Air Pollution and Public Health: A Guidance Document for Risk Managers

REFERENCES

• Abbey , D. E. , Nishino , N. , McDonnell , W. F. , Burchette , R. J. , Knutsen , S. F. , Beeson , W. L. and Yang , J. X. 1999 . Long-term inhalable particles and other air pollutants related to mortality in nonsmokers . Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 159 : 373 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AEAT Environment. 2005. Service contract for “ex-post” evaluation of short-term and local measures in the CAFE Context. A report produced for European Commission, DG Environment. AEA Technology Environment. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/cafe/activities/pdf/cafe_final_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad , Q. K. 2001 . “ Summary for policymakers ” . In Climate change 2001: Working group II: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability , Edited by: McCarthy , J. J. , Canziani , O. F. , Leary , N. A. , Dokken , D. J. and White , K. S. 1 – 18 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Air Quality Expert Group. 2007. Air quality and climate change, A UK perspective. Prepared for Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. London. www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/publications/airqual-climatechange/pdf/fullreport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Alapaty , K. , Pleim , J. E. , Raman , S. , Niyogi , D. S. and Byun , D. W. 1997 . Simulation of atmospheric boundary layer processes using local- and non-local closure schemes . J. Appl. Meteorol. , 36 : 214 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Alley, R., Berntsen, T., Bindoff, N., Chen, Z., Chidthaisong, A., Friedlingstein, P., Gregory, J., Hergerl, G., Helmann, M., Hewitson, B., Hoskins, B., Joos, F., Jouzel, J., Kattsov, V., Lohmann, U., Manning, M., Matsuno, T., Molina, M., Nocholls, N., Overpeck, J., Qin, D., Raga, G., Ramaswamy, V., Ren, J., Rusticucci, M., Solomon, S., Somerville, R., Stocker, T., Stott, P., Stouffer, R., Whetton, P., Wood, R., Wratt, D., Arblaster, J., Brasseur, G., Christensen, J., Denman, K., Fahey, D., Forster, P., Jansen, E., Jones, P., Knutti, R., Le Treut, H., Lemke, P., Meehl, G., Mote, P., Randall, D., Stone, D., Trenberth, K., Willebrand, J., and F. Zwiers 2007. Climate change 2007: The physical science basis—Summary for policy makers. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Amann, M., Bertok, I., Cabala, R., Cofala, J., Heyes, C., Gyarfas, F., Klimont, Z., Schöpp, W., and Wagner, F. 2005. Target setting approaches for cost-effective reductions of population exposure to fine particulate matter in Europe. CAFE Scenario Analysis Report No. 4. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/cafe/activities/pdf/cafe_scenario_report_4.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ambrose , R. 2006 . Bill C-30: An Act to amend the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, the Energy Efficiency Act and the Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption Standards Act (Canada's Clean Air Act) , Canada : First reading, House of Commons .
   Google Scholar
• Ansari , A. S. and Pandis , S. N. 1999 . An analysis of four models predicting the partitioning of semi-volatile inorganic aerosol components . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 31 : 129 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aunan , K. , Berntsen , T. , O'Connor , D. , Hindman Persson , T. , Vennemo , H. and Zhai , F. 2007 . Benefits and costs to China of a climate policy . Environ. Dev. Econ. , 12 : 471 – 497 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avol , E. L. , Gauderman , W. J. , Tan , S. M. , London , S. J. and Peters , J. M. 2001 . Respiratory effects of relocating to areas of differing air pollution levels . Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 164 : 2067 – 2072 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton , J. 2008 . Canada-wide standards and innovative transboundary air quality initiatives . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 71 : 74 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berge , E. , Huang , H. C. , Chang , J. and Liu , T. H. 2001 . A study of the importance of initial conditions for photochemical oxidant modeling . J. Geophys. Res. Space. , 106 : 1347 – 1363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkowitz , C. M. , Fast , J. D. , Springston , S. R. , Larsen , R. J. , Spicer , C. W. , Doskey , P. V. , Hubbe , J. M. and Plastridge , R. 1998 . Formation mechanisms and chemical characteristics of elevated photochemical layers over the northeast United States . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 103 : 10631 – 10647 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas , J. , Hogrefe , C. , Rao , S. T. , Hao , W. and Sistla , G. 2001 . Evaluating the performance of regional-scale photochemical modeling systems: Part 3. Precursor predictions . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 4175 – 4188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard , C. L. 1999 . Methods for attributing ambient air pollutants to emission sources . Annu. Rev. Energy Env. , 24 : 329 – 365 .
   Google Scholar
• Bouchard , J. 2006 . Clean air–climate change linkages: How coherent policies can help Canada achieve emission reductions , Canada : Master's internship report. Concordia University .
   Google Scholar
• Box, G. E. P . 1979 . “ Robustness in the strategy of scientific model building ” . In Robustness in statistics , Edited by: Launer , R. L. and Wilkinson , G. N. 202 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brauer, M. Personal communication. Health and air quality: Border air quality study update. Presented at the International Airshed Strategy Co-ordinating Committee Meeting. May 31, 2006. Parksville, BC. http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQA/Presentations/BAQS-IAS%20May31%202006.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brauer, M., Henderson, S. B, Jerrett, M., and Beckerman, B. Personal communication. Land use regression modeling of nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter in the Greater Vancouver Regional http://www.cher.ubc.ca/UBCBAQS/BAQS%/20abstracts.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brauer , M. and Brook , J. R. 1997 . Ozone personal exposures and health effects for selected groups residing in the Fraser Valley . Atmos. Environ. , 31 : 2113 – 2121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brauer , M. , Hoek , G. , van Vliet , P. , Meliefste , K. , Fischer , P. , Gehring , U. , Heinrich , J. , Cyrys , J. , Bellander , T. , Lewne , M. and Brunekreef , B. 2003 . Estimating long-term average particulate air pollution concentrations: Application of traffic indicators and geographic information systems . Epidemiology , 14 : 228 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremauntz , A. F. 2008 . Air quality management in Mexico . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 71 : 56 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook , J. R. and Spengler , J. D. 1995 . Exposure to fine particle acidity and sulfate in 24 North American communities: The relationship between single-year observations and long-term exposures . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 45 : 709 – 721 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook , J. R. , Dann , T. F. and Bonvalot , Y. 1999 . Observations and interpretations from the Canadian fine particle monitoring program . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 49 : 35 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook , J. R. and Johnson , D. 2000 . Identification of representative warm season periods for regional air quality (ozone) model simulations . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 1591 – 1599 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook, J., Dann, T., Mabury, S., and Burnett, R. 2002. Health effects study with enhanced characterization of urban air pollutant mix. Executive summary www.hc-sc.gc.ca/sr-sr/finance/tsri-irst/proj/urb-air/tsri-41_e.html
   Google Scholar
• Brook , R. D. , Frankin , B. , Cascio , W. , Hong , Y. , Howard , G. , Lipsett , M. , Luepker , R. , Mittleman , M. , Samet , J. , Smith , S. and Tager , I. 2004a . Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the expert panel on population and prevention science of the American Heart Association . Circulation , 109 : 2655 – 2671 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook , J. R. , Johnson , D. and Mamedov , A. 2004b . Determination of the source areas contributing to regionally high warm season PM2.5 in eastern North America . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 54 : 1162 – 1169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook , J. R. , Burnett , R. T. , Dann , T. F. , Cakmak , S. , Goldberg , M. S. , Fan , X. and Wheeler , A. J. 2007a . Further interpretation of the acute effect of nitrogen dioxide observed in Canadian time series studies . J Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. , 17 : S36 – S44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook , J. R. , Poiret , R. L. , Dann , T. F. , Lee , P. K. H. , Lillyman , C. D. and Ip , T. 2007b . Assessing sources of PM2.5 in cities influenced by regional transport . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 70 : 191 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brost , R. A. 1988 . The sensitivity of input parameters of atmospheric concentrations simulated by a regional chemical model . J. Geophys. Res. , 93 : 2371 – 2387 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , S. S. , Ryerson , T. B. , Wollny , A. G. , Brock , C. A. , Peltier , R. , Sullivan , A. P. , Weber , R. J. , Dubé , W. P. , Trainer , M. , Meagher , J. F. , Fehsenfeld , F. C. and Ravishankara , A. R. 2006 . Variability in nocturnal nitrogen oxide processing and its role in regional air quality . Science , 311 : 67 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunekreef , B. 1997 . Air pollution and life expectancy: Is there a relation? . Occup. Environ. Med. , 54 : 781 – 784 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunekreef , B , Janssen , N. A. , de Hartog , J. , Harssema , H. , Knape , M. and van Vliet , P. 1997 . Air pollution from truck traffic and lung function in children living near motorways . Epidemiology , 8 : 298 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunekreef , B. and Holgate , S. T. 2002 . Air pollution and health . Lancet , 360 : 1233 – 1242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett , R. T. , Cakmak , S. , Brook , J. R. and Krewski , D. 1997 . The role of particulate size and chemistry in the association between summertime ambient air pollution and hospitalization for cardiorespiratory diseases . Environ. Health Perspect. , 105 : 614 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukowiecki , N. , Dommen , J. , Prévôt , A. S. H. , Richter , R. , Weingartner , E. and Baltensperger , U. 2002 . A mobile pollutant measurement laboratory—Measuring gas phase and aerosol ambient concentrations with high spatial and temporal resolution . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 5569 – 5579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett , R. T. , Cakmak , S. , Brook , J. R. and Krewski , D. 1997 . The role of particulate size and chemistry in the association between summertime ambient air pollution and hospitalization for cardio-respiratory diseases . Environ. Health Perspect. , 105 : 614 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett , R. T , Stieb , D. , Brook , J. R. , Cakmak , S. , Dales , R. , Raizenne , M. , Vincent , R. and Dann , T. 2004 . The short-term effects of nitrogen dioxide on mortality in Canadian cities . Arch. Environ. Health , 59 : 228 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• California Air Resources Board . 2002 . The 2002 California almanac of emissions & air quality , Sacramento : California Air Resources Board, Planning and Technical Support Division .
   Google Scholar
• California Air Resources Board. 2005. Indoor air pollution in california. Report to the california legislature. http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ab1173/rpt0705.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chen , I. H. , Knutsen , S. F. , Shavlik , D. , Beeson , W. L. , Petersen , F. , Ghamsary , M. and Abbey , D. 2005 . The association between fatal coronary heart disease and ambient particulate air pollution: Are females at greater risk? . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 1723 – 1729 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , S. , Campbell , M. , Li , Q. , Guilong , L. , Auld , H. , Day , N. , Pengelly , D. , Gingrich , S. , Klaassen , J. , MacIver , D. , Comer , N. , Mao , Y. , Thompson , W. and Lin , H. 2005 . Differential and combined impacts of winter and summer weather and air pollution due to global warming on human mortality in South-Central Canada. , Technical report. Health Policy Research Program: Project no. 6795-15-2001/4400011.
   Google Scholar
• Chiotti , Q. and Urquizo , N. 2002 . Assessing the environment and health benefits of reducing GHG-related emissions in Canada: A discussion . Can. J. Reg. Sci. , 25 : 235 – 257 .
   Google Scholar
• Chow , J. 1995 . Measurement methods to determine compliance with ambient air quality standards for suspended particles . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 45 : 320 – 382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow , J. 2006 . Introduction to the A & WMA 2006 critical review: Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 56 : 707 – 708 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• City of Toronto. 2007. Change is in the air. Toronto's commitment to an environmentally sustainable future. Framework for public review and engagement. City of Toronto Environment Office. www.toronto.ca/changeisintheair/change.htm
   Google Scholar
• Clancy , L. , Goodman , P. , Sinclair , H. and Dockery , D. 2002 . Effect of air-pollution control on death rates in Dublin, Ireland: an intervention study . Lancet , 360 : 1210 – 1214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clean Air Partnership. 2005. A model clean air plan for the living city. A report prepared for GTA Clean Air Council. www.cleanairpartnership.org/gtacac/pdf/clean_air_plan.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , A. J. , Anderson , H. R. , Ostro , B. , Pandey , K. D. , Krzyzanowski , M. , Künzli , N. , Gutschmidt , K. , Pope , A. , Romieu , I. , Samet , J. M. and Smith , K. 2005 . The global burden of disease due to outdoor air pollution . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 68 : 1301 – 1307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cope , M. E. , Hess , G. D. , Lee , S. , Tory , K. , Azzi , M. , Carras , J. , Lilley , W. , Manins , P. C. , Nelson , P. , Ng , L. , Puri , K. , Wong , N. , Walsh , S. and Young , M. 2004 . The Australian air quality forecasting system. Part I., Project description and early outcomes . J. Appl. Meteorol. , 43 : 649 – 662 .
   Google Scholar
• Cote , I. , Samet , J. and Vandenberg , J. 2008 . U.S. Air quality management: Local, regional and global approaches . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 71 : 63 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union. 2007. Presidency conclusions of the Brussels European Council. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/93135.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Craig , L. , Krewski , D. , Samet , J. , Shortreed , J. and van Bree , L. 2007 . Strategies for clean air and health . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 70 : 1 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig , L. , Krewski , D. , Samet , J. , Shortreed , J. , van Bree , L. and Krupnick , A. J. International perspectives on air quality: Risk management principles for policy development—Conference statement . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A . Vol. 71 , pp. 4 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Craig , L. , Krewski , D. , Samet , J. M. , Shortreed , J. and Kacew , S. 2008b . Colloquium statement: Strategic policy directions for air quality management . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , in press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CRC . 2004 . Evaluation of the U.S. EPA MOBILE6 highway vehicle emission factor model , Novato, CA : Final Report, CRC Project E-64. ENVIRON International Corp .
   Google Scholar
• Cyrys , J. , Hochadel , M. , Gehring , U. , Hoek , G. , Diegmann , V. , Brunekreef , B. and Heinrich , J. 2005 . GIS-based estimation of exposure to particulate matter and NO2 in an urban area: Stochastic versus dispersion modeling . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 987 – 992 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabberdt , W. F. , Carroll , M. A. , Baumgardner , D. , Carmichael , G. , Cohen , R. , Dye , T. , Ellis , J. , Grell , G. , Grimmond , S. , Hanna , S. , Irwin , J. , Lamb , B. , Madronich , S. , McQueen , J. , Meagher , J. , Odman , T. , Pleim , J. , Schmid , H. P. and Westphal , D. 2004 . Meteorological research needs for improved air quality forecasting . Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. , 85 : 563 – 586 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , D. L. , Kjellstrom , T. , Slooff , R. , McGartland , A. , Atkinson , D. , Barbour , W. , Hohenstein , W. , Nagelhout , P. , Woodruff , T. , Divita , F. , Wislong , J. , Deck , L. and Schwartz , J. 1997 . Short-term improvements in public health from global-climate policies on fossil-fuel combustion: An interim report . Lancet , 350 : 1341 – 1348 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delfino , R. J. , Gong , H. Jr. , Linn , W. S. , Pellizzari , E. D. and Hu , Y. 2003 . Asthma symptoms in Hispanic children and daily ambient exposures to toxic and criteria air pollutants . Environ. Health Perspect. , 111 : 647 – 656 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis , R. L. , Binkowski , F. S. , Clark , T. L. , McHenry , J. N. , Reynolds , S. and Seilkop , S. K. 1990 . “ Selected applications of RADM (Part II) ” . In NAPAP SOS/T Volume 1, Report 5 (App. 5F), National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program: State of Science and Technology , Edited by: Irving , P. M. Washington, DC : National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program .
   Google Scholar
• Dennis , R. L. , McHenry , J. N. , Barchet , W. R. , Binkowski , F. S. and Byun , D. W. 1993 . Correcting RADM's sulfate underprediction: discovery and correction of model errors and testing the corrections through comparisons against field data . Atmos. Environ. , 27A : 975 – 997 .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2006. The air quality strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (Vol. 1). www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/airqualstrat-review/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Department of the Environment. 2006. Notice requiring the preparation and implementation of pollution prevention plans in respect of specified toxic substances released from base metals smelters and refineries and zinc plants, Canada Gazette Part I 140:17. http://canadagazette.gc.ca/partI/2006/20060429/pdf/g1-14017.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dickson , R. J. and Oliver , W. R. 1991 . Emissions models for regional air quality studies . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 25 : 1533 – 1535 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockery , D. W. , Pope , C. A. , Xu , X. , Spengler , J. D. , Ware , J. H. , Fay , M. , Ferris , B. G. and Speizer , F. E. 1993 . An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities . N. Engl. J. Med. , 329 : 279 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominici, F., Daniels, M., McDermott, A., Zeger, S. L., and Samet, J. M. 2003a. Shape of the exposure-response relation and mortality displacement in the NMMAPS database. In Revised analyses of time-series studies of air pollution and health, pp. 91–96. Boston: Health Effects Institute. http://pubs.healtheffects.org/getfile.php?u=21
   Google Scholar
• Dominici, F., McDermott, A., Daniels, M., Zeger, S. L., and Samet, J. M. 2003b. Mortality among residents of 90 cities. In Revised analyses of time-series studies of air pollution and health, pp. 9–24. Boston: Health Effects Institute. http://pubs.healtheffects.org/getfile.php?u=21
   Google Scholar
• Dominici , F. , Peng , R. D. , Bell , M. L. , Pham , L. , McDermott , A. , Zeger , S. L. and Samet , J. M. 2006 . Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 295 : 1127 – 1134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebelt , S. , Wilson , W. E. and Brauer , M. 2005 . Exposure to ambient and nonambient components of particulate matter: a comparison of health effects . Epidemiology , 16 : 396 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder , B. , Kang , D. , Mathur , R. , Yu , S. and Schere , K. 2006 . An operational evaluation of the Eta-CMAQ air quality forecast model . Atmos. Environ. , 40 : 4894 – 4905 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder , B. and Yu , S. 2006 . A performance evaluation of the 2004 release of Models-3 CMAQ . Atmos. Environ. , 40 : 4811 – 4824 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMEP. 2003. Transboundary acidification, eutrophication and ground level ozone in Europe: Part II: Unified EMEP model performance. Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway. http://www.emep.int//publ/reports/2003/emep_report_1_part2_2003.pdf
   Google Scholar
• EMEP. 2005. Transboundary acidification, eutrophication and ground level ozone in Europe in 2003. Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway. http://www.emep.int//publ/common_publications.html#2005
   Google Scholar
• Enstrom , J. E. 2005 . Fine particulate air pollution and total mortality among elderly Californians, 1973–2002 . Inhal. Toxicol. , 17 : 803 – 816 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch. 2006. Air quality in Ontario 2004 report. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto. www.ene.gov.on.ca/envision/techdocs/5383e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• EPRI . 1994 . Electric Utility Trace Substances Synthesis Report , Palo Alto, CA : EPRI TR-104614. Electric Power Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• European Environment Agency. 2005. Reductions in SO2 emissions from public electricity and heat production in the EU-15. http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/atlas/viewdata/viewpub.asp?id=1796
   Google Scholar
• European Environment Agency. 2006a. Air quality ancillary benefits of climate change policies. EEA, Copenhagen, Denmark. http://reports.eea.europa.eu/technical_report_2006_4/en/Air_quality_and_ancillary_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Environment Agency. 2006b. Emissions of primary particles and secondary particulate precursors (CSI 003). pp 105–136 http://themes.eea.europa.eu/IMS/IMS/ISpecs/ISpecification20041001123025/IAssessment1155113516423/view_content
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. , Levy , J. , Hammitt , J. , Santos-Burgoa , C. , Castillejos , M. , Caballero-Ramirez , M. , Hernandez-Avila , M. , Riojas-Rodriguez , H. , Rojas-Bracho , L. , Serrano-Trespalacios , P. , Spengler , J. D. and Suh , H. 2002 . “ Health benefits of air pollution control ” . In Air quality in the Mexico megacity: An integrated assessment , Edited by: Molina , L. T. and Molina , M. J. 105 – 136 . Cambridge, MA : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Finkelstein , M. M. , Jerrett , M. , DeLuca , P. , Finkelstein , N. , Verma , D. K. , Chapman , K. and Sears , M. R. 2003 . Relationship between income, air pollution and mortality: A cohort study . Can. Med. Assoc. J. , 169 : 397 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein , M. M. , Jerrett , M. and Sears , M. R. 2004 . Traffic air pollution and mortality rate advancement periods . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 160 : 173 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein , M. M. , Jerrett , M. and Sears , M. R. 2005 . Environmental inequality and circulatory disease mortality gradients . J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health , 59 : 481 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , D. G. 1981 . Judging air quality model performance . Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , 62 : 599 – 609 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , D. G. 1984 . Uncertainty in air quality modeling . Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , 65 : 27 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , M. S. , Powell , K. E. , Hutwagner , L. , Graham , L. M. and Teague , W. G. 2001 . Impact of changes in transportation and commuting behaviors during the 1996 summer Olympic Games in Atlanta on air quality and childhood asthma . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 285 : 897 – 905 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost , G. J. , McKeen , S. A. , Trainer , M. , Ryerson , T. B. , Neuman , J. A. , Roberts , J. M. , Swanson , A. , Holloway , J. S. , Sueper , D. T. , Fortin , T. , Parrish , D. D. , Fehsenfeld , F. C. , Flocke , F. , Peckham , S. E. , Grell , G. A. , Kowal , D. , Cartwright , J. , Auerbach , N. and Habermann , T. 2006 . Effects of changing power plant NOx emissions on ozone in the eastern United States: Proof of concept . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 111 : D12306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fruin , S. A. , St Denis , M. J. , Winer , A. M. , Colome , S. D. and Lurmann , F. W. 2001 . Reductions in human benzene exposure in the California South Coast Basin . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 1069 – 1077 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung , K. , Krewski , D. , Burnett , R. , Ramsay , T. and Chen , Y. 2005 . Testing the harvesting hypothesis by time-domain regression analysis II: Covariate effects . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 68 : 1155 – 1165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehring , U. , Heinrich , J. , Kramer , U. , Grote , V. , Hochadel , M. , Surgiri , D. , Kraft , M. , Rauchfuss , K. , Eberwein , H. G. and Wichmann , H. E. 2006 . Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cardiopulmonary mortality in women . Epidemiology , 17 : 545 – 551 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geron , C. D. , Nie , D. , Arnts , R. R. , Sharkey , T. D. , Singsaas , E. L. , Vanderveer , P. J. , Guenther , A. , Sickles , J. E. and Kleindienst , T. E. 1997 . Biogenic isoprene emission: Model evaluation in a southeastern United States bottomland deciduous forest . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 102 : 18 889 – 18 . 901
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert , N. , Goldberg , M. S. , Beckerman , B. , Brook , J. R. and Jerrett , M. 2005 . Assessing spatial variability of ambient nitrogen dioxide in Montreal, Canada, with a land-use regression model . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 55 : 1059 – 1063 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilliland , A. B. , Appel , K. W. , Pinder , R. W. and Dennis , R. L. 2006 . Seasonal NH3 emissions for the continental United States: Inverse model estimation and evaluation . Atmos. Environ. , 40 : 4986 – 4998 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilliand , A. B. , Dennis , R. L. , Roselle , S. J. and Pierce , T. E. 2003 . Seasonal NH3 emission estimates for the Eastern United States using ammonium wet concentrations and an inverse modeling method . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 108 : ACH 20-1 – ACH 20-12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , M. S. , Burnett , R. , Bailar , J. C. 3rd , Brook , J. , Bonvalot , Y. , Tamblyn , R. , Singh , R. , Valois , M. F. and Vincent , R. 2001 . The association between daily mortality and ambient air particle pollution in Montreal, Quebec. 2. Cause-specific mortality . Environ. Res. , 86 : 26 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , M. S. , Burnett , R. T. , Yale , J. F. , Valois , M. F. and Brook , J. R. 2006 . Associations between ambient air pollution and daily mortality among persons with diabetes and cardiovascular disease . Environ. Res. , 100 : 255 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goss , C. H. , Newsom , S. A. , Schildcrout , J. S. , Sheppard , L. and Kaufman , J. D. 2004 . Effect of ambient air pollution on pulmonary exacerbations and lung function in cystic fibrosis . Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 169 : 816 – 821 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gower, S., Shortreed, J., and Chiotti, Q. 2005. Policy analysis tools for air quality and health—Report from the May 19th, 2005 workshop. http://www.irr-neram.ca/about/May%2019%20Workshop/Policy%20Tools%20for%20AQ%20and%20Health%20-%20FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gram , F. , Nafstadb , P. and Haeheim , L. L. 2003 . Estimating residential air pollution exposure among citizens in Oslo 1974–1998 using a geographical information system . J. Environ. Monit. , 5 : 541 – 546 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grasso , L. D. 2000 . The differentiation between grid spacing and resolution and their application to numerical modeling . Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. , 81 : 579 – 580 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunier , R. B. , Hertz , A. , Von Behren , J. and Reynolds , P. 2003 . Traffic density in California: Socioeconomic and ethnic differences among potentially exposed children . J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 13 : 240 – 246 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo , P. , Xu , X. and Brook , J. R. 2006 . Development of an air quality sampling strategy for mobile measurements , New Orleans, LA : Paper 522. Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting .
   Google Scholar
• Haltiner , G. J. and Williams , R. T. , eds. 1980 . Numerical prediction and dynamic meteorology , 2nd , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Hass , H. , Builtjes , P. J. H. , Simpson , D. and Stern , R. 1997 . Comparison of model results obtained with several European regional air quality models . Atmos. Environ. , 31 : 3259 – 3279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heald , C. L. , Jacob , D. J. , Fiore , A. M. , Emmons , L. K. , Gille , J. C. , Deeter , M. N. , Warner , J. , Edwards , D. P. , Crawford , J. H. , Hamlin , A. J. , Sachse , G. W. , Browell , E. V. , Avery , M. A. , Vay , S. A. , Westberg , D. J. , Blake , D. R. , Singh , H. B. , Sandholm , S. T. , Talbot , R. W. and Fuelberg , H. E. 2003 . Asian outflow and trans-Pacific transport of carbon monoxide and ozone pollution: An integrated satellite, aircraft, and model perspective . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 108 : ACH 25-1 – ACH 25-13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heald , C. L. , Jacob , D. J. , Park , R. J. , Russell , L. M. , Huebert , B. J. , Seinfeld , J. H. , Liao , H. and Weber , R. J. 2005 . A large organic aerosol source in the free troposphere missing from current models . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 32 : L18809-1 – L18809-4 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Effects Institute. 2003. Assessing the health Impact of air quality regulations: Concepts and methods for accountability research. Communication 11. Boston: Health Effects Institute. http://pubs.healtheffects.org/getfile.php?u=261
   Google Scholar
• Health Effects Institute . 2004 . Health effects of outdoor air pollution in developing countries of Asia: A literature review , Boston : Health Effects Institute . Special Report 15.
   Google Scholar
• Hedley , A. J. , Chau , Y. K. and Wong , C. M. The change in sub-species of particulate matter (PM10) before and after an intervention to restrict sulphur content of fuel in Hong Kong . Paper presented at Better Air Quality (BAQ) conference . December 6–8 2004 , Agra, India.
   Google Scholar
• Hedley , A. J. , McGhee , S. M. , Barron , B. , Chau , J. , Thach , T. Q. , Wong , T. W. , Loh , C. and Wong , C.-M. 2006 . Personal communication. Air pollution in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta . Paper presented at NERAM Colloquium V . October 16 2006 , Vancouver, BC. Strategic Policy Directions for Air Quality Management .
   Google Scholar
• Hedley , A. J. , McGhee , S. M. , Barron , B. , Chau , Y. K. , Chau , J. , Thach , T. Q. , Wong , T. W. , Loh , C. and Wong , C. M. 2008 . Air Pollution: costs and paths to a sollution in Hong Kong-Understanding the connection between visibility, air pollution and health costs in pursuit of accountability, environmental justice and health . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , in press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedley , A. J. , Wong , C. M. , Thach , T. Q. , Ma , S. , Lam , T. H. and Anderson , H. R. 2002 . Cardiorespiratory and all-cause mortality after restrictions on sulphur content of fuel in Hong Kong: An intervention study . Lancet , 360 : 1646 – 1652 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodzic , A. , Vautard , R. , Chazette , P. , Menut , L. and Bessagnet , B. 2006 . Aerosol chemical and optical properties over the Paris area within ESQUIF project . Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. , 6 : 401 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoek , G. , Brunekreef , B. , Goldbohm , S. , Fischer , P. and van den Brandt , P. A. 2002 . Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: A cohort study . Lancet , 360 : 1203 – 1209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogrefe , C. , Rao , S. T. , Kasibhatla , P. , Kallos , G. , Tremback , C. J. , Hao , W. , Olerud , D. , Xiu , A. , McHenry , J. and Alapaty , K. 2001a . Evaluating the performance of regional-scale photochemical modeling systems: Part 1. Meteorological predictions . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 4159 – 4174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogrefe , C. , Rao , S. T. , Kasibhatla , P. , Hao , W. , Sistla , G. , Mathur , R. and McHenry , J. 2001b . Evaluating the performance of regional-scale photochemical modeling systems: Part 2. Ozone predictions . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 4175 – 4188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogrefe , C. , Sistla , G. , Zalewsky , E. , Hao , W. and Ku , J.-Y. 2003 . An assessment of the emissions inventory processing systems EMS-2001 and SMOKE in grid-based air quality models . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 53 : 1121 – 1129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houyoux , M. R. , Vukovich , J. M. , Coats , C. J. Jr. and Wheeler , N. J. M. 2000 . Emission inventory development and processing for the Seasonal Model for Regional Air Quality (SMRAQ) project . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 105 : 9079 – 9090 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICF Consulting. 2006. The electricity supply/demand gap and the role of efficiency and renewables in Ontario. Toronto, Ontario. http://www.pollutionprobe.org/Reports/elec_supplydemandICF.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. Question 8. In Climate change 2001: Synthesis report. A contribution of working groups I, II and III to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, eds. R. T. Watson and the Core Writing Team, pp. 123–134. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/vol4/english/060.htm
   Google Scholar
• Ito, K. 2003. Associations of particulate matter components with daily mortality and morbidity in Detroit, Michigan. In Revised analyses of time-series studies of air pollution and health, pp. 143–156. Boston: Health Effects Institute. http://pubs.healtheffects.org/getfile.php?u=21
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson , M. Z. 1999 . Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Janssen , N. A. J. , Brunekreef , B. , van Vliet , P. , Aarts , F. , Meliefste , K. , Harssema , H. and Fischer , P. 2003 . The relationship between air pollution from heavy traffic and allergic sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and respiratory symptoms in Dutch schoolchildren . Environ. Health Perspect. , 111 : 1512 – 1518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerrett , M. , Burnett , R. T. , Ma , R. , Pope , C. A. , Krewski , D. , Newbold , K. B. , Thurston , G. , Shi , Y. , Finkelstein , N. , Calle , E. E. and Thun , M. J. 2005 . Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in Los Angeles . Epidemiology , 116 : 727 – 736 .
   Google Scholar
• Jerrett , M. , Newbold , K. B. , Burnett , R. T. , Thurston , G. , Lall , R. , Pope , C. A. III , Ma , R. , DeLuca , P. , Thun , M. J. , Calle , E. E. and Krewski , D. 2007a . Geographies of uncertainty in the health benefits of air quality improvements . Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess. , 21 : 511 – 522 .
   Google Scholar
• Jerrett , M. , Arain , M. A. , Kanaroglou , P. , Beckerman , B. , Crouse , D. , Gilbert , N. L. , Brook , J. R. and Finkelstein , N. 2007b . Modelling the intra-urban variability of ambient traffic pollution in Toronto, Canada . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 70 : 200 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanoraglou , P. S. , Jerrett , M. , Morrison , J. , Beckerman , B. , Arain , M. A. , Gilbert , N. L. and Brook , J. R. 2005 . Establishing an air pollution monitoring network for intra-urban population exposure assessment: a location-allocation approach . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 2399 – 2409 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karamchandani , P. and Venkatram , A. 1992 . The role of non-precipitating clouds in producing ambient sulfate during summer: Results from simulations with the Acid Deposition and Oxidant Model (ADOM) . Atmos. Environ. , 26A : 1041 – 1052 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , D. , Sass-Kortsak , A. , Purdham , J. T. , Dales , R. E. and Brook , J. R. 2006 . Associations between personal exposures and fixed-site ambient measurements of fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide in Toronto, Canada . J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 15 : 172 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Kleeman , M. J. and Cass , G. R. 1999a . Identifying the effect of individual emissions sources on particulate air quality within a photochemical aerosol processes trajectory model . Atmos. Environ. , 33 : 4597 – 4613 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleeman , M. J. and Cass , G. R. 1999b . Effects of emissions control strategies on the size and composition distribution of urban particulate air pollution . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 33 : 177 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman , L. I. 1987 . Source-receptor relations from nonlinear atmospheric models, Atmos . Environ. , 21 : 1219 – 1225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knipping , E. M. , Kumar , N. , Pun , B. K. , Seigneur , C. , Wu , S.-Y. and Schichtel , B. A. 2006 . Modeling regional haze during the BRAVO study using CMAQ-MADRID: 2. Source region attribution of particulate sulfate compounds . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 111 : D06303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb , C. E. , Herndon , S. C. , McManus , J. B. , Shorter , J. H. , Zahniser , M. S. , Nelson , D. D. , Jayne , J. T. , Canagaratna , M. R. and Worsnop , D. R. 2004 . Mobile laboratory with rapid response instruments for real-time measurements of urban and regional trace gas and particulate distributions and emission source characteristics . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 5694 – 5703 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krewski, D., Burnett, R. T., Goldberg, M. S., Hoover, K., Siemiatycki, J., Jerrett, M., Abrahamowicz, M., and White, W. H. 2000. Reanalysis of the Harvard six cities study and the American Cancer Society study of particulate air pollution and mortality. Cambridge, MA: Health Effects Institute. http://pubs.healtheffects.org/view.php?id=6
   Google Scholar
• Krewski , D. , Burnett , R. , Goldberg , M. S. , Hoover , B. K. , Siemiatycki , J. , Abrahamowicz , M. and White , W. H. 2004 . Validation of the Harvard six cities study of air pollution and mortality . N. Engl. J. Med. , 350 : 198 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krewski , D. , Burnett , R. , Goldberg , M. S. , Hoover , B. K. , Siemiatycki , J. , Abrahamowicz , M. and White , W. H. 2005a . Reanalysis of the Harvard six cities study, Part I: Validation and replication . Inhal. Toxicol. , 17 : 335 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krewski , D. , Burnett , R. , Goldberg , M. S. , Hoover , B. K. , Siemiatycki , J. , Abrahamowicz , M. , Villeneuve , P. J. and White , W. H. 2005b . Reanalysis of the Harvard six cities study, Part II: Sensitivity analysis . Inhal. Toxicol. , 17 : 343 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupnick , A. J. 2008 . Challenges to managing air pollution . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 71 : 13 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhlbusch, T., Astrid, J., Hugo, A., Peters, A. von Klot, S., Cyrys, J., Wichmann, H.-E., Quass, U., and Bruckmann, P. 2004. Analysis and design of local air quality measurements: Towards European Air Quality Health Effect Monitoring. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/cafe/activities/pdf/euraqhem_final_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , M. , Builtjes , P. J. H. , Poppe , D. , Simpson , D. , Stockwell , W. R. , Andersson-Skold , Y. , Baart , A. , Das , M. , Fiedler , F. , Hov , Ø , Kirchner , F. , Makar , P. A. , Milford , J. B. , Roemer , M. G. M. , Ruhnke , R. , Strand , A. , Vogel , B. and Vogel , H. 1998 . Intercomparison of the gas-phase chemistry in several chemistry and transport models . Atmos. Environ. , 32 : 693 – 709 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laden , F. , Schwartz , J. , Speizer , F. E. and Dockery , D. W. 2006 . Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality: Extended follow-up of the Harvard six cities study . Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 73 : 667 – 672 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipfert , F. W. , Wyzga , R. E. , Baty , J. D. and Miller , J. P. 2006 . Traffic density as a surrogate measure of environmental exposures in studies of air pollution health effects: Long-term mortality in a cohort of U.S. veterans . Atmos. Environ. , 40 : 154 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , Y. , Sarnat , J. A. , Kilaru , V. , Jacob , D. J. , Li , Q. and Koutrakis , P. 2005 . Estimating ground-level PM2.5 in the eastern United States using satellite remote sensing . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 39 : 3269 – 3278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan , J. A. 1999 . An analysis of ozonesonde data for the troposphere: Recommendations for testing 3-D models and development of a gridded climatology for tropospheric ozone . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 104 : 16 115 – 16 . 149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luginaah , I. , Xu , X. , Fung , K. Y. , Grgicakmannion , A. , Wintermute , J. , Wheeler , A. A. and Brook , J. 2006 . Establishing the spatial variability of ambient nitrogen dioxide in Windsor, Ontario . Int. J. Environ. Stud. , 63 : 487 – 500 .
   Google Scholar
• Makar , P. M. , Wiebe , H. A. , Staebler , R. M. , Li , S.-M. and Anlauf , K. G. 1998 . Measurement and modeling of nighttime particle nitrate formation . J. Geophys. Res. Space. , 103 : 13 095 – 13 . 110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallet , V. and Sportisse , B. 2005 . A comprehensive study of ozone sensitivity with respect to emissions over Europe with a chemistry-transport model . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 110 : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallet , V. and Sportisse , B. 2006 . Uncertainty in a chemistry-transport model due to physical parameterizations and numerical approximations: An ensemble approach applied to ozone modeling . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 111 : D01302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manins , P. C. , Cope , M. E. , Hurley , P. J. , Newton , P. W. , Smith , N. C. and Marquez , L. O. The impact of urban development on air quality and energy use . Proc. 14th International Clean Air & Environment conference . Melbourne, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Marmur , A. , Park , S.-K. , Mulholland , J. A. , Tolbert , P. E. and Russell , A. G. 2006 . Source apportionment of PM2.5 in the southeastern United States using receptor and emissions-based models: Conceptual differences and implications for time-series health studies . Atmos. Environ. , 40 : 2533 – 2551 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , J. D. , Riley , W. J. , McKone , T. E. and Nazaroff , W. W. 2003 . Intake fraction of primary pollutants: motor vehicle emissions in the South Coast Air Basin . Atmos. Environ , 37 : 3455 – 3468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , R. V. , Fiore , A. M. and Van Donkelaar , A. 2004 . Space-based diagnosis of surface ozone sensitivity to anthropogenic emissions . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 31 : L06120–1 – L06120–4 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , R. V. , Jacob , D. J. , Chance , K. , Kurosu , T. P. , Palmer , P. I. and Evans , M. J. 2002 . Global inventory of nitrogen oxide emissions constrained by space-based observations of NO2 columns . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 108 : ACH 5–1 – ACH 5–12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard , R. 2003a . Scientific information needs for regulatory decision making . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 66 : 1499 – 1501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard , R. , Krewski , D. , Burnett , R. , Samet , J. , Brook , J. , Granville , G. and Craig , L. 2003b . Health and air quality: Directions for policy-relevant research . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 66 : 1891 – 1903 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzi , E. A. and Dowlatabadi , H. 2007 . Air quality impacts of climate mitigation: UK policy and passenger vehicle choice . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 41 : 387 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHenry , J. N. , Binkowski , F. S. , Dennis , R. L. , Chang , J. S. and Hopkins , D. 1992 . The Tagged Species Engineering Model (TSEM) . Atmos. Environ. , 26A : 1041 – 1052 .
   Google Scholar
• McKeen , S. , Wilczak , J. , Grell , G. , Djalalova , I. , Peckham , S. , Hsie , E.-Y. , Gong , W. , Bouchet , V. , Ménard , S. , Moffet , R. , McHenry , J. , McQueen , J. , Tang , Y. , Carmichael , G. R. , Pagowski , M. , Chan , A. and Dye , T. 2005 . Assessment of an ensemble of seven real-time ozone forecasts over Eastern North America during the summer of 2004 . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 110 : 1 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNair , L. A. , Harley , R. A. and Russell , A. G. 1996 . Spatial inhomogeneity in pollutant concentrations, and their implications for air quality model evaluations . Atmos. Environ. , 30 : 4291 – 4301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ménard , R. 2006 . Chemical-dynamic coupling in data assimilation . Presented at Air Quality 2006: Piecing the Puzzle . Feb. 16 2006 . Personal communication , Banff, AB : The Fourth Canadian Workshop on Air Quality .
   Google Scholar
• Ménard, R., and Robichaud, A. 2005. The chemistry-forecast system at the meteorological service of Canada. Meteorological Service of Canada, Dorval, QC, Canada. www.ecmwf.int/publications/library/ecpublications/_pdf/seminar/2005/sem2005_menard.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mendoza-Dominguez , A. and Russell , A. G. 2001 . Estimation of emission adjustments from the application of four-dimensional data assimilation to photochemical air quality modeling . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 2879 – 2894 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng , Z. , Dabdub , D. and Seinfeld , J. H. 1997 . Chemical coupling between atmospheric ozone and particulate matter . Science , 277 : 116 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mexico Air Quality Management Team. 2002. Improving air quality in metropolitan Mexico city: An economic valuation. The World Bank, Latin America and the Caribbean region Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Sector Unit, Washington, DC. www.idrc.ca/IMAGES/ecohealth/100205-3.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Miller , C. A. , Hidy , G. , Hales , J. , Kolb , C. E. , Werner , A. S. , Haneke , B. , Parrish , D. , Frey , C. , Rojas-Bracho , L. , Deslauriers , M. , Pennell , B. and Mobley , J. D. 2006 . Air emission inventories in North America: A critical assessment . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 56 : 1115 – 1129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra , P. K. , Bloxam , R. , Fung , C. and Wong , S. 1989 . Non-linear response of wet deposition to emissions reduction: A model study . Atmos. Environ. , 23 : 671 – 687 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environment. 2002. Air quality management in the Mexico City metropolitan area: An interview with Mario Molina and Luisa Molina. Initiatives Energy Environ. 4:8–9. http://lfee.mit.edu/public/LFEEnews_4.2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Molina , L. T. and Molina , M. J. , eds. 2002 . Air quality in the Mexico megacity: An integrated assessment , Cambridge, MA : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Slott, R. S., Kolb, C. E., Gbor, P. K., Meng, F., Singh, R. B., Galvez, O., Sloan, J. J., Anderson, W. P., Tang X. Y., Hu, M., Xie, S., Shao, M., Zhu, T., Zhang, Y. H., Gurjar, B. R., Artaxo, P. E., Oyola, P., Gramsch, E., Hidalgo, D., and Gertler, A. W. 2004. 2004 Critical review on megacities and atmospheric pollution: Air quality in selected megacities [online version]. http://secure.awma.org/JOURNAL/pdfs/2004/12/onlineversion2004.PDF
   Google Scholar
• Molina , M. J. and Molina , L. T. 2004a . Megacities and atmospheric pollution . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 54 : 644 – 680 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina , L. T. and Molina , M. J. 2004b . Improving air quality in megacities: Mexico case study . Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , 1023 : 142 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran , M. D. 2000 . “ Basic aspects of mesoscale atmospheric dispersion ” . In Mesoscale atmospheric dispersion , Edited by: Boybeyi , Z. 27 – 119 . Southampton, , UK : WIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moran, M. D., and Zheng, Q. 2006. Modelling long-term sulfur and nitrogen deposition using Lagrangian chemical transport models. Proc. 14th Joint AMS/A&WMA Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, Atlanta. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/101260.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Moran , M. D. 2005 . “ Current and proposed emission control programs: How will acid deposition be affected? ” . In 2004 Canadian acid deposition science assessment , 99 – 162 . Downsview, ON : Environment Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Morrison , H. and Caron , S. , eds. 2004 . 2004 Canadian acid deposition science assessment , Downsview, ON : Environment Canada .
   Google Scholar
• NARSTO . 2004 . Particulate matter science for policy makers: A NARSTO assessment , Edited by: McMurry , P. , Shepherd , M. and Vickery , J. 235 – 281 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• NARSTO . 2005 . Improving emission inventories for effective air quality management across North America: A NARSTO assessment Oak Ridge, TN NARSTO-05-001.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 2004 . Air quality management in the United States , Washington, DC : National Academies Press .
   Google Scholar
• Natural Resources Canada. 2006. Canada's energy outlook: The reference case 2006. Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada. http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/com/resoress/publications/peo/peo2006-eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. 2006. Advice on a long-term strategy on energy and climate change. http://www.nrtee-trnee.ca/eng/publications/wedge-advisory-note/ecc-wedge-advisory-note-eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Odum , J. R. , Hoffmann , T. , Bowman , F. , Collins , D. , Flagan , R. C. and Seinfeld , J. H. 1996 . Gas/particle partitioning and secondary organic aerosol yields . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 30 : 2580 – 2585 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor , S. and Cross , R. 2006 . California's achievements in mobile source emission control . EM: Air Waste Manage. Assoc. Mag. Environ. Managers , July : 28
   Google Scholar
• Official Journal of the European Communities. 1996. Council Directive 96/62/EC on Ambient air quality assessment. No. L 296/55. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31996L0062:EN:HTML
   Google Scholar
• Official Journal of the European Communities . 1999 . Council Directive 1999/30/EC relating to limit values for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air. , No. L 163/41.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, B. 2005. Greenhouse gas emissions and vehicle fuel efficiency standards for Canada. Toronto: Pollution Probe. www.pollutionprobe.org/Reports/vehiclefuel.pdf
   Google Scholar
• O'Neill , M. S. , Veves , A. , Zanobetti , A. , Sarnat , J. A. , Gold , D. R. , Economides , P. A. , Horton , E. S. and Schwartz , J. 2005 . Diabetes enhances vulnerability to particulate air pollution-associated impairment in vascular reactivity and endothelial function . Circulation , 111 : 2913 – 2920 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ontario Medical Association. 2005. The illness costs of air pollution. 2005–2026 Health and economic damage estimates. http://www.oma.org/Health/smog/report/ICAP2005_Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Smart Growth . 2003 . Shape the future: Central Ontario smart growth panel , Toronto : Government of Ontario . Final report.
   Google Scholar
• Oreskes , N. , Shrader-Frechette , K. and Belitz , K. 1994 . Verification, validation, and confirmation of numerical models in the earth sciences . Science , 263 : 641 – 646 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padro , J. , Puckett , K. J. and Woolridge , D. N. 1993 . The sensitivity of regionally averaged O3 and SO2 concentrations to ADOM dry deposition velocity parameterizations . Atmos. Environ. , 27A : 2239 – 2242 .
   Google Scholar
• Palacios , M. , Kirchner , F. , Martilli , A. , Clappier , A. , Martín , F. and Rodríguez , M. E. 2002 . Summer ozone episodes in the Greater Madrid area. Analyzing the ozone response to abatement strategies by modelling . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 5323 – 5333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer , P. I. , Jacob , D. J. , Jones , D. B. A. , Heald , C. L. , Yantosca , R. M. , Logan , J. A. , Sachse , G. W. and Streets , D. G. 2003 . Inverting for emissions of carbon monoxide from Asia using aircraft observations over the western Pacific . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 108 : GTE 49–1 – GTE 49–12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , R. J. , Jacob , D. J. , Chin , M. and Martin , R. V. 2003 . Sources of carbonaceous aerosols over the United States and implications for natural visibility . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 108 : AAC 5–1 – AAC 5–14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrish , D. D. , Trainer , M. , Hereid , D. , Williams , E. J. , Olszyna , K. J. , Harley , R. A. , Meagher , J. F. and Fehsenfeld , F. C. 2002 . Decadal change in carbon monoxide to nitrogen oxide ratio in U.S. vehicular emissions . J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. , 107 : ACH 5–1 – ACH 5–9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce , D. W. , Cline , W. R. , Anchanta , A. N. , Frankhauser , S. , Pachauri , R. K. , Toll , R. S. J. and Vellinga , P. 1996 . “ The social costs of climate change: Greenhouse damage and the benefits of control ” . In Climate change 1995: Economic and social dimensions of climate change: Contributions of working group III to the second assessment report change , Edited by: Bruce , J. P. , Hoesung , L. and Haites , E. F. 179 – 224 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pengelly , L. D. and Sommerfreund , J. 2004 . Air pollution-related burden of illness in Toronto: 2004 update , Toronto : Environmental Protection Office, Toronto Public Health .
   Google Scholar
• Peters , L. K. , Berkowitz , C. M. , Carmichael , G. R. , Easter , R. C. , Fairweather , G. , Ghan , S. J. , Hales , J. M. , Leung , L. R. , Pennell , W. R. , Potra , F. A. , Saylor , R. D. and Tsang , T. T. 1995 . The current state and future direction of Eulerian models in simulating the tropospheric chemistry and transport of trace species: A review . Atmos. Environ. , 29 : 189 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennell , W. , Scheraga , J. , Rao , S. T. and Foley , G. 2005 . Air quality and climate change: dual challenges for the 21st century . EM: Air Waste Manage. Assoc. Mag. Environ. Managers , October : 8
   Google Scholar
• Peters , J. , Hedley , A. J. , Wong , C. M. , Lam , T. H. , Ong , S. G. , Liu , J. and Spiegelhalter , D. J. 1996 . Effects of an ambient air pollution intervention and environmental tobacco smoke on children's respiratory health in Hong Kong . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 25 : 821 – 828 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , J. M. , Avol , E. , Navidi , W. , London , S. J. , Gauderman , W. J. , Lurmann , F. , Linn , W. , Margolis , H. , Rappaport , E. , Gong , H. Jr. and Thomas , D. C. 1999 . A study of twelve Southern California communities with differing levels and types of air pollution . Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 159 : 760 – 767 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petron , G. , Granier , C. , Khattatov , B. , Lamarque , J.-F. , Yudin , V. , Muller , J.-F. and Gille , J. 2002 . Inverse modeling of carbon monoxide surface emissions using CMDI network observations . J. Geophys. Res. , 107 : 4761
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pielke , R. A. 1984 . Mesoscale meteorological modeling , Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pielke , R. A. and Uliasz , M. 1998 . Use of meteorological models as input to regional and mesoscale air quality models—Limitations and strengths . Atmos. Environ. , 32 : 1455 – 1466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce , T. , Geron , C. , Bender , L. , Dennis , R. , Tonnesen , G. and Guenther , A. 1998 . Influence of increased isoprene emissions on regional ozone modeling . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 103 : 25 611 – 25 . 629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleim , J. E. and Xiu , A. 1995 . Development and testing of a surface flux and planetary boundary layer model for application in mesoscale models . J. Appl. Meteor. , 34 : 16 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Polina , B. M. , Offenberg , J. H. , Clemente , J. , Blaustein , M. , Thurston , G. D. and Chen , L. C. 2004 . Ambient pollutant concentrations measured by a mobile laboratory in South Bronx, NY . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 5283 – 5294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope , C. A. 1989 . Respiratory disease associated with community air pollution and a steel mill, Utah Valley . Am. J. Public Health , 79 : 623 – 628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope , C. A. and Dockery , D. W. 2006 . Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. 2006 Critical review . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 56 : 709 – 742 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope , C. A. , Thun , M. J. , Namboodiri , M. M. , Dockery , D. W. , Evans , J. S. , Speizer , F. E. and Heath , C. W. 1995 . Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults . Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 151 : 669 – 674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope , C. A. , Burnett , R. T. , Thun , M. J. , Calle , E. E. , Krewski , D. , Ito , K. and Thurston , G. D. 2002 . Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 287 : 1132 – 1141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope , C. A. , Burnett , R. T. , Thurston , G. D. , Thun , M. J. , Calle , E. E. , Krewski , D. and Godleski , J. J. 2004 . Cardiovascular mortality and long term exposure to particulate air pollution . Circulation , 109 : 71 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prinn , R. and Dorling , S. 2005 . Climate change and air quality: international perspective and policy implications . EM: Air Waste Manage. Assoc. Mag. Environ. Managers , October : 37
   Google Scholar
• Proctor , S. D. , Dreher , K. L. , Kelly , S. E. and Russell , J. C. 2006 . Hypersensitivity of prediabetic JCR: LA-cp rats to fine airborne combustion particle-induced direct and noradrenergicmediated vascular contraction . Toxicol. Sci. , 90 : 385 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pudykiewicz , J. A. 1998 . Application of adjoint tracer transport equations for evaluating source parameters . Atmos. Environ. , 32 : 3039 – 3050 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pun , B. K. and Seigneur , C. 1999 . Understanding particulate matter formation in the California San Joaquin Valley: Conceptual model and data needs . Atmos. Environ. , 33 : 4865 – 4875 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pun , B. K. , Seigneur , C. , Vijayaraghavan , K. , Wu , S.-Y. , Chen , S.-Y. , Knipping , E. M. and Kumar , N. 2006 . Modeling regional haze in the BRAVO study using CMAQ-MADRID: 1. Model evaluation . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 111 : D06302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raizenne , M. 2003 . Science and regulation—U.S. and Canadian overview . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 66 : 1503 – 1506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , S. T. 2005 . Understanding the interactions between climate change and air quality . EM: Air Waste Manage. Assoc. Mag. Environ. Managers , October : 6
   Google Scholar
• Reid, N., Misra, P. K., Amman, M., and Hales, J. 2003. Air quality modelling. Paper presented at Third NERAM International Colloquium on Health and Air Quality. 5–7 November, 2003. Santo Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy. www.irr-neram.ca/rome/rome.html#proceed
   Google Scholar
• Rosenlund , M. , Berglind , N. , Pershagen , G. , Hallqvist , J. , Jonson , T. and Bellander , T. 2006 . Long-term exposure to urban air pollution and myocardial infarction . Epidemiology , 17 : 383 – 390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , A. and Dennis , R. 2000 . NARSTO critical review of photochemical models and modeling . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 2283 – 2324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahsuvaroglu , T. , Arain , A. , Kanaroglou , P. , Finkelstein , N. , Newbold , B. , Jerrett , M. , Beckerman , B. , Brook , J. , Finkelstein , M. and Gilbert , N. L. 2006 . A land-use regression model for predicting ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in Hamilton, Canada . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 56 : 1059 – 1069 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samaniego , J. and Figueres , C. 2002 . “ Evolving to a sector-based clean development mechanism ” . In Building on the Kyoto protocol: Options for protecting the climate , Edited by: Baumert , K. A. , Blanchard , O. , Llosa , S. and Perkaus , J. 89 – 108 . Washington, DC : World Resources Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Samet , J. 2006 . Impact of air pollution on public health . Transportaability of risk estimates . 2006 , Vancouver, BC. Personal communication , October 16 , Presentation at NERAM Colloquium V: Strategic Policy Decision for Air Quality Management .
   Google Scholar
• Samoli , E. , Aga , E. , Toulouni , G. , Nisictes , K. , Forsberg , B. , Lefranc , A. , Pekhanen , J. , Wojtynich , B. , Schindler , C. , Niciu , E. , Brunstein , R. , Dodic Fihfch , M. , Schwartz , J. and Katsoujanni , K. 2006 . Short term effects of nitrogen dioxide and mortality: An analysis within the APHEA project . Eur. Respir. J. , 27 : 1129 – 1137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarnat , J. A. , Schwartz , J. , Catalano , P. J. and Suh , H. H. 2001 . Gaseous pollutants in particulate matter epidemiology: Confounders or surrogates? . Environ. Health Perspect. , 10 : 1053 – 1061 .
   Google Scholar
• Schoeberl , M. R. , Douglass , A. R. , Hilsenrath , E. , Bhartia , P. K. , Barnett , J. , Gille , J. , Beer , R. , Gunson , M. , Waters , J. , Levelt , P. F. and DeCola , P. 2004 . Earth observing system missions benefit atmospheric research . EOS , 85 : 177 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz , J. 2000 . Harvesting and long term exposure effects in the relation between air pollution and mortality . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 151 : 440 – 448 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaman , N. L. 2000 . Meteorological modeling for air-quality assessments . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 2231 – 2259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seigneur , C. 2001 . Current status of air quality models for particulate matter . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 51 : 1508 – 1521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seigneur , C. , Pun , B. , Pai , P. , Louis , J.-F. , Solomon , P. , Emery , C. , Morris , R. , Zahniser , M. , Worsnop , D. , Koutrakis , P. , White , W. and Tombach , I. 2000 . Guidance for the performance evaluation of three-dimensional air quality modeling systems for particulate matter and visibility . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 50 : 588 – 599 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seigneur , C. and Moran , M. D. 2004 . “ Using models to estimate particle concentration ” . In Particulate matter science for policy makers: A NARSTO assessment , Edited by: McMurry , P. , Shepherd , M. and Vickery , J. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . chapter 8.
   Google Scholar
• Seilkop , S. K. 1995a . “ Representativeness of surface site air concentrations relative to an 80 km grid ” . In Regional photochemical measurement and modeling studies. Vol. 1. Results and interpretation of field measurements , Edited by: Ranzieri , A. J. and Solomon , P. A. 197 – 210 . Pittsburgh, PA : Air & Waste Management Association .
   Google Scholar
• Seilkop , S. K. Characterization and usage of subgrid scale variability in model evaluation . Report prepared by Analytical Services, Inc . Durham, NC. NC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park .
   Google Scholar
• Seinfeld , J. H. and Pandis , S. N. 1998 . Atmospheric chemistry and physics—From air pollution to climate change , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Setton , E. , Hystad , P. , Keller , C. P. , Cloutier-Fisher , D. , Foster , L. , Copes , R. and Brauer , M. 2006 . Presented at Air Quality 2006: Piecing the Puzzle . 2006 , Banff, AB. Personal communication. Simulating risk of exposure to traffic-related air pollution in urban and suburban working and non-working populations , Feb. 15 , The Fourth Canadian Workshop on Air Quality .
   Google Scholar
• Sillman , S. , He , D. , Cardelino , C. and Imhoff , R. E. 1997 . The use of photochemical indicators to evaluate ozone–NOx–hydrocarbon sensitivity: Case studies from Atlanta, New York, and Los Angeles . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 47 : 1030 – 1040 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sillman , S. , He , D. , Pippin , M. R. , Daum , P.H. , Imre , D. G. , Kleinman , L. I. , Lee , J. H. and Weinstein-Lloyd , J. 1998 . Model correlations for ozone, reactive nitrogen and peroxides for Nashville in comparison with measurements: Implications for O3–NOx hydrocarbon chemistry . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 103 : 22629 – 22644 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , C. , Gould , T. , Larson , T. , Henderson , S. , Aleen , R. , Cohen , M. and Buzzelli , M. 2006 . A tale of two cities: Comparing land use and traffic related pollution exposure models in Seattle and Vancouver . Presented at Air Quality 2006: Piecing the Puzzle . 2006 , Banff, AB. Personal communication , Feb. 15 , The Fourth Canadian Workshop on Air Quality .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , K. R. 1988 . Air pollution: Assessing total exposure in the United States . Environment , 30 : 10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth , S. C. , Jiang , W. , Yin , D. , Roth , H. and Giroux , E. 2006a . Evaluation of CMAQ O3 and PM2.5 performance using Pacific 2001 measurement data . Atmos. Environ. , 40 : 2735 – 2749 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth , S. , Yin , D. , Roth , H. , Jiang , W. , Moran , M. D. and Crevier , L.-P. 2006b . The impact of GEM and MM5 meteorology on CMAQ air quality modeling results in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States . J. Appl. Meteorol. , 45 : 1525 – 1541 .
   Google Scholar
• Spengler , J. D. , Koutrakis , P. , Dockery , D. W. , Raizenne , M. and Speizer , F. E. 1996 . Health effects of acid aerosols on North American children: Air pollution exposures . Environ. Health Perspect. , 104 : 492 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stedman , J. 2004 . The predicted number of air pollution related deaths in the UK during the August 2003 heatwave . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 1083 – 1085 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , A. F. and Lamb , D. 2002 . Chemical indicators of sulfate sensitivity to nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 107 : 13–1 – 13–11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, N. 2007. The economics of climate change. London: HM Treasury. http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Stieb , D. M. , Paola , J. and Neuman , K. 1996 . Do smog advisories work? Results of an evaluation of the Canadian smog advisory program . Can. J. Public Health , 87 : 166 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stieb , D. M. , Judek , S. and Burnett , R. T. 2002 . Meta-analysis of time-series studies of air pollution and mortality: Effects of gases and particles and the influence of cause of death, age, and season . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 52 : 470 – 484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stieb , D. M. , Judek , S. and Burnett , R. T. 2003 . Meta-analysis of time-series studies of air pollution and mortality: Update in relation to the use of generalized additive models . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 53 : 258 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streets , D. G. , Yu , C. , Bergin , M. H. , Wang , X. and Carmichael , G. R. 2006 . Modeling study of air pollution due to the manufacture of export goods in China's Pearl River Delta . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 2099 – 2107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sustainable Development Technology Canada. 2007. SDTC funding breakdown by sector. http://www.sdtc.ca/en/results/portfolio/economic_sectors.htm
   Google Scholar
• Thurston , G. D. , Ito , K. , Hayes , C. G. , Bates , D. and Lippmann , M. 1994 . Respiratory hospital admissions and summertime haze air pollution in Toronto, Ontario: Consideration of the role of acid aerosols . Environ. Res. , 65 : 271 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toronto Public Health. 2000. Air pollution burden of illness in Toronto. Toronto, Ontario. www.toronto.ca/health/burdenof.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Toronto Public Health. 2001. Condition critical: Fixing our smog warning system. Toronto, Ontario. www.toronto.ca/health/hphe/pdf/report_condition_critical_technical.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Toronto Public Health. 2007. Air Pollution Burden of Illness from Traffic in Toronto – Problems and Solutions. Toronto, Canada. http://www.toronto.ca/health/hphe
   Google Scholar
• Uliasz , M. 1993 . The atmospheric mesoscale dispersion modeling system . J. Appl. Meteor. , 32 : 139 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. Guidance for demonstrating attainment of air quality goals for PM2.5 and regional haze. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report Draft 2.1. www.epa.gov/scram001/guidance/guide/draft_pm.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. National air quality and emissions trends report, 2003 special studies edition. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://nsdi.epa.gov/air/airtrends/aqtrnd03/pdfs/toc_figs_tables.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. Air Quality Criteria Document for Particulate Matter. Volume II. EPA/600/P-99/002bF. Research Triangle Park, NC: Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA. http://cfpub2.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=87903
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2005a. Review of the national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter: Policy assessment of scientific and technical information. OAQPS staff paper. www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/pm/data/pmstaffpaper_20051221.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2005b. Technical support document for the final clean air interstate rule air quality modeling. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov/cair/pdfs/finaltech02.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2005c. Guidance on the use of models and other analyses in attainment demonstrations for the 8-hour ozone NAAQS. EPA-454/R-05-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov/scram001/guidance/guide/8-hour-o3-guidance-final-version.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006a. Provisional assessment of recent studies on health effects of particulate matter exposure. EPA/600/R-06/063. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Center for Environmental Assessment. http://epa.gov/pm/pdfs/ord_report_20060720.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006b. Environmental justice. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/compliance/environmentaljustice/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Venkatram , A. 1988 . Inherent uncertainty in air quality modeling . Atmos. Environ. , 22 : 1221 – 1227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , J. G. 2002 . Visibility: Science and regulation . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 52 : 628 – 713 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , J. G. and Chow , J. C. 2005 . “ Chapter 16B Receptor Models ” . In Air quality modeling: Theories, methodologies, computational techniques, and available databases and software , Edited by: Zannetti , P. Vol. II , 455 – 501 . EnviroComp Institute and Air and Waste Management Association .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , J. G. , Chow , J. C. and Fujita , E. M. 2001 . Review of volatile organic compound source apportionment by chemical mass balance . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 1567 – 1584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , J. J. , Ansari , A. S. and Pandis , S. N. 1999 . Marginal PM2.5: Nonlinear aerosol mass response to sulfate reductions in the eastern United States . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 49 : 1415 – 1424 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerdahl , D. , Fruin , S. , Sax , T. , Fine , P. M. and Sioutas , C. 2005 . Mobile platform measurements of ultrafine particles and associated pollutant concentrations on freeways and residential streets in Los Angeles . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 3597 – 3610 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wexler , A. S. and Johnson , M. V. 2006 . What have we learned from highly time resolved measurements during the EPA supersite program and related studies? . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , Accepted.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler , A. J. , Smith-Doiron , M. , Xu , X. , Gilbert , M. L. and Brook , J. R. 2008 . Intra-Urban variability of air pollution in Windsor, Ontario–Measurement and modeling for human exposure assessment . Environmental Research. , 106 : 7 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler , A. J. , Xu , X. , Smith-Doiron , M. , Gilbert , N. L. and Brook , J. R. “ Personal communication ” . In Intra-urban variability of air pollution – monitoring and modeling of PM2.5, PM2.5–10, and NO2 , Paris : Poster presentation at ISEE ISEA 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , M. L. 2008 . Air quality risk management . J Toxicol Environ Health , 71 : 9 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , M. L. 2007 . UK Air quality in 2050—Synergies with climate change policies . Environ. Sci. Policy , 10 : 169 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , W. E. and Brauer , M. 2006 . Estimation of ambient and non-ambient components of particulate matter exposure from a personal monitoring panel study . J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. , 16 : 264 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winer , A. M. , Lurmann , F. W. , Coyner , L. A. , Colome and Poe , M. P. 1989 . Characterization of air pollutant in the California south coast air basin: Application new regional human exposure (REHEX) model , Report to the South Coast air quality management district and the California state university foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , C. M. , Hu , Z. G. , Lam , T. H. , Hedley , A. J. and Peters , J. 1999 . Effects of ambient air pollution and environmental tobacco smoke on respiratory health of non-smoking women in Hong Kong . Int J Epidemiol , 28 : 859 – 864 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , C. M. , Lam , H. T. , Peters , J. , Hedley , A. J. , Ong , S. G. , Tam , A. Y. C , Liu , J. and Spiegelhalter , D. J. 1998 . Comparison between two districts of the effects of an air pollution intervention on brochial responsiveness in primary school children in Hong Kong . J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health , 52 : 571 – 578 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 1999 . Monitoring ambient air quality for health impact assessment , Copenhagen, , Denmark : WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 85 .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2000 . Air quality guidelines for Europe , Copenhagen, , Denmark : WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 91 .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2002. The health effects of indoor air pollution exposure in developing countries. WHO/SDE/OEH/02.05. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/WHO_SDE_OEH_02.05.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2004. Meta-analysis of time-series studies and panel studies of particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. www.euro.who.int/document/E82792.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2005a. WHO air quality guidelines global update 2005. Report on a working group meeting, Bonn, Germany. http://www.euro.who.int/Document/E87950.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2005b. Effects of air pollution on children's health and development. A review of the evidence. www.euro.who.int/document/E86575.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2005c. Health effects of transport-related air pollution, eds. M. Krzyzanowski, B. Kuna-Dibbert, and J. Schneider, pp. 1–206. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe. www.euro.who.int/document/e86650.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2006a. Health risks of particulate matter from long-range transboundary air pollution. www.euro.who.int/document/E88189.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2006b. Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Global update 2005. Summary of risk assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization. www.euro.who.int/air/activities/20050222_2
   Google Scholar
• Wu , J. , Lurmann , F. , Winer , A. , Lu , R. , Turco , R. and Funk , T. 2005 . Development of an individual exposure model for application to the Southern California children's health study . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 259 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , X. , Brook , J. R. and Guo , P. 2007 . A statistical assessment of saturation and mobile sampling strategies to estimate long term average concentrations across urban areas . J. Air Waste Man. Assoc. , 57 : 1396 – 1406 .
   Google Scholar
• Yap, D., Reid, N., De Brou, G., Bloxam, R., Piché, E., Chan, W., Cheng, C., Bitzos, M., Wong, S., D. S. Harper Consulting, DSS Management Consultants Inc., and Potvin Air Management Consulting. 2005. Transboundary air pollution in Ontario. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario. www.ene.gov.on.ca/envision/techdocs/5158e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yli-Tuomi , T. , Aarnio , P. , Pirjola , L. , Mäkelä , T. , Hillamo , R. and Jantunen , M. 2005 . Emissions of fine particles, NOx, and CO from on-road vehicles in Finland . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 6696 – 6667 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu , S. , Dennis , R. , Roselle , S. , Nenes , A. , Walker , J. , Eder , B. , Schere , K. , Swall , J. and Robarge , W. 2005 . An assessment of the ability of three-dimensional air quality models with current thermodynamic equilibrium models to predict aerosol NO3 − . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 110 : D07S13–1 – D07S13–22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu , S. , Dennis , R. , Bhave , P. V. and Eder , B. K. 2004 . Primary and secondary organic aerosols over the United States: estimates on the basis of observed organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), and air quality modeled primary OC/EC ratios . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 5257 – 5268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanobetti , A. , Schwartz , J. and Dockery , D. W. 2000a . Airborne particles are a risk factor for hospital admissions for heart and lung disease . Environ. Health Perspect. , 108 : 1071 – 1077 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanobetti , A. , Wand , M. P. , Schwartz , J. and Ryan , L. M. 2000b . Generalized additive distributed lag models: Quantifying mortality displacement . Biostatistics , 1 : 279 – 292 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zanobetti , A. and Schwartz , J. 2001 . Are diabetics more susceptible to the health effects of airborne particles? . Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 164 : 831 – 833 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanobetti, A., and Schwartz, J. 2003. Multicity assessment of mortality displacement within the APHEA2 project. In: Revised analyses of time-series studies of air pollution and health, pp. 249–254. Boston: Health Effects Institute. http://pubs.healtheffects.org/getfile.php?u=21
   Google Scholar
• Zeger , S. L. , Dominici , F. and Samet , J. 1999 . Harvesting-resistant estimates of air pollution effects on mortality . Epidemiology , 10 : 171 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Y. , Seigneur , C. , Seinfeld , J. H. , Jacobson , M. Z. , Clegg , S. L. and Binkowski , F. S. 2000 . A comparative review of inorganic aerosol thermodynamic equilibrium modules: Similarities, differences, and their likely causes . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 117 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , L. , Moran , M. D. and Brook , J. R. 2001 . A comparison of models to estimate in-canopy photosynthetically active radiation and their influence on canopy stomatal resistance . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 4463 – 4470 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , L. , Moran , M. D. , Makar , P. A. , Brook , J. R. and Gong , S. 2002 . Modelling gaseous dry deposition in AURAMS—A unified regional air-quality modelling system . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 537 – 560 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Y. , Vijayaraghavan , K. and Seigneur , C. 2005 . Evaluation of three probing techniques in a three-dimensional air quality model . J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 110 : 1 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuber, A., and Keating, T. J. 2005. Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution: Task force on hemispheric transport of air pollution status and outlook—December 2005. www.unece.org/env/documents/2005/eb/EB/Inf.Doc.05.Hemispheric%20Transport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Zunckel , M. , Koosailee , A. , Yarwood , G. , Maure , G. , Venjonoka , K. , van Tienhoven , A.M. and Otter , L. 2006 . Modelled surface ozone over southern Africa during the Cross Border Air Pollution Impact Assessment Project . Environ. Model. Software , 21 : 911 – 924 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar