Health of Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) in Relation to Breeding Location in the Early 1990s. II. Cellular and Histopathological Measures

REFERENCES

• Aluru , N. and Vijayan , M. M. 2006 . Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation impairs cortisol response to stress in rainbow trout by disrupting the rate-limiting steps in steroidogenesis . Endocrinology , 147 : 1895 – 1903 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , M. J. , Cacela , D. , Beltman , D. , Teh , S. J. , Okihiro , M. S. , Hinton , D. E. , Denslow , N. and Zelikoff , J. T. 2003 . Biochemical and toxicopathic biomarkers assessed in smallmouth bass recovered from a polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated river . Biomarkers , 8 : 371 – 393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews , J. E. 1989 . Polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) induced changes in femur morphometry, calcium metabolism and nephrotoxicity . Toxicology , 57 : 83 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcand-Hoy , L. D. and Metcalfe , C. D. 1999 . Biomarkers of exposure of brown bullheads (Ameirus nebulosus) to contaminants in the lower Great Lakes, North America . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 18 : 740 – 749 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aust , S. D. 1986 . “ Prediction of toxicity using the comparative biochemical effects of halogenated hydrocarbons ” . In Safety evaluation of drugs and chemicals , Edited by: Lloyd , W. E. 41 – 54 . Washington, DC : Hemisphere .
   Google Scholar
• Averbeck , C. 1992 . Haematology and blood chemistry of healthy and clinically abnormal great black-backed gulls (Larus marinus) and herring gulls (Larus argentatus) . Avian Pathol. , 21 : 215 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barron , M. G. , Anderson , M. J. , Cacela , D. , Lipton , J. , Teh , S. J. , Hinton , D. E. , Zelikoff , J. T. , Dikkeboom , A. L. , Tillitt , D. E. , Holey , M. and Denslow , N. 2000 . PCBs, liver lesions and biomarker responses in adult walleye (Stizostedium vitreum vitreum) collected from Green Bay, Wisconsin . J. Great Lakes Res. , 26 : 250 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beineke , A. , Siebert , U. , McLachlan , M. , Bruhn , R. , Thron , K. , Failing , K. , Müller , G. and Baumgartner , W. 2005 . Investigations of the potential influence of environmental contaminants on the thymus and spleen of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 39 : 3933 – 3938 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beierwaltes , W. H. 1987 . The most common thyroid disease in the state of Michigan is endemic goiter not due to iodine deficiency . Washtenaw County Med. Soc. Bull. , 39 : 3 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Bergman , A. , Bergstrand , A. and Bignert , A. 2001 . Renal lesions in Baltic grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and ringed seals (Phoca hispida botnica) . Ambio , 30 : 397 – 409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhoft , A. , Skaare , I. U. , Wiig , O. , Derocher , A. E. and Larsen , H. J. S. 2000 . Possible immunotoxic effects of organochlorines in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health . A , 59 : 561 – 574 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowerman , W. W. , Stickle , J. E. , Sikarskie , J. C. and Giesy , J. P. 2000 . Hematology and serum biochemistries of nestling bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalis) in the lower peninsula of MI, USA . Chemosphere , 41 : 1575 – 1579 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bustnes , J. O. , Hanssen , S. A. , Folstad , I. , Erikstad , K. E. , Hasselquist , D. and Shaare , J. U. 2004 . Immune function and organochlorine pollutants in Arctic breeding glaucous gulls . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 47 : 530 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterfield , J. , Coulson , J. C. , Kearsey , S. V. and Monaghan , P. 1983 . The herring gull Larus argentatus as a carrier of Salmonella . J. Hyg. , 91 : 429 – 436 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carpenter , D. O. , Shen , Y. , Nguyen , T. , Le , L. and Lininger , L. L. 2001 . Incidence of endocrine disease among residents of New York Areas of Concern . Environ. Health Perspect. , 109 : 845 – 851 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu , I. , Villeneuve , D. C. , Becking , G. C. , Iverson , F. , Ritter , L. , Valli , V. E. and Reynolds , L. M. 1980 . Short-term study of the combined effects of mirex, photomirex, and kepone with halogenated biphenyls in rats . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 6 : 421 – 432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan , D. F. and Johnson , W. C. 1970 . Amyloidosis in the white Pekin duck. I. Relation to social environmental stress . Lab. Invest. , 23 : 551 – 555 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , S. J. , Eyles , J. and DeLuca , P. 2001 . Mapping health in the Great Lakes Areas of Concern: A user-friendly tool for policy and decision makers . Environ. Health Perspect. , 109 ( suppl 6 ) : 817 – 826 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewins , P. J. , Weseloh , D. V. , Groom , J. H. , Dobos , R. Z. and Mineau , P. 1994 . The diet of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) during winter and early spring in the Lower Great Lakes . Hydrobiologica , 279/280 : 39 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , G. A. , Allan , L. J. , Weseloh , D. V. and Mineau , P. 1990 . The diet of herring gulls during the nesting period in Canadian waters of the Great Lakes . Can. J. Zool. , 68 : 1075 – 1085 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , G. A. , Grasman , K. A. , Hobson , K. A. , Williams , K. , Jeffrey , D. and Hanbidge , B. 2002 . Contaminant residues in tissues of adult and prefledged herring gulls from the Great Lakes in relation to diet in the early 1990s . J. Great Lakes Res. , 28 : 643 – 663 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , G. A. , Jeffrey , D. A. , Williams , K. S. , Kennedy , S. W. and Grasman , K. A. 2007 . Health of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) in relation to breeding location in the early 1990s. I. Biochemical measures . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A ,
   Google Scholar
• Fox , G. A. , Trudeau , S. , Won , H. and Grasman , K. A. 1998 . Monitoring the elimination of persistent toxic substances from the Great Lakes: Chemical and physiological evidence from adult herring gulls . Environ. Monit. Assess. , 53 : 147 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , G. A. , White , P. A , Trudeau , S. , Theodorakis , C. , Shutt , L. J. , Kennedy , S. W. and Fernie , K. J. 2005 . DNA strand length and EROD activity in relation to two screening measures of genotoxic exposure in Great Lakes herring gulls . Ecotoxicology , 14 : 527 – 544 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franson , J. C. and Pearson , J. E. 1995 . Probable epizootic chlamydiosis in wild California (Larus californicus) and ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) gulls in North Dakota . J. Wildl. Dis. , 31 : 424 – 427 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gajadhar , A. A. and Leighton , F. A. 1988 . Eimeria wobeseri sp. n. and Eimeria goelandi sp. N. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in the kidneys of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) . J. Wildl. Dis. , 24 : 538 – 546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbertson , M. 1974 . Pollutants in breeding herring gulls in the Lower Great Lakes . Can. Field-Nat. , 88 : 273 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , D. G. and Sauer , R. M. 1992 . Hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity in female Sprague-Dawley rats treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD): A pathology working group reevaluation . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 15 : 245 – 252 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goyer , R. A. 1985 . “ Urinary system ” . In Environmental pathology , Edited by: Mottet , N. K. 290 – 319 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grasman , K. A. , Armstrong , M. , Hammersley , D. L. , Scanlon , P. F. and Fox , G. A. 2000 . Geographic variation in blood plasma protein concentrations of young herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and Caspian terns (Sterna caspia) from the Great Lakes and Lake Winnipeg . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , 125C : 365 – 375 .
   Google Scholar
• Grasman , K. A. and Fox , G. A. 2000 . Associations between altered immune function and organochlorine contamination in young Caspian terns (Sterna caspia) from Lake Huron, 1997–1999 . Ecotoxicology , 10 : 101 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Grasman , K. A. , Fox , G. A. , Scanlon , P. F. and Ludwig , J. P. 1996 . Organochlorine-associated immunosuppression in prefledgling Caspian terns and herring gulls from the Great Lakes: An ecoepidemiological study . Environ. Health Perspect. , 104 : 829 – 842 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasman , K. A. , Scanlon , P. F. and Fox , G. A. 2000 . Geographic variation in haematological variables in adult and prefledgling herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and possible associations with organochlorine exposure . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 38 : 244 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , W. B. and Siegel , H. S. 1983 . Evaluation of the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens . Avian Dis. , 27 : 972 – 979 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebert , C. E. , Norstrom , R. J. and Weseloh , D. V. 1999a . A quarter century of environmental surveillance: The Canadian Wildlife Service's Great Lakes Herring Gull Monitoring Program . Environ. Rev. , 7 : 147 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Hebert , C. E. , Shutt , J. L. and Ball , R. O. 2002 . Plasma amino acid concentrations as an indicator of protein availability to breeding herring gulls (Larus argentatus) . Auk , 119 : 185 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebert , C. E. , Shutt , J. L. , Hobson , K. A. and Weseloh , D. V. 1999b . Spatial and temporal differences in the diet of Great Lakes herring gulls (Larus argentatus): Evidence from stable isotope analysis . Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , 56 : 323 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , A. M. and Leighton , F. A. 1985 . Hemograms and microscopic lesions of herring gulls during captivity . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , 187 : 1125 – 1128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , D. J. , Melancon , M. J. , Klein , P. N. , Rice , C. R. , Eisemann , J. D. , Hines , R. K. , Spann , J. W. and Pendleton , G. W. 1996 . Developmental toxicity of PCB 126 (3,3',4,4'5-pentachlorobiphenyl) in nestling American kestrels (Falco spaverius) . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. , 34 : 188 – 200 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• John , J. L. 1994 . The avian spleen: A neglected organ . Q. Rev. Biol. , 69 : 327 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy , S. W. , Fox , G. A. , Jones , S. P. and Trudeau , S. F. 2003 . Hepatic EROD activity is not a useful biomarker of polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in the adult herring gull (Larus argentatus) . Ecotoxicology , 12 : 153 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy , S. W. , Fox , G. A. , Trudeau , S. , Bastien , L. J. and Jones , S. P. 1998 . Highly carboxylated porphyrin concentration: a biochemical marker for PCB exposure in herring gulls . Mar. Environ. Res. , 46 : 65 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy , S. W. and James , C. A. 1993 . Improved method to extract and concentrate porphyrins from liver tissue for analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography . J. Chromatogr. , 619 : 127 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy , S. W. and Jones , S. P. 1994 . Simultaneous measurement of cytochrome P4501A catalytic activity and total protein concentration with a fluorescence plate reader . Anal. Biochem. , 222 : 217 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy , S. W. , Jones , S. P. and Bastien , L. J. 1995 . Efficient analysis of cytochrome P4501A catalytic activity, porphyrins, and total proteins in chicken embryo hepatocyte cultures with a fluorescence plate reader . Anal. Biochem. , 226 : 362 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy , S. W. , Lorenzen , A. , Jones , S. P. , Hahn , M. E. and Stegeman , J. J. 1996 . Cytochrome P4501A induction in avian hepatocyte cultures: A promising approach to predicting the sensitivity of avian species to toxic effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 141 : 214 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitaysky , A. S. , Piatt , J. F. , Wingfield , J. C. and Romano , M. 1999a . The adrenocortical stress-response of black-legged kittiwake chicks in relation to dietary restrictions . J. Comp. Physiol. B , 169 : 303 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitaysky , A. S. , Wingfield , J. C. and Piatt , J. F. 1999b . Dynamics of food availability, body condition and physiological stress response in breeding black-legged kittiwakes . Funct. Ecol. , 13 : 577 – 584 .
   Google Scholar
• Kling , D. , Kunkle , J. , Roller , A. S. and Gamble , W. 1978 . Polychlorinated biphenyls: In vivo and in vitro modifications of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis . J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. , 1 : 813 – 828 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kluwe , W. M. 1981 . Renal function tests as indicators of kidney injury in subacute toxicity studies . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 57 : 414 – 424 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leighton , F. A. 1984 . The toxicity of ingested crude petroleum oil to marine birds: Pathology and pathogenesis , Ithaca, NY : PhD thesis, Cornell University .
   Google Scholar
• Leighton , F. A. and Gajadhar , A. A. 1986 . Eimeria fraterculae sp. N. in the kidneys of Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) from Newfoundland, Canada: Species description and lesions . J. Wildl. Dis. , 22 : 520 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , L.-A. and Wang , P.-W. 2005 . PCB 126 induces differential changes in androgen, cortisol, and aldosterone biosynthesis in human adrenocortcal H295R cells . Toxicol. Sci. , 85 : 530 – 540 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling , Y. S. 1987 . Studies on amyloidogenesis in ducks . Chin. J. Zoonoses , 3 : 17 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Ling , Y. S. , Mao , H. P. , Zhong , A. C. and Guo , Y. C. 1991 . The effects of Eschericia coli and its endotoxin on amyloidogenesis in ducks . Vet. Pathol. , 28 : 519 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Literak , I. , Cizek , A. and Honza , M. 1992 . Using examinations of young black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) for the detection of Salmonellae in the environment . Acta Vet. Brno , 61 : 141 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Lorenzen , A. , Moon , T. W. , Kennedy , S. W. and Fox , G. A. 1999 . Relationships between environmental organochlorine contaminant residues, plasma corticosterone concentrations, and intermediary metabolic enzyme activities in Great Lakes herring gull embryos . Environ. Health Perspect. , 107 : 179 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love , O. P. , Shutt , L. J. , Silies , J. S. , Bortolotti , G. R. , Smits , J. E. G. and Bird , D. M. 2003 . Effects of dietary PCB exposure on adrenocortical function in captive American kestrels (Falco spaverius) . Ecotoxicology , 12 : 199 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumeij , J. T. 1988 . “ Enzyme profiles and biochemical changes due to liver disease in the racing pigeon ” . In Animal clinical biochemistry—The future , Edited by: Blackmore , D. J. , Eckersall , P. D. , Evans , G. O. , Sommer , H. , Stonard , M. D. and Woodman , D. D. 161 – 174 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lundberg, R., Fox, G. A., and Lind, P. M. 2006. Do EDCs effect bone tissue of Great Lakes herring gulls? Toxicologist 90(1), abstract 1575, poster presentation,45th Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, March, San Diego, CA.
   Google Scholar
• McConnell , E. E. 1980 . “ Acute and chronic toxicity, carcinogenesis, reproduction, teratogenesis and mutagenesis in animals ” . In Halogenated biphenyls, terphenyls, naphthalenes, dibenzodioxins and related compounds , Edited by: Kimbrough , R. D. 109 – 190 . New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• McConnell , E. E. , Huff , J. E. , Hejtmancik , M. , Peters , A. C. and Persing , R. 1991 . Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of two grades of pentachlorophenol in B6C3F1 mice . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. , 17 : 519 – 532 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McFarlane , J. M. and Curtis , S. E. 1989 . Multiple concurrent stressors in chicks. 3. Effects on plasma corticosterone and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio . Poult. Sci. , 68 : 522 – 527 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinovic , B. , Lean , D. , Bishop , C. A. , Rirmingham , E. , Secord , A. and Jock , K. 2003 . Health of tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolour) nestlings exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbons in the St. Lawrence River basin. Part II. Basal and stress plasma corticosterone concentrations . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 66 : 2015 – 2029 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marzella , L. and Trump , B. F. 1991 . “ Pathology of the liver: Functional and structural alterations of hepatocyte organelles induced by cell injury ” . In Hepatotoxicology , Edited by: Meeks , R. G. , Harrison , S. D. and Bull , R. J. 93 – 138 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moccia , R. D. , Leatherland , J. F. and Sonstegard , R. A. 1981 . Quantitative interlake comparison of thyroid pathology in Great Lakes coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytcha) salmon . Cancer Res. , 41 : 2200 – 2210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moccia , R. D. , Fox , G. A. and Britton , A. 1986 . A quantitative assessment of the thyroid histopathology of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the Great Lakes and a hypothesis on the causal role of environmental contaminants . J. Wildl. Dis. , 22 : 60 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moberg , G. P. 1985 . “ Biological response to stress: Key to assessment of animal well-being? ” . In Animal stress , Edited by: Moberg , G. P. 27 – 49 . Bethesda, MD : American Physiological Society .
   Google Scholar
• Oskam , I. C. , Ropstad , E. , Dahl , E. , Lie , E. , Derocher , A. E. , Wiig , O. , Larsen , S. , Wiger , R. and Skaare , J. U. 2003 . Organochlorines affect the major androgenic hormone, testosterone, in male polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 66 : 2119 – 2139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , L. N. 1971 . “ The lymphoid system ” . In Physiology and biochemistry of the domestic fowl , Edited by: Bell , D. J. and Freeman , B. M. Vol. 2 , 985 – 1037 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Peakall , D. B. and Fox , G. A. 1987 . Toxicological investigations of pollutant-related effects in Great Lakes gulls . Environ. Health Perspect. , 71 : 187 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekarik , C. and Weseloh , D. V. 1998 . Organochlorine contaminants in herring gull eggs from the Great Lakes, 1974–1995: Change point regression analysis and short-term regression . Environ. Monit. Assess. , 53 : 77 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pence , D. B. and Rhodes , M. J. 1982 . Trichobilharzia physellae (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) from endemic waterfowl on the high plains of Texas . J. Wildl. Dis. , 18 : 69 – 74 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Post , J. , Rebel , J. M. J. and ter Huurne , A. A. H. M. 2003 . Automated blood cell count: A sensitive and reliable method to study corticosterone-related stress in broilers . Poult. Sci. , 82 : 591 – 595 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quessy , S. and Messier , S. 1992 . Prevalence of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria spp. in ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) . J. Wildl. Dis. , 28 : 526 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Restum , J. C. , Bursian , S. J , Giesy , J. P. , Render , J. A. , Helferich , W. G. , Shipp , E. B. and Verbrugge , D. A. 1998 . Multigeneration study of the effects of consumption of PCB-contaminated carp from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, on mink. 1. Effects on mink reproduction, kit growth and survival, and selected biological parameters . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 54 : 343 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , E. S. and Moslen , M. T. 1985 . “ Liver and biliary tree ” . In Environmental pathology , Edited by: Mottet , N. K. 248 – 289 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rigdon , R. H. 1960 . Amyloidosis: experimental production in ducks with methylcholanthrene . Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. , 18 : 93 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Roth , R. A. , Harkema , J. R. , Pestka , J. P. and Ganey , P. E. 1997 . Is exposure to bacterial endotoxin a determinant of susceptibility to intoxication from xenobiotics? . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 147 : 300 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheinberg , M. A. and Cathcart , E. S. 1976 . Comprehensive study of humoral and cellular immune abnormalities in 26 patients with systemic amyloidosis . Arthritis Rheumatism , 19 : 173 – 182 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schlezinger , J. J. , Keller , J. , Verbrugge , L. A. and Stegeman , J. J. 2000 . 3,3',4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl oxidation in fish, bird and reptile species: Relationship to cytochrome P450 1A inactivation and reactive oxygen production . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , 125C : 273 – 286 .
   Google Scholar
• Schrank , C. S. , Cormier , S. M. and Blazer , V. S. 1997 . Contaminant exposure, biochemical, and histopathological biomarkers in white suckers from contaminated and reference sites in the Sheboygan River, Wisconsin . J. Great Lakes Res. , 23 : 119 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smits , J. E. G. and Bortolotti , G. R. 2001 . Antibody-mediated immunotoxicity in American kestrels (Falco spaverius) exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls . J. Toxicol Environ. Health A , 62 : 217 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonne , C. , Dietz , R. , Born , E. W , Riget , F. F. , Kirkegaard , M. , Hyldstrup , L. , Letcher , R. J. and Muir , D. C. G. 2004 . Is bone mineral composition disrupted by organochlorines in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus)? . Environ. Health Perspect. , 112 : 1711 – 1716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonne , C. , Dietz , R. , Leifsson , P. S. , Born , E. W. , Letcher , R. J. , Muir , D. C. G. , Riget , F. F. and Hyldstrup , L. 2005 . Do organohalogen contaminants contribute to histopathology in liver from East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 1569 – 1574 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonne , C. , Dietz , R. , Leifsson , P. S. , Born , E. W. , Kirkegaard , M. , Letcher , R. J. , Muir , D. C. G. , Riget , F. F. and Hyldstrup , L. 2006 . Are organohalogen contaminants a co-factor in the development of renal lesions in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 26 : 1551 – 1557 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , K. J. and Freund , J. 1947 . Immunization of ducks against malaria by means of killed parasites with or without adjuvants . Am. J. Trop. Med. , 27 : 79 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totzke , U. , Fenske , M. , Hüppop , O. , Raabe , H. and Schach , N. 1999 . The influence of fasting on blood and plasma composition of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) . Physiol. Biochem. Zool. , 72 : 426 – 437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tryphonas , L. , Truelove , J. , Zawidzka , Z. , Wong , J. , Mes , J. , Charbonneau , S. , Grant , D. G. and Campbell , J. S. 1984 . Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) toxicity in adult cynomolgus monkeys (M. fascicularis): A pilot study . Toxicol. Pathol. , 12 : 10 – 25 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Virchow , R. 1858 . Die Cellularpathologie in Ihrer Begrundung auf Physiologische und Pathologische Gewebelehre , Berlin : August Hirschwald .
   Google Scholar
• Vleck , C. M. , Vertalino , N. , Vleck , D. and Bucher , T. L. 2000 . Stress, corticosterone, and heterophil to lymphocyte ratios in free-living Adélie penguins . Condor , 102 : 392 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade , M. G. , Foster , W. G. , Younglai , E. V. , McMahon , A. , Leingartner , K. , Yagminas , A. , Blakey , D. , Fournier , M. , Desaulniers , D. and Hughes , C. L. 2002 . Effects of subchronic exposure to a complex mixture of persistent contaminants in male rats: Systemic, immune, and reproductive effects . Toxicol. Sci. , 67 : 131 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. M. , Vijayan , M. M. , Kennedy , C. J. , Iwama , G. K. and Moon , T. W. 1998 . Beta-Naphthoflavone abolishes interregnal sensitivity to ACTH stimulation in rainbow trout . J. Endocrinol. , 157 : 63 – 70 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wojcinski , Z. , Barker , I. K. , Hunter , D. B. and Lumsden , H. 1987 . An outbreak of schistosomiasis in Atlantic brant geese, Branta bernicla hrota . J. Wildl. Dis. , 23 : 248 – 255 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar