Exposure Assessment Modeling for Volatiles—Towards an Australian Indoor Vapor Intrusion Model

REFERENCES

• Abreu , L. D. V. and Johnson , P. C. 2005 . Effect of vapor source-building separation and building construction on soil vapor intrusion as studied with a three-dimensional numerical model . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 39 : 4550 – 4561 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abreu , L. D. V. and Johnson , P. C. 2006 . Simulating the effect of aerobic biodegradation on soil vapor intrusion into buildings: Influence of degradation rate, source concentration, and depth . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 2304 – 2315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ADEC. 2004. Evaluation of vapor intrusion pathway at contaminated sites. Alaska Department of Environment Conservation. http://www.dec.state.ak.us/spar/csp/guidance/draft_vap_intr_tm_6_28.doc (Accessed: 23 September 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• Anderssen , R. S. and Markey , B. R. 1997 . Indoor infiltration of volatile organic contaminants coupling above- to below-ground via a nonhomogeneous surface boundary . J. Soil Contam. , 6 : 15 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderssen, R. S., and Markey, B. R. 1998. Exposure to volatiles from below-ground sources. In The health risk assessment and management of contaminated sites, eds. A. Langley, P. Imray, W. Lock, and H. Hill, pp. 93–105. Proceedings of the Fourth National Workshop on the Health risk Assessment and Management of Contaminated Sites. Contaminated Sites Monograph Series No. 7. Adelaide, South Australia: South Australian Health Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Anderssen, R. S., de Hoog, F. R., and Markey, B. R. 1997. Modelling the volatilization of organic soil contaminants: Extension of the Jury, Spencer and Farmer behaviour assessment model and solution. Appl. Math. Lett. 10:31–34. Erratum: 1997. Appl. Math. Lett. 10:135.
   Google Scholar
• Askari , K. and Pollard , S. The UK approach for evaluating human health risks from petroleum hydrocarbons in soils . Science Report P5-080/TR3 . 2005 . Environment Agency, Almondsbury, Bristol, UK.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM. 1999. RBCA fate and transport models: Compendium and selection guidance. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. http://www.epa.gov/swerust1/rbdm/rbcafntm.pdf (Accessed: 23 September 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• ATSDR . 1999 . Toxicological profile for total petroleum hydrocarbons , Atlanta, GA : Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .
   Google Scholar
• Biggs , K. L. , Bennie , I. D. and Michell , D. 1987 . Air infiltration rates in some Australian houses . Aust. Inst. Build. Pap. , 2 : 49 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• CCME . 1996 . A protocol for the derivation of environmental and human health soil quality guidelines , Winnipeg, Manitoba : Canadian Council of Ministers for the Environment . CCME-EPC-101E
   Google Scholar
• CCME . 2001 . Canada-wide standards for petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) in soil , Winnipeg, Manitoba : Canadian Council of Ministers for the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• CCME . 2001 . Canada-wide standards for petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) in soil—Technical supplement , Winnipeg, Manitoba : Canadian Council of Ministers for the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Culver , T. B. , Shoemaker , C. A. and Lion , L. W. 1991 . Impact of vapor sorption on the subsurface transport of volatile organic compounds: A numerical model and analysis . Water Resources Res. , 27 : 2259 – 2270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , G. B. , Trefry , M. G. and Patterson , B. M. Petroleum and solvent vapours: Quantifying their behaviour, assessment and exposure . A report to the Western Australian Department of Environment . 2004 . Perth, Western Australia: CSIRO Land and Water Report.
   Google Scholar
• Delsante , A. , Chan , C. , Threlfall , G. , Williamson , T. and Olweney , M. March 1998a . “ A progress report on the measurement of ventilation rates in the sub-floor spaces of houses with suspended timber floors ” . In Environmentally responsible housing for Australia. Proceedings of a research seminar , March , 41 – 51 . Adelaide, , Australia : School of Architecture, University of Adelaide .
   Google Scholar
• Delsante , A. , Chan , C. , Threlfall , G. , Williamson , T. and Olwney , M. 1998b . “ Further measurements of ventilation rates in sub-floor spaces of houses with suspended timber floors ” . In Environmentally responsible housing for Australia. Proceedings of a research seminar/workshop , Edited by: Olweney , M. R. O. and Williamson , T. J. 35 – 42 . Sydney : Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation, Timber Development Association, 31 July .
   Google Scholar
• Dougherty , S. 1991 . “ Regulatory approaches to hydrocarbon contamination from underground storage tanks ” . In Hydrocarbon contaminated soils and groundwater , Edited by: Kostecki , P. T. and Calabrese , E. 23 – 63 . Chelsea, MI : Lewis .
   Google Scholar
• Dougherty , S. February 1997 . Use of subsurface vapour to indoor air exposure models by a local health agency: Historical development and issues encountered February , Brea, CA Presented at Petroleum Environmental Research Forum (PERF) Symposium
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , D. A. , Andriot , M. D. , Amoruso , M. A. , Tummey , A. C. , Bevan , C. J. , Tveit , A. , Hayes , L. A. , Youngren , S. H. and Nakles , D. V. 1997 . Development of fraction specific reference doses (RfDs) and reference concentrations (RfCs) for total petroleum hydrocarbons , Amherst, MA : Amherst Scientific Publishers . Total Petroleum Hydocarbon Criteria Working Group Series. Volume 4.
   Google Scholar
• enHealth . 2002 . Environmental health risk assessment—Guidelines for assessing human health risks from environmental hazards , Canberra, , Australia : Department of Health and Ageing . enHealth Council
   Google Scholar
• Environment Agency . 2003 . Principles for evaluating the human health risks from petroleum hydrocarbons in soils: Consultation paper , Almondsbury, Bristol, UK : Environment Agency . R&D Technical Report P5-080/TR1
   Google Scholar
• Environment Agency. 2004. CLEA briefing note 2, Update on estimated vapour intrusion into buildings. UK Environment Agency. http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/landquality/113813/672771/675330/869753/?version=1&lang=_e (Accessed: 30 September 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• Environment Quality Management Inc . 1995 . Limited validation of the Jury infinite source and Jury reduced solution finite source models for emissions of soil-incorporated volatile organic compounds , Durham : NC . [Under contract no. 68-D30035 to U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response]
   Google Scholar
• Evans , D. , Hers , I. , Wolters , R.M. , Boddington , R. T. B. and Hall , D. H. 2002 . Vapour transfer of soil contaminants , Almondsbury, Bristol, UK : Environment Agency . R&D technical report P5-018/TR.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , C. C. , Krylov , V. V. and McGrath , P. T. 1995a . Contamination of indoor air by toxic soil vapours: A screening risk assessment model . Building Environ. , 30 : 375 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson , C. C. , Abbachi , A. , Krylov , V. V. , Marsh , J. A. , Martin , I. D. and Oste , L. A. 1995b . The Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment Model (CLEA): Technical basis and algorithms , Nottingham, , UK : The Nottingham Trent University . Report prepared for the Department of the Environment. Centre for Research into the Built Environment
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , M. L. , Bentley , A. J. , Dunkin , K. A. , Hodgson , A. T. , Nazaroff , W. W. , Sextro , R. G. and Daisey , J. M. 1996 . Factors affecting indoor air concentrations of volatile organic compounds at a site of subsurface gasoline contamination . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 30 : 2948 – 2957 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick , N. A. and Fitzgerald , J. J. . An evaluation of vapor intrusion into buildings through a study of field data . Massachusetts Department of Environment Protection . Amherst, MA. Presented at the 11th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils ,
   Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick , N. A. and Fitzgerald , J. J. 2002 . An evaluation of vapor intrusion into buildings through a study of field data . Soil Sediment Contam. , 11 : 603 – 623 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkes , D. J. and Kurtz , D. W. 2002 . “ Efficacy of sub-slab depressurization for mitigation of vapor intrusion of chlorinated organic compounds ” . In Proceedings, Indoor Air 914 – 919 . Monterey, CA
   Google Scholar
• Franken , R. O. G. , Baars , A. J. , Crommentuijn , G. H. and Otte , P. 1999 . A proposal for revised intervention values for petroleum hydrocarbons (‘minerale olie’) on base of fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons , Bilthoven, , The Netherlands : National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) . RIVM report 711701015
   Google Scholar
• Fugler , D. and Adomait , M. 1997 . Indoor infiltration of volatile organic contaminants: Measured soil gas entry rates and other research results for Canadian houses . J. Soil Contam. , 6 : 9 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• GSI RBCA Toolkit. 2004. GSI RBCA tool kit for chemical releases, Version 1.3. Groundwater Services, Inc., Houston, TX. http://www.gsi-net.com/software/RBCAtoolKitForChemRelease.htm (Accessed: 30 September 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson , M. S. 1986 . Sorptive binding and transport of trichloroethylene in unsaturated groundwater environments , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University . MS thesis
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson , J. B. , Tell , J. G. and Orem , D. 1997 . Selection of representative tph fractions based on fate and transport considerations , Amherst, MA : Amherst Scientific Publishers . Total Petroleum Hydocarbon Criteria Working Group Series Vol. 3.
   Google Scholar
• Hers , I. , Zapf-Gilje , R. , Petrovic , S. , Macfarlane , M. and McLenehan , R. 1997 . “ Prediction of risk-based screening levels for infiltration of volatile subsurface contaminants into buildings ” . In Environmental toxicology and risk assessment: Modeling and risk assessment , Edited by: Dwyer , F. J. , Doane , T. R. and Hinman , M. L. Vol. 6 , 265 – 285 . Philadelphia : American Society for Testing and Materials . ASTM STP 1317
   Google Scholar
• Hers , I. and Zapf-Gilje , R. . Canadian consortium research project—Field validation of soil gas transport to indoor air pathway . Detection and Remediation Conference . November , Houston, TX. Proceedings of the Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Groundwater Prevention ,
   Google Scholar
• Hers , I. , Atwater , J. , Li , L. and Zapf-Gilje , R. 2000 . Evaluation of vadose zone biodegradation of BTX vapours . J. Contam. Hydrol. , 46 : 233 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hers , I. , Zapf-Gilje , R. , Li , L. and Atwater , J. 2001 . The use of indoor air measurements to evaluate intrusion of subsurface VOC vapors into buildings . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 51 : 1318 – 1331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hers , I. , Zapf-Gilje , R. , Evans , D. and Li , L. 2002 . Comparison, validation, and use of models for predicting indoor air quality from soil and groundwater contamination . Soil Sediment Contam. , 11 : 491 – 527 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hers , I. , Zapf-Gilje , R. , Johnson , P. C. and Li , L. 2003 . Evaluation of the Johnson and Ettinger model for prediction of indoor air quality . Ground Water Monitor. Remediat. , 23 : 62 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulot , C. , Hazebrouck , B. , Gay , G. , Malherbe , L. and Pokryszka , Z. . Vapor emissions from contaminated soils into buildings: Comparison between predictions from transport models and field measurements . Conference “CONSOIL,” . May , Ghent, Belgium. pp. 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Jeng , C.-Y. , Kremesec , V. J. and Primack , H. S. . Models of hydrocarbon vapor diffusion through soil and transport into buildings . Proceedings of the Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Groundwater: Prevention, Detection, and Remediation Conference . November , Naperville, IL. pp. 319 – 338 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , P. C. and Ettinger , R. A. 1991 . Heuristic model for predicting the intrusion rate of contaminant vapors into buildings . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 25 : 1445 – 1452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , P. C. , Kemblowski , M. W. and Johnson , R. L. 1999 . Assessing the significance of subsurface contaminant vapor migration to enclosed spaces: Site-specific alternatives to generic estimates . J. Soil Contam. , 8 : 389 – 421 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , P. C. 2002 . Identification of critical parameters for the Johnson and Ettinger (1991) vapor intrusion model. API Research Bulletin No. 17, pp. 1–28 , Washington, D.C : American Petroleum Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , P. C. , Ettinger , R. A. , Kurtz , J. , Bryan , R. and Kester , J. E. 2002 . Migration of soil gas vapors to indoor air: Determining vapor attenuation factors using a screening-level model and field data from the CDOT-MTL Denver, Colorado site. API Research Bulletin No. 16, pp. 1–12 , Washington, D.C : American Petroleum Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Jury , W. A. , Spencer , W. F. and Farmer , W. J. 1983 . Behaviour assessment model for trace organics in soil: I. Model description . J. Environ. Qual. , 12 : 558 – 564 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jury , W. A. , Spencer , W. F. and Farmer , W. J. 1984a . Behaviour assessment model for trace organics in soil: II. Chemical classification and parameter sensitivity . J. Environ. Qual. , 13 : 567 – 572 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jury , W. A. , Spencer , W. F. and Farmer , W. J. 1984b . Behaviour assessment model for trace organics in soil: III. Application of screening model . J. Environ. Qual. , 13 : 573 – 579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jury , W. A. , Spencer , W. F. and Farmer , W. J. 1984c . Behaviour assessment model for trace organics in soil: IV. Review of experimental evidence . J. Environ. Qual. , 13 : 580 – 586 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jury , W. A. , Russo , D. , Streile , G. and Abd , H. E. 1990 . Evaluation of volatilization by organic chemicals residing below the soil surface . Water Resources Res. , 26 : 13 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilduff , J. E. and Cody , R. J. . Soil vapor concentration profile: approximate solution to aid sampling design and indoor air risk assessment . Third International Conference on the Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds . November . May , Monterey, CA
   Google Scholar
• Kliest , J. , Fast , T. and Boley , J. S. M. 1989 . The relationship between soil contaminated with volatile organic compounds and indoor air pollution . Environ. Int. , 15 : 419 – 425 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korfiatis , G. P. and Talimcioglu , N. M. 1994 . IMPACT: A model for calculation of soil clean-up levels . Remediation , 4 : 175 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• Korfiatis , G. P. , Talimcioglu , N. M. , Uchrin , C. G. and Dengler , S. . Model for evaluating the impact of contaminated soil on groundwater . Proceedings, International Specialty Conference on Clean-up Criteria for Contaminated Soil and Groundwater, Air and Waste Management Association . November . pp. 1 – 12 . Boston
   Google Scholar
• Krylov , V. V. and Ferguson , C. C. 1998 . Contamination of indoor air by toxic soil vapors: The effects of sub-floor ventilation and other protective measures . Building Environ. , 33 : 331 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kullman , G. J. and Hill , R. A. 1990 . Indoor air quality affected by abandoned gasoline tanks . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg , 5 : 36 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Kurtz , D. W. . Estimating residential indoor air impacts due to groundwater contamination . Proceedings of the 2000 Conference on Hazardous Waste Research . May 2000 , Denver, Colorado. pp. 220 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Labieniec , P. A. , Dzombak , D. A. and Siegrist , R. L. 1996 . SoilRisk: Risk assessment model for organic contaminants in soil . J. Environ. Eng. , 122 : 388 – 398 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labieniec , P. A. 1998 . Commentary on fate and exposure models: Application of soil risk to a hypothetical site . J. Soil Contam , 7 : 311 – 317 .
   Google Scholar
• Lahvis , M. A. 2005 . Evaluation of potential vapor transport to indoor air associated with small-volume releases of oxygenated gasoline in the vadose zone , API Research Bulletin No. 21 1 – 4 . Washington, D.C. : American Petroleum Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Langley , A. , Markey , B. and Hill , H. , eds. 1996 . The health risk assessment and management of contaminated sites. Proceedings of the Third National Workshop on the Health Risk Assessment and Management of Contaminated Sites , Contaminated Sites Monograph Series No. 5 Adelaide, South Australia : South Australian Health Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Langley , A. , Imray , P. , Lock , W. and Hill , H. , eds. 1998 . The health risk assessment and management of contaminated sites. Proceedings of the Fourth National Workshop on the Health Risk Assessment and Management of Contaminated Sites. , Contaminated Sites Monograph Series No. 7 Adelaide, South Australia : South Australian Health Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , J.-S. and Hildemann , L. M. 1995 . A non-steady state analytical model to predict gaseous emissions of volatile organic compounds from landfills . J. Hazard. Mater. , 40 : 271 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little , J. C. , Daisy , J. M. and Nazaroff , W. W. 1992 . Transport of subsurface contaminants into buildings . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 26 : 2058 – 2066 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markey , B. R. and Anderssen , R. S. 1996 . “ Exposure assessment and volatilisation from soil ” . In The health risk assessment and management of contaminated sites. Proceedings of the Third National Workshop on the Health Risk Assessment and Management of Contaminated Sites , Contaminated Sites Monograph Series No.5 Edited by: Langley , A. , Markey , B. and Hill , H. 441 – 468 . Adelaide, South Australia : South Australian Health Commission .
   Google Scholar
• McHugh , T. E. , Connor , J. A. and Ahmad , F. 2004a . An empirical analysis of the groundwater-to-indoor-air exposure pathway: The role of background concentrations in indoor air . Environ. Forens. , 5 : 33 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh , T. E. , Connor , J. A. and Ahmad , F. 2004b . Discussion of: Hers, I., Zapf-Gilje, R., Johnson, P.C., and Li, L. 2003. Evaluation of the Johnson and Ettinger model for prediction of indoor air quality. Groundwater Monitor. Remediat. 23:62–76. Discussion of papers . Groundwater Monitor. Remediat. , 24 : 139 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh , T. E. , De Blanc , P. C. and Pokluda , R. J. 2006 . Indoor air as a source of VOC contamination in shallow soils below buildings . Soil Sediment Contam. , 15 : 103 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MDEP . 2002 . Indoor air sampling and evaluation guide , Office of Research Standards : Department of Environment Protection, Boston, Massachusetts .
   Google Scholar
• MDEQ . 2001 . Evaluation of the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality's generic groundwater and soil volatilization to indoor air inhalation criteria , Lansing : Michigan Environmental Science Board for the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality .
   Google Scholar
• Millington , R. J. 1959 . Gas diffusion in porous media . Science , 130 : 100 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley , C. L. and Meyer , M. R. 1992 . Petroleum contamination of an elementary school: A case history involving air, soil–gas, and groundwater monitoring . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 26 : 185 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEPC . 1999 . National Environment Protection (assessment of site contamination) measure—1999 , Canberra, , Australia : National Environment Protection Council .
   Google Scholar
• NJDEP. 2005. Vapor intrusion guidance. New Jersey Department of Environment Protection, October 2005. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/guidance/vaporintrusion/vig.htm (Accessed: 30 September 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• Olson , D. A. and Corsi , R. L. 2002 . Fate and transport of contaminants in indoor air . Soil Sediment Contam. , 11 : 583 – 601 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olweny , M. R. O. , Williamson , T. J. , Delsante , A. , Chan , C. and Threlfall , G. . An investigation of the thermal performance of suspended timber floors. . Australia and New Zealand Architectural Science Association Conference . July , Wellington, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Park , H. S. 1999 . A method for assessing soil vapor intrusion from petroleum release sites: Multi-phase/multi-fraction partitioning . Global Nest Int. J. , 1 : 195 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , J. C. 2003 . Modeling volatile chemical transport, biodecay, and emission to indoor air . Ground Water Monitor. Remediat. , 23 : 107 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PDEP . Land recycling program technical guidance manual—Section IV A4. Vapor intrusion into buildings from groundwater and soil under the Act 2 Statewide Health Standard , Doc. No. 253-0300-100 . Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Department of Environment Protection 2002
   Google Scholar
• PHC CWS . 2003 . Canada wide standard for petroleum hydrocarbons in soil , Version CCME 2003/03/12 Winnipeg, Manitoba : Canadian Council of Ministers for the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Pollard , S. J. T. , Lythgo , M. and Duarte-Davidson , R. 2001 . The extent of contaminated land problems and the scientific response. Assessment and reclamation of contaminated land , Issues in environmental science and technology no. 16 1 – 19 . Cambridge, UK : The Royal Society of Chemistry .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , M. G. 1997 . Invited debate/commentary: What research is needed on indoor infiltration of volatile organic contaminants? . J. Soil Contam. , 6 : 1 – 2 .
   Google Scholar
• Ririe , T. G. , Sweeney , R. E. , Daugherty , S. J. and Peuron , P. M. 1998 . “ A vapor transport model that is consistent with field and laboratory data ” . In Petroleum hydrocarbons and organic chemicals in groundwater: Prevention, detection, and remedaition conference , 299 – 308 . Houston, TX : Groundwater Association .
   Google Scholar
• Ririe , T. G. , Sweeney , R. E. and Daugherty , S. J. 2002 . A comparison of hydrocarbon vapor attenuation in the field with predictions from vapor diffusion models . Soil Sediment Contam. , 11 : 529 – 554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RISC Human. 2004. Version 3.1. Van Hall Institiuut. Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• RISC Workbench. 2004. Version 4.0. Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc., Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , N. I. VOC migration from soil to dwelling interior: Model and computer programs . CMIS Report 99/61 (Confidential) . 1999a . Adelaide, South Australia: CSIRO,
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , N. I. Asymptotic cumulative doses for VOCs migrating from contaminated sites to dwelling interiors . CMIS Report 99/82 (Confidential) . 1999b . Adelaide, South Australia: CSIRO,
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , N. I. 2000 . Cumulative losses of buried volatile organic compounds . Water Resources Res. , 36 : 801 – 806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , N. I. 2003 . “ Modelling the migration of VOCs from soils to dwelling interiors ” . In Proceedings of the fifth national workshop on the assessment of site contamination , Edited by: Langley , A. , Gilbey , M. and Kennedy , B. 47 – 71 . Adelaide, South Australia : NEPC Service Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , N. I. and Turczynowicz , L. 2005 . One- and three-dimensional soil transportation models for volatiles migrating from soils to house interiors . Transport Porous Med. , 59 : 301 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roggemans , S. , Bruce , C. L. , Johnson , P. C. and Johnson , R. L. 2001 . Vadose zone natural attenuation of hydrocarbon vapors: an empirical assessment of soil gas vertical profile data. API Research Bulletin, No. 15, pp. 1–12 , American Petroleum Institute : Washington, D.C .
   Google Scholar
• Sanders , P. F. and Hers , P. F. 2006 . Vapor intrusion in homes over gasoline-contaminated ground water in Stafford, New Jersey . Ground Water Monitor. Remediat. , 26 : 63 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders , P. F. and Stern , A. H. 1994 . Calculation of soil cleanup criteria for carcinogenic volatile organic compounds as controlled by the soil-to-indoor air exposure pathway . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 13 : 1367 – 1373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders , P. F. and Talimcioglu , N. M. 1997 . Soil-to-indoor air exposure models for volatile organic compounds: The effect of soil moisture . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 16 : 2597 – 2604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Science Advisory Board . 2005a . Screening level risk assessment SLRA Level 1 and SLRA Level 2 , Submitted by the Science Advisory Board to the Ministry of the Environment : Victoria, British Columbia, Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Science Advisory Board . 2005b . Scientific review of British Columbia CSST soil standards derivation protocol , Victoria, , British Columbia, Canada : Submitted by the Science Advisory Board to the Ministry of the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Shoemaker , C. A. , Culver , T. B. , Lion , L. W. and Peterson , M. G. 1990 . Analytical models of the impact of two-phase sorption on subsurface transport of volatile chemicals . Water Resources Res. , 26 : 745 – 758 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swartjes , F. A. 2001 . Human exposure model comparison study: State of play , Bilthoven, the Netherlands : National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) . RIVM report 711701022
   Google Scholar
• Swartjes , F. A. 2002 . Variation in calculated human exposure: Comparison of calculations with seven European human exposure models , Bilthoven, the Netherlands : National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) . RIVM report 711701030
   Google Scholar
• Talimcioglu , N. M. 1991 . A model for evaluation of the impact of contaminated soil on groundwater , Hoboken, NJ : Stevens Institute of Technology . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Tillman , F. D. and Weaver , J. W. 2005 . Review of recent research on vapour intrusion Washington, DC EPA/600/R-05/106.
   Google Scholar
• Turczynowicz , L. and Robinson , N. 1999 . Health-based investigation levels of aromatic total petroleum hydrocarbons migrating from soil to dwelling interior. The case for benzene , Interim report. Public and Environmental Health Service : South Australian Department of Human Services. Adelaide, South Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Turczynowicz , L. and Robinson , N. 2001 . A model to derive soil criteria for benzene migrating from soil to dwelling interior in homes with crawl spaces . Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. , 7 : 387 – 415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turczynowicz , L. 2003 . “ Establishing health-based investigation levels for benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes, naphthalene, and aromatic and aliphatic ≤ EC 16 TPH fractions ” . In Proceedings of the fifth national workshop on the assessment of site contamination , Edited by: Langley , A. , Gilbey , M. and Kennedy , B. 73 – 100 . Adelaide, South Australia : NEPC Service Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. OSWER draft guidance for evaluating the vapor intrusion to indoor air pathway from groundwater and soils (subsurface vapor intrusion guidance). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/ca/eis/vapor.htm (Accessed: 23 September 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. MMSOILS: Multimedia contaminant fate, transport, and exposure model documentation and user's guide. Version 4.0. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/ceampubl/mmedia/mmsoils/index.htm (Accessed: 30 September 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. MULTIMED. The multimedia exposure assessment model (MULTIMED) for exposure assessment. Version 2.0 Beta. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/ceampubl/mmedia/multim2/index.htm (Accessed: 30 September 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. On-line tools for site assessment calculation—Background on vapor intrusion. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/ATHENS/learn2model/part-two/onsite/jne_background_reverse.htm (Accessed: 30 September 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• van den Berg , R. 1991/1994 . Human exposure to soil contamination: A qualitative and quantitative analysis towards proposals for human toxicological intervention values , Partly revised , Bilthoven, , the Netherlands : National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) . RIVM report no. 725201011
   Google Scholar
• van Wijnen , H. J. and Lijzen , J. P. A. Validation of the VOLASOIL model using air measurements from Dutch contaminated sites. Concentrations of four chlorinated compounds . Report no. 711701041 . 2006 . Bilthoven, the Netherlands: Netherlands Department of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)
   Google Scholar
• Vorhees , D. J. , Weisman , W. H. and Gustafson , J. B. 1999 . Human health-risk based evaluation of petroleum release sites: Implementing the working group approach , Vol. 5 , Amherst, MA : Amherst Scientific Publishers . Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group
   Google Scholar
• Waitz , M. F. M. , Freijer , J. I. , Kreule , P. and Swartjes , F. A. The VOLASOIL risk assessment model based on csoil for soils contaminated with volatile compounds . RIVM report no. 715810014 . 1996 . Bilthoven, the Netherlands: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)
   Google Scholar
• WDHFS. 2003. Chemical vapor intrusion and residential indoor air. Guidance for environmental consultants and contractors. Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services. http://dhfs.wisconsin.gov/eh/Air/pdf/VI_guide.pdf (Accessed: 30 September 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• Weaver , J. W. and Tillman , F. D. 2005 . Uncertainty and the Johnson-Ettinger model for vapor intrusion calculations , Washington, DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development . EPA/600/R-05/110.
   Google Scholar
• WHO . 2005 . Principles of characterizing and applying human exposure models , Harmonisation Project document no. 3 Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , T. T. , Agar , J. G. and Gregoire , M. Y. . 56th Canadian Geotechnical Conference and 4th Joint IAH-CNC/CGS Conference, 2003 Conference . Winnipeg, Manitoba. Technical rationale and sampling procedures for assessing the effects of subsurface volatile organic contaminants on indoor air quality , pp. 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar