References
- Barnett, J. B., and Gandy, J., 1989. Effect of acute propanil exposure on the immune response of C57Bl/6 mice, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol 12 (1989), pp. 757–764, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CSA].
- Blakley, B. R., 1986. The effect of oral exposure to the n-butylester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the immune response in mice, Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 8 (1986), pp. 93–99, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF].
- Blarkley, B. R., 1997. Effects of roundup and tordon 202C herbicides on antibody production in mice, Vet. Hum. Toxical. 39 (1997), pp. 204–206.
- Blakley, B. R., and Schiefer, B. H., 1986. The effect of topically applied n-butylester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the immune response in mice, J. Appl. Toxicol 6 (1986), pp. 291–295, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE].
- Blyler, G., Landreth, K., Lillis, T., Schafer, R., Theus, S. A., Gandy, J., and Barnett, J. B., 1994. Selective myelotoxicity of propanil, Fundam. Applied. Toxicol 22 (1994), pp. 505–510, [CROSSREF][CSA].
- Burns, L. A., Spriggs, T. L., Fuchs, B. A., and Munson, A. E., 1994. Gallium arsenide-induced increase in serum corticosterone is not responsible for suppression of the IgM antibody response, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 268 (1994), pp. 740–746, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CSA].
- Chaturvedi, A. K., Kuntz, D. J., and Rao, N. G. S., 1991. Metabolic aspects of the toxicology of mixtures of parathion, toxaphene and/or 2,4-D in mice, J. Appl. Toxicol 11 (1991), pp. 245–251, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CSA].
- Cohen, J. J., 1992. Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in the thymus, Semin. Immunol. 4 (1992), pp. 363–369, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CSA].
- Cuff, C. F., Zhao, W., Nukui, T., Schafer, R., and Barnett, J. B., 1996. 3,4-Dichloropropionanilide-induced atrophy of the thymus: Mechanisms of toxicity and recovery, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol 33 (1996), pp. 83–90, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF][CSA].
- de la Rosa, P., Barnett, J. B., and Schafer, R., 2003. Loss of pre-B and IgM+ B cells in the bone marrow after exposure to a mixture of herbicides, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 66 (2003), pp. 2299–2313, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CSA].
- 1998. Farm Chemicals Handbook. Willoughby, OH: Meister; 1998.
- Faustini, A., Settimi, L., Pacifici, R., Fano, V., Zuccaro, P., and Forastiere, F., 1996. Immunological changes among farmers exposed to phenoxy herbicides: Preliminary observations, Occup. Environ. Med. 53 (1996), pp. 583–585, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CSA].
- Flint, M. S., Miller, D. B., and Tinkle, S. S., 2000. Restraint-induced modulation of allergic and irritant contact dermatitis in male and female B6.129 mice, Brain Behav. Immunol. 14 (2000), pp. 256–269, [CROSSREF][CSA].
- Frost, L. L., Neeley, Y.X., Schafer, R., Gibson, L. F., and Barnett, J. B., 2001. Propanil inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α production by reducing nuclear levels of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB in the macrophage cell line IC-21, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 172 (2001), pp. 186–193, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF][CSA].
- Han, Y. C., Lin, T. L., and Pruett, S. B., 1993. Thymic atrophy caused by ethanol in a mouse model for binge drinking: Involvement of endogenous glucocorticoids, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 123 (1993), pp. 16–25, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF][CSA].
- Heikinheimo, O., Pesonen, U., Huupponen, R., Koulu, M., and Lahteenmaki, P., 1994. Hepatic metabolism and distribution of mifepristone and its metabolites in rats, Hum. Reprod. 9 (1994), pp. 40–46, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE].
- Hill, R. H., To, T., Holler, J. S., Fast, D. M., Smith, S. J., Needham, L. L., and Binder, S., 1989. Residues of chlorinated phenols and phenoxy acid herbicides in the urine of Arkansas children, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 18 (1989), pp. 469–474, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF][CSA].
- Hill, R. H., Head, S. L., Baker, S., Gregg, M., Shealy, D. B., Bailey, S. L., Williams, C. C., Sampson, E. J., and Needham, L. L., 1995. Pesticide residues in urine of adults living in the United States: Reference range concentrations, Environ. Res. 71 (1995), pp. 99–108, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF].
- Miller, A. H., Spencer, R. L., Pearce, B. D., Pisell, T. L., Azrieli, Y., Tanapat, P., Moday, H., Rhee, R., and McEwen, B. S., 1998. Glucocorticoid receptors are differentially expressed in the cells and tissues of the immune system, Cell Immunol. 186 (1998), pp. 45–54, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF][CSA].
- Munro, I., Carlo, G., Orr, J., Sund, K., Wilson, R., Kennepohl, E., Lynch, B., Jablinske, M., and Lee, N., 1992. A comprehensive, integrated review and evaluation of the scientific evidence relating to the safety of the herbicide 2,4-D, J. Am. Coll.Toxicol 11 (1992), pp. 559–663, [CSA].
- Padgett, E. L., Sibley, D. A., and Jerrells, T. R., 2000. Effect of adrenalectomy on ethanol-associated changes in lymphocyte cell numbers and subpopulations in thymus, spleen, and gut-associated lymphoid tissues, Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 22 (2000), pp. 285–298, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF][CSA].
- Pruett, S. B., and Fan, R., 2001. Quantitative modeling of suppression of IgG1, IgG2a, IL-2, and IL-4 responses to antigen in mice treated with exogenous corticosterone or restraint stress. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, A 62 (2001), pp. 175–189, .
- Pruett, S.B., Ensley, D.K., and Crittenden, P.L., 1993. The role of chemical-induced stress responses in immunosuppression: A review of quantitative associations and cause-effect relationships between chemical-induced stress responses and immunosuppression, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 39 (1993), pp. 163–192, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE].
- Pruett, S. B., Fan, R., Zheng, Q., Myers, L. P., and Hebert, P., 2003. Modeling and predicting immunological effects of chemical stressors: Characterization of a quantitative biomarker for immunological changes caused by atrazine and ethanol, Toxicol. Sci. 75 (2003), pp. 343–354, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF][CSA].
- Reichert, R. A., Weissman, I. L., and Butcher, E. C., 1986. Dual immunofluorescence studies of cortisone-induced thymic involution: Evidence for a major cortical component to cortisone-resistant thymocytes, J. Immunol. 136 (1986), pp. 3529–3534, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE].
- Schoen, E. D., 1996. Statistical designs in combination toxicology: A matter of choice, Food Chem. Toxicol 34 (1996), pp. 1059–1065, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF][CSA].
- Sen, J., 2001. Signal transduction in thymus development, Cell. Mol. Biol. 47 (2001), pp. 197–215, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CSA].
- Sen, J., Venkataraman, L., Shinkai, Y., Pierce, J. W., Alt, F. W., Burakoff, S. J., and Sen, R., 1995. Expression and induction of nuclear factor-kappa B-related proteins in thymocytes, J. Immunol. 154 (1995), pp. 3213–3221, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE].
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency., 1986. Guidelines for the health risk assessment of chemical mixtures, Fed. Reg. 51 (1986), pp. 34014–34025.
- Voll, R. E., Jimi, E., Phillips, R. J., Barber, D. F., Rincon, M., Hayday, A. C., Flavell, R. A., and Ghosh, S., 2000. NF-kappa B activation by the pre-T-cell receptor serves as a selective survival signal in T lymphocyte development, Immunity 13 (2000), pp. 677–689, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF][CSA].
- Wiegers, G. J., and Reul, J. M., 1998. Induction of cytokine receptors by glucocorticoids: functional and pathological significance, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 19 (1998), pp. 317–321, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF].
- World Health Organization., 1989. Environmental Health Criteria 84. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)—Environmental Aspects. Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organisation and the World Health Organization; 1989.
- Wu, W. J., and Pruett, S. B., 1996. Suppression of splenic natural killer cell activity in a mouse model for binge drinking. II. Role of the neuroendocrine system, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 278 (1996), pp. 1331–1339, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CSA].
- Wyllie, A. H., 1980. Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation, Nature 284 (1980), pp. 555–556, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF].
- Xie, C., Schafer, R., and Barnett, J. B., 1997. The immunomodulatory effects of the herbicide, propanil, on murine macrophage interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α production, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 145 (1997), pp. 184–191, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF][CSA].
- Xue, Y., Murdjeva, M., Okret, S., McConkey, D., Kiuossis, D., and Jondal, M., 1996. Inhibition of I-Ad-, but not Db-restricted peptide-induced thymic apoptosis by glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 in T‐cell receptor transgenic mice, Eur. J. Immunol. 26 (1996), pp. 428–434, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CSA].
- Zhao, W., Schafer, R., Cuff, C. F., Gandy, J., and Barnett, J. B., 1995. Changes in primary and secondary lymphoid organ T-cell subpopulations resulting from acute in vivo exposure to propanil, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 46 (1995), pp. 171–181, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE].
- Zhao, W., Schafer, R., and Barnett, J. B., 1998. Cytokine production by C57Bl/6 mouse spleen cells is selectively reduced by exposure to propanil, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 55 (1998), pp. 107–120, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF][CSA].