A Preliminary Ecotoxicity Study of Pharmaceuticals in the Marine Environment

REFERENCES

• Batley , G. 1996 . “ The distribution and fate of tributyltin in the marine environment ” . In Tributyltin: Case study of an environmental contaminant , Edited by: de Mora , S J . 139 – 166 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burton , E. D. , Phillips , I. R. and Hawker , D. W. 2005 . In situ partitioning of butylin compounds in estuarine sediments . Chemosphere , 59 : 585 – 592 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buser , H. R. , Muller , M. D. and Theobald , N. 1998 . Occurrence of the pharmaceutical drug clofibric acid and the herbicide mecoprop in various Swiss lakes and in the North Sea . Environ. Sci. Technol , 32 : 188 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleuvers , M. 2004 . Mixture toxicity of the anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid . Ecotoxicol. Environ Safety , 59 : 309 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmanuel , E. , Keck , G. , Blanchard , J. M. , Vermande , P. and Perrodin , Y. 2004 . Toxicological effects of disinfections using sodium hypochlorite on aquatic organisms and its contribution to AOX formation in hospital wastewater . Environ Int , 30 : 891 – 900 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlandsson , B. and Matsson , S. 1978 . Medically used radionuclides in sewage sludge . Water Air Soil Pollut , 2 : 199 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Fong , P. P. 2001 . “ Antidepressants in aquatic organisms: a wide range of effects ” . In Pharmacueticals and personal care products in the environment: Scientific and regulatory issues , Edited by: Daughton , C. G. and Jones-Lepp , T. L. 264 – 281 . Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Fong , P. P. , Huminski , P. T. and D'Urso , L. M. 1998 . Induction and potentiation of parturition in fingernail clams (Sphaerium striatinum) by selective serotonin reuptake signaling . J. Exp. Zool , 280 : 260 – 264 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heberer , T. 2002 . Tracking persistent pharmaceutical residues from municipal sewage to drinking water . J. Hydrol , 266 : 175 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heberer , T. , Reddersen , K. and Mechlinski , A. 2002 . From municipal sewage to drinking water: fate and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment in urban areas . Water Sci. Technol , 46 ( 3 ) : 81 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura , K. , Toshima , S. , Amy , G. and Watanabe , Y. 2004 . Rejection of neutral endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) by RO membranes . J. Membr. Sci , 245 : 71 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolpin , D. W. , Furlong , E. T. , Meyer , M. T. , Thurman , E. M. , Zaugg , S. D. , Barber , L. B. and Buxton , H. T. 2002 . Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams. 1999–2000: A national reconnaissance . Environ. Sci. Technol , 36 : 1202 – 1211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kümmerer , K. 2001 . Drugs in the environment: Emission of drugs, diagnostic aids and disinfectants into wastewater by hospitals in relation to other sources—A review . Chemosphere , 45 : 957 – 969 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kümmerer , K. , Meyer , M. and Steger-Hartmann , T. 1997 . Biodegradability of the anti-tumour agent ifosfamide and its occurrence in hospital effluents and communal sewage . Water Res , 31 : 2705 – 2710 .
   Google Scholar
• Libermann , H. R. 1983 . Estimating LD50 using the probit technique: a basic computer program . Drug Chem. Toxicol , 6 : 111 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes , B. , Carvalho , F. and Guilhermino , L. 2004 . Acute and chronic effects of clofibrate and clofibric acid on the enzymes acetylcholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase and catalase of the mosquitofish . Gambusia holbrooki. Chemosphere , 57 : 1581 – 1589 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittschof , D. , Lai , C. H. , Kok , L. M. and Teo , S. L. M. 2003 . Pharmaceuticals as antifoulants: Concept and principles . Biofouling , 19 ( suppl. ) : 207 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastine , I. M. and Wakeman , R. J. 2003 . Consumption and environmental hazards of pharmaceutical substances in the UK . Trans. Chem , 81 ( B ) : 229 – 235 .
   Google Scholar
• Teo , S. L. M. , Choong , M. F. and Rittschof , D. 2003 . “ Pharmaceuticals as antifoulants: environmental issues ” . In Proc. Joint NUS-HSA Conference on Environment and Public Health 106 – 111 . Singapore
   Google Scholar
• Ternes , T. A. 1998 . Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers . Water Res , 32 : 3245 – 3260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigel , S. , Berger , Urs , Jensen , E. , Kallenborn , R. , Thoresen , H. and Hufnerfuss , H. 2004 . Determination of selected pharmaceuticals and caffeine in sewage and seawater from Tromso/Norway with emphasis on ibuprofen and its metabolites . Chemosphere , 56 : 583 – 592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar