Levels of Persistent Organic Pollutant Residues in Human Adipose and Muscle Tissues in Singapore

REFERENCES

• AMAP Report . Workshop on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Arctic: Human health and environmental concerns, Proceedings . January 18–20 , Rovaniemi.
   Google Scholar
• Barrie , L. A. , Gregor , D. , Hargrave , B. , Lake , R. , Muir , D. , Shearer , R. , Tracey , B. and Bidleman , T. F. 1992 . Arctic contaminants: Sources, occurrence and pathways . Sci. Total Environ , 122 : 1 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayen , S. , Thomas , G. O. , Lee , H. K. , Leong , E. Y and Obbard , J. P. 2003 . Occurrence of PCBs and PBDEs in green mussels (Perna viridis) sampled from Singapore's coastal Waters . Environ. Toxicol. Chem , 22 : 2432 – 2437 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bayen , S. , Gong , Y. , Chin , H. S. , Lee , H. K. , Leong , E. Y. and Obbard , J. P. 2004a . Androgenic and estrogenic response of green mussel extracts from Singapore's coastal environment using a human cell-based bioassay . Environ. Health Perspect , 112 : 1467 – 1471 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bayen , S. , Gong , Y. , Chin , H. S. , Lee , H. K. , Leong , E. Y and Obbard , J. P. 2004b . Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine biological tissues using microwave assisted extraction (MAE) . J. Chromatogr. A , 1035 : 291 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayen , S. , Korolena , E. , Lee , H. K. and Obbard , J. P. 2005 . Persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals in typical seafoods consumed in Singapore . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 68 : 151 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , J. F. and Lawton , R. W. 1984 . Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) partitioning between adipose tissue and serum . Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 33 : 277 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanbasha , B. , Lee , H. K. and Obbard , J. P. 2003 . Persistent organic pollutants in marine environment: Part II. Sediment . Water Air Soil Pollut , 149 : 315 – 325 .
   Google Scholar
• Cynthia , A. 2002 . An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment . Chemosphere , 46 : 583 – 624 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Domingo , J. L. 2004 . Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers through the diet . J. Chromatogr. A , 1054 : 321 – 326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagmar , L. , Becher , G. , Heikkla , A. , Frankman , O. , Dyremark , E. , Schultz , A. , Ahlborg , U. G. and Dybing , E. 1998 . Consumption of fatty fish from the Baltic Sea and PCB in whole venous blood, plasma and cord blood from delivering women in the Aland/Turku Archipelago . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 53 : 581 – 591 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juan , C.-Y. , Thomas , G. O. , Sweetman , A. J. and Jones , K. C. 2002 . An input–output balance study for PCBs in humans . Environ. Int , 28 : 203 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang , Y. , Matsuda , M. , Kawano , M. , Wakimito , T. and Min , B. 1997 . Organochlorine pesticides, polybrominated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans in human adipose tissue from Western Kyungnam, Korea . Chemosphere , 35 : 2107 – 2117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashimoto , T. , Takayama , K. , Minura , M. , Miyata , H. , Murakami , Y. and Matsumoto , H. 1989 . PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, coplanar PCBs and organochlorinated pesticides in human adipose tissue in Japan . Chemosphere , 19 : 921 – 926 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , A. G. and Campall , A. 1994 . Organochlorine contaminant in liver of cod (Gadus moruha) and muscle of herring (Chupea herrangus) from Scottish waters . Mar. Pollut. Bull , 28 : 103 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Krieger , N. , Wolff , M. S. and Hiatt , R. A. 1994 . Breast cancer and serum organochlorines: A prospective study among white, black, and Asian women . JNCI , 86 : 589 – 599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunisue , T. , Minh , T. B. , Fukuda , K. , Watanabe , M. , Tanabe , S. and Titenko , A. M. 2002 . Seasonal variation of persistent organochlorine accumulation in birds from Lake Baikal, Russia, and the role of the south Asian region as a source of pollution for wintering migrants . Environ. Sci. Technol , 36 : 1396 – 1404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutz , F. W. , Wood , P. H. and Bottimore , D. P. 1991 . Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue . Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 120 : 1 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Q. Q. , Loganath , A. , Chong , Y. S. and Obbard , J. P. 2005 . Determination and occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in maternal adipose tissue from inhabitants of Singapore . J. Chromatogr. B , 819 : 253 – 257 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meirontyne , D. , Noren , K. and Bergman , A. 1999 . Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Swedish human milk. A time-related trend study, 1972–1997 . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 58 : 329 – 341 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakamura , H. , Matsuda , M. , Quynh , H. T. , Cau , H. D. , Chi , H. T. K. and Wakimoto , T. 1994 . Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, PCBs, DDTs and HCHs in human adipose tissue and breast milk from the south of Vietnam . Organohalogen Compounds , 21 : 71 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Pauwels , A. , Covaci , A. , Weyler , J. , Delbeke , L. , Dhont , M. , De Sutter , P. , D'Hooghe , T. and Schepens , P.J. 2000 . Comparison of persistent organic pollutant residues in serum and adipose tissue in a female population in Belgium, 1996–1998 . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 39 : 265 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , J. J. and Mills , P. 2001 . Lipid extraction from blood and biological samples and concentrations of dioxin-like compounds . Chemosphere , 34 : 999 – 1009 .
   Google Scholar
• Saegerman , C. , Berkven , D. , Boelaert , F. , Speybroeck , N. , Van Vlaenderen , I. , Lomba , M. , Ermens , A. , Biront , P. , Broeckaert , F. , DeCok , A. , Mohimont , S. , DePorter , G. , Torfs , B. , Robijns , J.M. , Monfort , V. , Vermeersch , J.P , Lengele , L. and Bernard , A. 2002 . Detection of polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins in Belgian cattle and estimation of the maximal potential exposure in humans through diets of bovine origin . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 65 : 1289 – 1305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• She , J. , Petreas , M. , Winkler , J. , Visita , P. , Mckinney , M. and Kopec , D. 2002 . PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area: Measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue . Chemosphere , 46 : 697 – 707 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinsiku , T. and Anamalai , S. Bioindicators suitable for monitoring POPs in developing countries . STAP Workshop on the Use of Bioindicators, Biomarkers, and Analytical Methods for the Analysis of POPs in Developing Countries . December 10–12 , Japan. Presented at the ,
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1999 . EPA Method 1668. Revision A: Chlorinated biphenyl congeners in water, soil, sediment and tissue by HRGC/HRMS , Washington, DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Science and Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe , M. S. , Thronton , J. T. , Fischbein , A. , Lilis , R. and Selikoff , I. J. 1982 . Disposition of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in occupationally exposed persons . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 62 : 294 – 306 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wurl , O. and Obbard , J. P. 2004 . A review of pollutants in the sea-surface microlayer (SML): A unique habitat for marine organisms . Mar. Pollut. Bull , 48 : 1016 – 1030 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar