201
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Health Risk Assessment of Chlorobenzenes in the Air of Residential Houses Using Probabilistic Techniques

, , &
Pages 1594-1603 | Published online: 28 Aug 2007

REFERENCES

  • Amoore , J. E. and Hautala , E. 1983 . Odor as an aid to chemical safety: odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution . J. Appl. Toxicol. , 3 : 272 – 290 .
  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . 1998 . Toxicological profile for 1,4-DCB , 129 – 132 . Atlanta, GA : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .
  • Baldwin , C. M. , Bell , I. R. and O'Rourke , M. K. 1999 . Odor sensitivity and respiratory complaint profiles in a community-based sample with asthma, hay fever and chemical odor intolerance . Toxicol. Ind. Health. , 15 : 403 – 409 .
  • Barter , J. A. and Sherman , J. H. 1999 . An evaluation of the carcinogenic hazard of 1,4-dichlorobenzene based on internationally recognized criteria . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 29 : 64 – 79 .
  • Berliner , M. L. 1939 . Cataract following the inhalation of paradichlorobenzene vapor . Arch. Ophthalmol. , 22 : 1023 – 1024 .
  • Bomhard , E. M. , Schmidt , U. and Löser , E. 1998 . Time course of enzyme induction in liver and kidneys and absorption, distribution, and elimination of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in rats . Toxicology. , 131 : 73 – 91 .
  • Buhamra , S. S. , Bouhamra , W. S. and Elkilani , A. S. 1998 . Assessment of air quality in ninety-nine residences of Kuwait . Environ. Technol. , 19 : 357 – 368 .
  • Campbell , D. M. and Davidson , R. J. L. 1970 . Toxic haemolytic anemia in pregnancy due to a pica for paradichlorobenzene . J. Obstet. Gynecol. Br. Commun. , 77 : 657 – 659 .
  • Cothern , C. R. 1989 . Some scientific judgments in the assessment of tube risk of environmental contaminants . Toxicol. Ind. Health , 5 : 479 – 491 .
  • Cotter , L. H. 1953 . Paradichlorobenzene poisoning from insecticides . NY State J. Med. , 53 : 1690 – 1692 .
  • Danford , D. E. and Huber , A. M. 1982 . Pica among mentally retarded adults . Am. J. Ment. Defic. , 87 : 141 – 146 .
  • Decisioneering, Inc. 2000 . Crystal Ball 2000 Professional , Denver, CO : Decisioneering, Inc .
  • Derelanko , M. J. 1995 . “ Risk assessment ” . In CRC handbook of toxicology , Edited by: Derelanko , M. J. and Hollinger , M. A. 591 – 676 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
  • Ember , L. 1985 . Toxic chemicals levels higher indoors than out . Chem. Eng. News , 63 : 22 – 24 .
  • Felin , P. and Otson , R. 1994 . Assessment of the influence of climatic factors on concentration levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Canadian homes . Atmos. Environ. , 28 : 3581 – 3586 .
  • Harden , R. A. and Baetjer , A. M. 1978 . Aplastic anemia following exposure to paradichlorobenzene and naphthalene . J. Occup. Med. , 20 : 820 – 822 .
  • Heavner , D. L. , Morgan , W. T. and Ogden , M. W. 1995 . Determination of volatile organic compounds and ETS appointment in 49 homes . Environ. Int. , 21 : 3 – 21 .
  • Hill , R. H. , Ashley , D. L. , Head , S. L. , Needham , L. N. and Pirkle , J. L. 1995a . p-Dichlorobenzene exposure among 1000 adults in the United States . Arch. Environ. Health , 50 : 277 – 280 .
  • Hill , R.H. , Head , S. L. , Baker , S. , Gregg , M. , Shealy , D. B. , Bailey , S. L. , Williams , C. C. , Sampson , E. J. and Needham , L. N. 1995b . Pesticide residues in urine of adults living in the United States: Reference range concentrations . Environ. Res. , 71 : 99 – 108 .
  • Hissink , A. M. , Oudshoorn , M. J. , Van Ommen , B. , Haenen , G. R. M. M. and Van Bladeren , P. J. 1996 . Differences in cytochrome P-450 mediated biotransformation of 1,2-DCB by rat and man: Implications for human risk assessment . Chem. Res. Toxicol. , 9 : 1249 – 1256 .
  • Hissink , A. M. , Oudshoorn , M. J. , Van Ommen , B. and Van Bladeren , P. J. 1997b . Species and strain differences in the hepatic cytochrome P450-mediated biotransformation of 1,4-DCB . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 145 : 1 – 9 .
  • Hollingsworth , R. L. , Rowe , V. K. , Oyen , F. , Hoyle , H. R. and Spencer , H. C. 1956 . Toxicity of paradichlorobenzene: Determinants on experimental animals and human subjects . Arch. Ind. Health , 14 : 138 – 147 .
  • IPCS. 2000 . Environmental health criteria 214: Human exposure assessment. , Geneva : WHO .
  • Japan Bioassay Research Center . November 1995 . Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of p-dichlorobenzene in F344/CuCrj Rats and Crj: BDF1 mice (two year inhalation studies) November , Kanagawa, , Japan
  • Kostiainen , R. 1995 . Volatile organic compounds in the indoor air of normal and sick houses . Atmos. Environ. , 29 : 693 – 702 .
  • Kurtzman , T. L. , Otsuka , K. N. and Wahl , R. A. 2001 . Inhalant abuse by adolescents . J. Adolesc. Health , 28 : 170 – 180 .
  • Lake , B. G. , Cunninghame , M. E. and Price , R. J. 1997 . Comparison of the hepatic and acute renal effects of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in the rat and mouse . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. , 39 : 67 – 75 .
  • Lebowitz , M. D. 1991 . Populations at risk: addressing health effects due to complex mixtures with a focus on respiratory effects . Environ. Health. Perspect. , 95 : 35 – 38 .
  • Klepeis , N. E. 1999 . An introduction to the indirect exposure assessment approach: Modelling human exposure using microenvironmental measurements and the recent national human activity pattern survey . Environ. Health. Perspect. , 107 ( Suppl. 2 ) : 365 – 374 .
  • Manale , A. , Wallace , L. and Nelson , W. . Preliminary results of the Baltimore team study. III. Indoor and outdoor canister measurements . Proceedings of the 1988 EPA/APCA International Symposium on Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants . May 1988 , Research Triangle Park, NC. pp. 143 – 148 .
  • Meek , M. E. , Giddings , M. and Gomes , R. 1994 . 1,4-Dichlorobenzene: Evaluation of risks to health from environmental exposure in Canada . Environ. Carcinogen. Ecotoxicol. Rev. , 12 : 277 – 285 .
  • Miller , C. S. 1996 . Chemical sensitivity: symptom, syndrome or mechanism for disease? . Toxicology , 111 : 69 – 86 .
  • Miyai , I. , Hirono , N. , Fujita , M. and Kameyama , M. 1988 . Reversible ataxia following chronic exposure to paradichlorobenzene . J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry , 51 : 453 – 454 .
  • M⊘lhave , L. 1990 . Volatile organic compounds, indoor air quality and and health. Indoor Air '90, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. International Society for Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. I. Ottawa, Canada, p. 15, in Toxicological considerations in evaluating indoor air quality and human health: impact of new carpet emissions (Dietert, R.R., and Hedge, A.), 1996 . Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 26 : 633 – 707 .
  • Morita , M. and Ohi , G. 1975 . Paradichlorobenzene in human tissue and atmosphere in Tokyo metropolitan area . Environ. Pollut. , 8 : 269 – 274 .
  • National Industrial Chemical Notification and Assessment Scheme . 2000 . Para-Dichlorobenzene priority existing chemical assessment report No. 13 , Sydney : Commonwealth of Australia .
  • Olansandan , T. A. , Amagai , O.T. and Matsushita , H. 1999 . A passive sampler–GC/ECD method for analysing 18 volatile organohalogen compounds in indoor and outdoor air and its application to a survey on indoor air pollution in Shizuoka, Japan . Talanta , 50 : 851 – 863 .
  • Pagnotto , L. D. and Walkley , J. E. 1965 . Urinary dichlorophenol as an index of para-dichlorobenzene exposure . Am. Ind. Hyg. J. , 26 : 137 – 142 .
  • Riley , R. , Chart , I. , Doss , A. , Gore , C. , Patton , D. and Weight , T. Paradichlorobenzene: Long term inhalation study in the rat . Report no. CTL/P/447 . 1980 . Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderly Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
  • Scuderi , R. 1986 . “ Determination of para-dichlorobenzene releases from selected consumer products. Report to U.S.EPA by Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, MO. Office of Toxic Substances, Washington DC ” . In Toxicological profile for 1,4-dichlorobenzene , 170 – 175 . Atlanta, GA : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry), 1998.
  • Shah , J. J. and Heyerdahl , E. K. 1988 . “ National ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs): Data base update. Report to U.S. EPA, Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, by Nero and Associates, Inc., Portland, OR. EPA/600/3-88/010a ” . In Toxicological profile for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. , 170 – 175 . Atlanta, GA : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . 1998.
  • Shah , J. J. and Singh , H. B. 1988 . Distribution of volatile organic chemicals in outdoor and indoor air: A national VOCs data base . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 22 : 1381 – 1388 .
  • Sittig , L. 1991 . Handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals and carcinogens , 3rd , Vol. I , 558 – 561 . Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes .
  • Szakolkal , A. and Weller , R. 1994 . Windsor Air Quality Study: Health effects assessment appendices 1–24 , 5.1 – 5.19 . Ontario : Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy .
  • Tancrede , M. , Wilson , R. , Zeise , L. and Crouch , E. A. C. 1987 . The carcinogenic risk of some organic vapors indoors: A theoretical survey . Atmos. Environ. , 21 : 2187 – 2205 .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Health assessment document for chlorinated benzenes—Final report . EPA-600/884/015F . 1985 . January. Washington, DC: Office of Health and Environmental Assessment.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . An exposure and risk assessment for dichlorobenzenes . EPA-440/4-81-019 . 1981 . pp. 5–19. Washington, DC: Office of Water Regulations and Standards.
  • Wallace , L. A. 1991 . Comparison of risks from outdoor and indoor exposure to toxic chemicals . Environ. Health. Perspect. , 95 : 7 – 13 .
  • Wallace , L. A. , Pellizari , E. D. , Hartwell , T. D. , Sparacino , C. M. , Sheldon , L. S. and Zelon , H. 1985 . Personal exposures, indoor-outdoor relationships, and breath levels of toxic air pollutants measured for 355 persons in New Jersey . Atmos. Environ. , 19 : 1651 – 1661 .
  • Wallace , L. A. , Pellizari , E. D. , Sheldon , L. S. , Hartwell , T. D. , Sparacino , C. M. and Zelon , H. 1986 . “ The total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM) study: Direct measurement of personal exposures through air and water for 600 residents of several U.S. cities ” . In Pollutants in a multimedia environment , Edited by: Cohen , Y. 289 – 314 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Wallace , L. A. , Pellizari , E. D. , Hartwell , T. D. , Whitmore , R. , Zelon , H. , Perritt , R. and Sheldon , L. 1988 . The California team study: breath concentrations and personal exposures to 26 volatile compounds in air and drinking water of 188 residents of Los Angeles, Antioch and Pittsburg, CA . Atmos. Environ. , 22 : 2141 – 2163 .
  • Wallace , L. A. , Pellizari , E. D. , Hartwell , T. D. , Davis , V. , Michael , L. C. and Whitmore , R. W. 1989 . The influence of personal activities on exposure to volatile organic compounds . Environ. Res. , 50 : 37 – 55 .
  • Weintraub , E. , Gandhi , D. and Robinson , C. 2000 . Medical complications due to mothball abuse . South. Med. J. , 93 : 427 – 429 .
  • Weller , R.W. and Crellin , A.L. 1953 . Pulmonary granulomatosis following extensive use of paradichlorobenzene . AMA Arch. Intern. Med. , 91 : 408 – 413 .
  • Zupko , A. G. and Edwards , L. D. 1949 . A toxicological study of p-dichlorobenzene . J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. , 28 : 124 – 131 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.