Derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalent (BE) Values for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds: A Screening Tool for Interpretation of Biomonitoring Data in a Risk Assessment Context

REFERENCES

• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1999. Toxicological profile for chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp104.html#bookmark14 (Accessed: 1 May 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Aylward , L. L. and Hays , S. M. 2002 . Temporal trends in human TCDD body burden: Decreases over three decades and implications for exposure levels . J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 12 : 319 – 328 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aylward , L. L. , Brunet , R. C. , Carrier , G. , Hays , S. M. , Cushing , C. A. , Needham , L. L. , Patterson , D. G. Jr. , Gerthoux , P. M. , Brambilla , P. and Mocarelli , P. 2005 . Concentration-dependent TCDD elimination kinetics in humans: Toxicokinetic modeling for moderately to highly exposed adults from Seveso, Italy, and Vienna, Austria, and impact on dose estimates for the NIOSH cohort . J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 15 : 51 – 65 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernert , J. T. , Turner , W. E. , Patterson , D. G. Jr. and Needham , L. L. 2007 . Calculation of serum "total lipid" concentrations for the adjustment of persistent organohalogen toxicant measurements in human samples . Chemosphere , 68 : 824 – 831 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman , R. E. , Schantz , S. L. , Weerasinghe , N. C. A. , Gross , M. L. and Barsotti , D. A. 1989 . Chronic dietary intake of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) at 5 or 25 parts per trillion in the monkey: TCDD kinetics and dose-effect estimate of reproductive toxicity . Chemosphere , 18 : 243 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVito , M. J. , Ross , D. G. , Dupuy , A. E. Jr. , Ferrario , J. , McDaniel , D. and Birnbaum , L. S. 1998 . Dose-response relationships for disposition and hepatic sequestration of polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls following subchronic treatment in mice . Toxicol. Sci , 46 : 223 – 234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission Scientific Committee on Foods. 2001. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the risk assessment of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food. Update based on new scientific information available since the adoption of the SCF opinion of 22nd November 2000. Rep. CS/CNTM/DIOXIN/20 final. Brussels, Belgium: European Commisssion. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out90_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ferriby , L. L. , Knutsen , J. S. , Harris , M. , Nony , P. , Unice , K. M. , Paustenbach , D. J. , Haws , L. C. and Scott , P. 2007 . Evaluation of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB serum concentration data from the 2001–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of United States citizens . J. Exp. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. , 17 : 358 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flesch-Janys , D. , Becher , H. , Gurn , P. , Jung , D. , Konietzko , J. , Manz , A. and Papke , O. 1996 . Elimination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in occupationally exposed persons . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 47 : 363 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , M. N. , Aylward , L. L. and Keenan , R. E. 2006 . Relative cancer potencies of selected dioxin-like compounds on a body-burden basis: Comparison to current toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 69 : 907 – 917 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays , S. M. , Becker , R. A. , Leung , H. W. , Aylward , L. L. and Pyatt , D. W. 2007 . Biomonitoring equivalents: A screening approach for interpreting biomonitoring results from a public health risk perspective . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 47 : 96 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays , S. M. , Aylward , L. L. , LaKind , J. S. , Bartels , M. J. , Barton , H. A. , Boogaard , P. J. , Lipscomb , J. , Krishnan , K. , Nordberg , M. , Okino , M. , Tan , Y.-M. , Viau , C. , Yager , J. W. , Brunk , C. , DiZio , S. , Dourson , M. , Goldstein , D. A. , Kilpatrick , M. E. and Krewski , D. 2008 . Guidelines for the derivation of biomonitoring equivalents: Report from the Biomonitoring Equivalents Expert Workshop . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol , 51 : S4 – S15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iida , T. , Hirakawa , H. , Matsueda , T. , Nagayama , J. and Nagata , T. 1999 . Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and related compounds: Correlations of levels in human tissues and in blood . Chemosphere , 38 : 2767 – 2774 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1997 . IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Lyon, France, 4–11 February 1997 . IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risks Hum. , 69 : 1 – 631 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 2001. Fifty-seventh meeting Rome, 5–14 June 2001. Summary and conclusions. http://www.who.int/ipcs/food/jecfa/summaries/en/summary_57.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kitamura , K. , Nagao , M. , Yamada , T. , Sunaga , M. , Hata , J. and Watanabe , S. 2001 . Dioxins in bile in relation to those in the human liver and blood . J. Toxicol. Sci. , 26 : 327 – 336 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreuzer , P. E. , Csanády , G. A. , Baur , C. , Kessler , W. , Päpke , O. , Greim , H. and Filser , J. G. 1997 . 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and congeners in infants. A toxicokinetic model of human lifetime body burden by TCDD with special emphasis on its uptake by nutrition . Arch. Toxicol. , 71 : 383 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaKind , J. S. , Aylward , L. L. , Brunk , C. , DiZio , S. , Dourson , M. , Goldstein , D. A. , Kilpatrick , M. E. , Krewski , D. , Bartels , M. J. , Barton , H. A. , Boogaard , P. J. , Lipscomb , J. , Krishnan , K. , Nordberg , M. , Okino , M. , Tan , Y.-M. , Viau , C. , Yager , J. W. and Hays , S. M. 2008 . Guidelines for the communication of biomonitoring equivalents: Report from the Biomonitoring Equivalents Expert Workshop . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 51 : S16 – S26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung , H. W. , Kerger , B. D. and Paustenbach , D. J. 2006 . Elimination half-lives of selected polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in breast-fed human infants . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 69 : 437 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorber , M. 2002 . A pharmacokinetic model for estimating exposure of Americans to dioxin-like compounds in the past, present, and future . Sci. Total Environ. , 288 : 81 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , D. G. Jr. , Needham , L. L. , Pirkle , J. L. , Roberts , D. W. , Bagby , J. , Garrett , W. A. , Andrews , J. S. Jr. , Falk , H. , Bernert , J. T. , Sampson , E. J. and Houk , V. N. 1988 . Correlation between serum and adipose tissue levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in 50 persons from Missouri . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 17 : 139 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , D. G. Jr. , Furst , P. , Henderson , L. O. , Isaacs , S. G. , Alexander , L. R. , Turner , W. E. , Needham , L. L. and Hannon , H. 1989 . Partitioning of in vivo bound PCDDs/PCDFs among various compartments in whole blood . Chemosphere , 19 : 145 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , D. L. , Pirkle , J. L. , Burse , V. W. , Bernert , J. T. Jr. , Henderson , L. O. and Needham , L. L. 1989 . Chlorinated hydrocarbon levels in human serum: Effects of fasting and feeding . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 18 : 495 – 500 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl , H. R. , Abadin , H. G. , Jones , D. E. and De Rosa , C. T. 2007 . The role of exposure versus body burden data in deriving health guidance values . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B. , 10 : 401 – 415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rier , S. E. , Turner , W. E. , Martin , D. C. , Morris , R. , Lucier , G. W. and Clark , G. C. 2001 . Serucm levels of TCDD and dioxin-like chemicals in Rhesus monkeys chronically exposed to dioxin: Correlation of increased serum PCB levels with endometriosis . Toxicol. Sci , 59 : 147 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde , S. , Moser , G. A. , Papke , O. and McLachlan , M. S. 1999 . Clearance of PCDD/Fs via the gastrointestinal tract in occupationally exposed persons . Chemosphere , 38 : 3397 – 3410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Kingdom Committee on Toxicology. 2001. Statement on the tolerable daily intake for dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. http://www.food.gov.uk/science/ouradvisors/toxicity/statements/cotstatements2001/dioxinsstate
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2003 . Exposure and human health reassessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds , Washington, DC : National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . NAS Review Draft
   Google Scholar
• U.S. National Research Council . 2006 . Health risks from dioxin and related compounds: Evaluation of the EPA reassessment , Washington, DC : Committee on EPA's Exposure and Human Health Reassessment of TCDD and Related Compounds .
   Google Scholar
• Van den Berg , M. , Birnbaum , L. S. , Denison , M. , De Vito , M. , Farland , W. , Feeley , M. , Fiedler , H. , Hakansson , H. , Hanberg , A. , Haws , L. , Rose , M. , Safe , S. , Schrenk , D. , Tohyama , C. , Tritscher , A. , Tuomisto , J. , Tysklind , M. , Walker , N. and Peterson , R. E. 2006 . The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds . Toxicol. Sci , 93 : 223 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar