Traffic Air Pollution and Lung Cancer in Females in Taiwan: Petrol Station Density as an Indicator of Disease Development

REFERENCES

• Bedeschi , E. , Campari , C. , Candela , S. , Collini , G. , Caranci , N. , Frasca , G. , Galassi , C. , Francesca , G. and Vigotti , M. A. 2007 . Urban air pollution and respiratory emergency visits at pediatric unit, Reggio Emilia, Italy . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 70 : 261 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beelen , R. , Hoek , G. , van den Brandt , P. A. , Goldbohm , R. A. , Fischer , P. , Schouten , L. J. , Jerrett , M. , Hughes , E. , Armstrong , B. and Brunekreef , B. 2008a . Long-term effects of traffic-related air pollution on mortality in a Dutch cohort (NLCS-AIR study) . Environ. Health Perspect. , 116 : 196 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beelen , R. , Hoek , G. , van den Brandt , P. A. , Goldbohm , R. A. , Fischer , P. , Schouten , L. J. , Armstrong , B. and Brunekreef , B. 2008b . Long-term effects of traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer risk . Epidemiology , 19 : 702 – 710 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besso , A. , Nyberg , F. and Pershagen , G. 2003 . Air pollution and lung cancer mortality in the vicinity of a nonferrous metal smelter in Sweden . Int. J. Cancer , 107 : 448 – 452 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia , R. , Lopipero , P. and Smith , A. H. 1998 . Diesel exhaust exposure and lung cancer . Epidemiology , 9 : 84 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggeri , A. , Barbone , F. , Lagazio , C. , Bovenzi , M. and Stanta , G. 1996 . Air pollution and lung cancer in Trieste, Italy: Spatial analysis of risk as a function of distance from sources . Environ. Health Perspect. , 104 : 750 – 754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslow , N. E. and Day , N. E. 1980 . Statistical methods in cancer research: The analysis of case-control studies , Lyon : International Agency for Research on Cancer .
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Tobacco & Alcohol Monopoly (BTAM), Taiwan Provincial Government . 1993 . Annual report of tobacco, alcohol consumption investigation in Taiwan area , Taipei : Bureau of Tobacco & Alcohol Monopoly, Taiwan Provincial Government .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , C. J. and Wang , C. J. 1990 . Ecological correlations between arsenic level in well water and age-adjusted mortality from malignant neoplasms . Cancer Res. , 50 : 5470 – 5474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , C. J. , Wu , H. Y. , Chuang , Y. C. , Chang , A. S. , Luh , K. T. , Chao , H. H. , Chen , K. Y. , Chen , S. G. , Lai , G. M. , Huang , H. H. and Lee , H. H. 1990 . Epidemiologic characteristics and multiple risk factors of lung cancer in Taiwan . Anticancer Res. , 10 : 971 – 976 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , T. Y. , Wen , C. P. , Tsai , M. C. and Tsai , S. P. 2003 . The current status of smoking behavior in Taiwan: Data analysis from national health interview survey in 2001 . Taiwan J. Public Health , 22 : 453 – 464 .
   Google Scholar
• Chinese Petroleum Corporation. 2008 http://www.cpc.com.tw/big5_BD/tmtd/station/gsearch-1.asp?pno=65 (Accessed: 18 February 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Chiu , H. F. , Cheng , M. H. , Tsai , S. S. , Wu , T. N. , Kuo , H. W. and Yang , C. Y. 2006 . Outdoor air pollution and female lung cancer in Taiwan . Inhal. Toxicol. , 18 : 1025 – 1031 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health, Republic of China (Taiwan) . 2005 . Health and vital statistics: I. General health statistics , Taipei : Department of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Dubowsky , S. , Wallace , L. and Buckley , T. 1999 . The concentration of traffic to indoor concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 9 : 312 – 321 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliott , P. , Wakefield , J. C. , Best , N. G. and Briggs , D. J. 2000 . Spatial epidemiology , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ernster , V. L. 1994 . The epidemiology of lung cancer in women . Ann. Epidemiol. , 4 : 102 – 110 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ernster , V. L. 1996 . Female lung cancer . Annu. Rev. Public Health , 17 : 97 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filleul , L. , Rondeau , V. , Vandentorren , S. , Le Moual , N. , Cantagrel , A. , Annesi-Maesano , I. , Charpin , D. , Declercq , C. , Neukirch , F. , Paris , C. , Vervloet , D. , Brochard , P. , Tessier , J. F. , Kauffmann , F. and Baldi , I. 2005 . Twenty five year mortality and air pollution: Results from the French PAARC survey . Occup. Environ. Med. , 62 : 453 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontham , E. T. H. 1990 . Protective dietary factors and lung cancer . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 19 ( Suppl. 1 ) : S32 – S42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Formosa Petrochemical Corporation. 2008 http://www.fpcc.com.tw/station/station.asp (Accessed: 18 February 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Garshick , E. , Laden , F. , Hart , J. E. , Rosner , B. , Davis , M. E. , Eisen , E. A. and Smith , T. J. 2008 . Lung cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers . Environ. Health Perspect. , 116 : 1327 – 1332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ger , L. P. , Liou , S. H. and Shen , C. Y. 1992 . Risk factors of lung cancer . J. Formosan Med. Assoc. , 91 : S222 – S231 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenberg , M. R. 1983 . Urbanization and cancer mortality: The United States experience, 1950–1975 , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hemminki , K. and Pershagen , G. 1994 . Cancer risk of air pollution: Epidemiological evidence . Environ. Health Perspect. , 102 ( Suppl. 4 ) : 187 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1989 . Diesel and gasoline engine exhaust and nitroarenes , Lyons : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• Katsouyanni , K. and Pershagen , G. 1997 . Ambient air pollution exposure and cancer . Cancer Causes Control , 8 : 284 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko , Y. C. , Lee , C. H. , Chen , M. J. , Huang , C. C. , Chang , W. Y. , Lin , H. J. , Wang , H. Z. and Chang , P. Y. 1997 . Risk factors for primary lung cancer among non-smoking women in Taiwan . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 26 : 24 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko , Y. C. , Lee , S. C. , Lee , C. H. , Huang , J. J. , Huang , M. S. , Kao , E. L. , Wang , H. Z. and Lin , H. J. 2000 . Chinese food cooking and lung cancer in women nonsmokers . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 151 : 140 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo , L. C. and Ho , J. H. C. 1990 . Worldwide epidemiological patterns of lung cancer in nonsmokers . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 19 ( Suppl.1 ) : S14 – S23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung , P. L. and Harrison , R. M. 1999 . Roadside and in-vehicle concentrations of monoaromatic hydrocarbons . Atmos. Environ. , 33 : 191 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsett , M. and Campleman , S. 1999 . Occupational exposure to diesel exhaust and lung cancer: A meta-analysis . Am. J. Public Health , 89 : 1009 – 1017 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , C. C. , Tsai , S. S. , Chiu , H. F. , Wu , T. N. and Yang , C. Y. 2008 . Ambient exposure to criteria air pollutants and female lung cancer in Taiwan . Inhal. Toxicol. , 20 : 311 – 317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubin , J. H. , Liang , Z. , Hrubec , Z. , Pershagen , G. and Schoenberg , J. B. 1994 . Radon exposure in residences and lung cancer among women: Combined analysis of three studies . Cancer Causes Control , 5 : 114 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney , M. , Labrie , D. S. , Nasca , P. C. , Wolfgang , P. E. and Burnett , W. S. 1990 . Population density and cancer mortality differentials in New York State, 1978–1982 . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 19 : 483 – 490 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantel , N. 1963 . Chi-square tests with one degree of freedom; Extensions of the Mantel–Hanszel procedure . J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , 58 : 690 – 700 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J. , Stokes , C. S. and Clifford , W. B. 1987 . A comparison of the rural–urban mortality differential for deaths from all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer . J. Rural Health , 3 : 23 – 34 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muzykl , W. , Veimer , S. and Schmidt , N. 1998 . Particle-bound benzene from diesel engine exhaust . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , 24 : 481 – 485 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nafstad , P. , Haheim , L. L. , Oftedal , B. , Gram , F. , Holme , I. , Hjermann , I. and Leren , P. 2003 . Lung cancer and air pollution: A 27 year follow up of 16,209 Norwegian men . Thorax , 58 : 1071 – 1076 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyberg , F. , Gustavsson , P. , Jarup , L. , Bellander , T. , Berglind , N. , Jakobsson , R. and Pershagen , G. 2000 . Urban air pollution and lung cancer in Stockholm . Epidemiology , 11 : 487 – 495 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrauskaite , R. , Pershagen , G. and Gurevicius , R. 2002 . Lung cancer near an industrial site in Lithuania with major emissions of airway irritants . Int. J. Cancer , 99 : 106 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raaschou-Nielsen , O. , Hertel , O. , Vignati , E. , Berkowicz , R. , Jensen , S. S. , Larsen , V. B. , Lohse , C. and Olsen , J. H. 2000 . An air pollution model for use in epidemiological studies: Evaluation with measured levels of nitrogen dioxide and benzene . J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 10 : 4 – 14 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raaschou-Nielsen , O. , Hertel , O. , Thomsen , B. L. and Olsen , J. H. 2001 . Air pollution from traffic at the residence of children with cancer . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 153 : 433 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raaschou-Nielsen , O. and Reynolds , P. 2006 . Air pollution and childhood cancer: A review of epidemiological literature . Int. J. Cancer , 118 : 2920 – 2929 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , P. , Von Behern , J. , Gunier , R. B. , Goldberg , D. E. , Hertz , A. and Smith , D. 2003 . Childhood cancer incidence rates and hazardous air pollutants in California: An exploratory analysis . Environ. Health Perspect. , 111 : 663 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , P. , Von Behern , J. , Gunier , R. B. , Goldberg , D. E. and Hertz , A. 2004 . Residential exposure to traffic in California and childhood cancer . Epidemiology , 15 : 6 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shopland , D. R. , Eyre , H. J. and Pechacek , T. F. 1991 . Smoking-attributable cancer mortality in 1991: Is lung cancer now the leading cause of death among smokers in the United States? . JNCI , 83 : 1142 – 1148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swoboda , H. and Friedl , H. P. 1991 . Incidence of cancer of the respiratory and upper digestive tract in urban and rural eastern Austria . Eur. J. Cancer , 27 : 83 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzeng , G. H. and Wu , T. Y. 1986 . Characteristics of urbanization levels in Taiwan districts . Geogr. Res. , 12 : 287 – 323 .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1992 . Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: Lung cancer and other disorders , Washington, DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Van Wijnen , J. H. and Van der Zee , S. C. 1998 . Traffic-related air pollutants: Exposure of road users and populations living near busy roads . Rev. Environ. Health , 13 : 1 – 25 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weng , H. H. , Tsai , S. S. , Chen , C. C. , Chiu , H. F. , Wu , T. N. and Yang , C. Y. 2008 . Childhood leukemia development and correlation with traffic air pollution in Taiwan using nitrogen dioxide as an air pollutant marker . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 71 : 434 – 438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng , H. H. , Tsai , S. S. , Chiu , H. F. , Wu , T. N. and Yang , C. Y. 2009 . Childhood leukemia and traffic air pollution in Taiwan: Petrol station density as an indicator . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 72 : 83 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodruff , T. J. , Caldwell , J. , Cogliano , V. J. and Axelrad , D. A. 2000 . Estimating cancer risk from outdoor concentrations of hazardous air pollutants in 1990 . Environ. Res. , 82 : 194 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , C. Y. and Hsieh , Y. L. 1998 . Relationship between population density and cancer mortality in Taiwan . Jpn. J. Cancer Res. , 89 : 355 – 360 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang , C. Y. , Cheng , M. F. , Chiu , J. F. and Tsai , S. S. 1999 . Female lung cancer risk and petrochemical air pollution in Taiwan . Arch. Environ. Health , 54 : 180 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , C. Y. , Cheng , B. H. , Hsu , T. Y. , Hung , C. F. and Wu , T. N. 2000 . Female lung cancer mortality and sex ratios at birth near a petroleum refinery plant . Environ. Res. , 83 : 33 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler , R. G. , Mayne , S. Y. and Swanson , C. A. 1996 . Nutrition and lung cancer . Cancer Causes Control , 7 : 157 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar