal hypothyroidism affects the timely expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein in the rat brain . J. Clin. Invest. , 91 : 812 – 818 .
  • Rogers , D. E. 1998 . Perchlorate user and production information. , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH : Department of the the Air Force Air Force Material Command Law Office .
  • Rovet , J. F. and Ehrlich , R. 2000 . Psychoeducational outcome in children with early-treated congenital hypothyroidism . Pediatrics , 105 : 515 – 522 .
  • Sagvolden , T. 2000 . Behavioral validation of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) . Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. , 24 : 31 – 39 .
  • Saito , K. , Yamamoto , K. , Takai , T. and Yoshida , S. 1983 . Inhibition of iodine accumulation by perchlorate and thiocyanate in a model of the thyroidiodide transport system . Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh). , 104 : 456 – 461 .
  • Sawin , C. T. 1988 . “ Defining thyroid hormone: Its nature and control ” . In Endocrinology: People and ideas , Edited by: McCann , S. M. 149 – 199 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Schalock , R. L. , Brown , W. J. and Smith , R. L. 1979 . Long-term effects of propylthiouracil-induced neonatal hypothyroidism . Dev. Psychobiol. , 12 : 187 – 199 .
  • Siddiqui , M. , LeChevallier , M. W. , Ban , J. , Phillips , T. and Pivinski , J. 1998 . Occurrence of perchlorate and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in ground water of the American water system , Vorhees, NJ : American Water Works service company, Inc.: September 30. .
  • Soldin , O. P. , Braverman , L. E. and Lamm , S. H. 2001 . Perchlorate clinical pharmacology and human health: A review . Therap. Drug. Monit. , 23 : 316 – 331 .
  • Soldin , O. P. , Nandedkar , A. K. N. , Japal , K. M. , Stein , M. , Mosee , S. , Magrab , P. , Lai , S. and Lamm , S. H. 2002 . Newborn thyroxine levels and childhood ADHD . Clin. Biochem. , 35 : 131 – 136 .
  • Soldin , O. P. , Lai , S. , Lamm , S. H. and Mosee , S. 2003 . Lack of a relation between human neonatal thyroxine and pediatric neurobehavioral disorders . Thyroid , 13 : 193 – 198 .
  • Stanbury , J. B. and Wyngaarden , J. B. 1952 . Effect of perchlorate on the human thyroid gland . Metab. Clin. Exp. , 1 : 533 – 539 .
  • Takata , K. 1985 . Request for CDC assistance regarding potential health effects of perchlorate contamination at the San Gabriel Valley superfund sites , San Francisco, CA : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Superfund Records Center, Region 9; 23 December .
  • Thompson , C. C. and Potter , G. B. 2000 . Thyroid hormone action in neural development . Cerebral Cortex , 10 : 939 – 945 .
  • Tsui , D. T. , Mattie , D. R. and Narayanan , L. 1998 . Stability and concentration verification of ammonium perchlorate dosing solutions , Wright-Patterson AFB, OH : Human Effectiveness Directorate Crew Survivability and Logistics Division, Armstrong Laboratory. .
  • Urbansky , E. T. 2002 . Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant . Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. , 9 : 187 – 192 .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1998 . Perchlorate environmental contamination: Toxicological review and risk characterization based on emerging information , Washington, DC : U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development. 31 December . External review draft. NCEA-1-0503
  • Wahlsten , D. 2002 . Re-analysis of data on rat brain morphometry and motor activity. Personal communication.
  • Walker , R. F. , Guerriero , F. J. , Toscano , T. V. and Weideman , C. A. 1989 . Relative cerebellar weight: A potential indicator of developmental neurotoxicity . Neurotoxicol. Teratol. , 11 : 251 – 255 .
  • Wolff , J. 1998 . Perchlorate and the thyroid gland . Pharmacol. Rev. , 50 : 89 – 105 .
  • Xue-Yi , C. , Xin-Min , J. , Zhi-Hong , D. , Rakeman , M. A. , Ming-Li , Z. , O'Donnell , K. , Tai , M. , Amette , K. , DeLong , N. and DeLong , G. R. 1994 . Timing of vulnerability of the brain to iodine deficiency in endemic cretinism . N. Engl. J. Med. , 331 : 1739 – 1744 .
  • York , R. G. 1998 . A neurobehavioral developmental study of ammonium perchlorate administered orally in drinking water to rats , Final report, study no. 1613-002 Horsham, PA : Argus Research Laboratories. Inc .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.