Demographic, Residential, and Behavioral Determinants of Elevated Exposures to Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes Among the U.S. Population: Results from 1999–2000 NHANES

REFERENCES

• Adgate, J. L., Church, T. R., Ryan, A. D., Ramachandran, G., Fredrickson, A. L., Stock, T. H., Morandi, M. T., and Sexton, K., 2004. Outdoor, indoor, and personal exposure to VOCs in children, Environ. Health Perspect 112 (2004), pp. 1386–1392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arif, A. A., and Shah, S. M., 2007. Association between personal exposure to volatile organic compounds and asthma among US adult population, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 80 (2007), pp. 711–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batterman, S., Jia, C., and Hatzivasilis, G., 2007. Migration of volatile organic compounds from attached garages to residences: A major exposure source, Environ Res 104 (2007), pp. 224–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calafat, A. M., Ye, X., Wong, L. Y., Reidy, J. A., and Needham, L. L., 2008a. Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003–2004, Environ. Health Perspect. 116 (2008a), pp. 39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calafat, A. M., Ye, X., Wong, L. Y., Reidy, J. A., and Needham, L. L., 2008b. Urinary concentrations of triclosan in the U.S. population: 2003–2004, Environ. Health Perspect. 116 (2008b), pp. 303–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/LAB-Appendices.pdf Last accessed 01/10/2008. , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. NHANES laboratory procedures manual, Appendix A, Protocol for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Study. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/frequency/lab21_doc.pdf Last accessed 01/10/2008. , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2005. NHANES 1999–2000 data documentation, Lab 21—Volatile organic compounds (VOC). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_03_04/nhanes_analytic_guidelines_dec_2005.pdf Last accessed 02/10/2009. , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006. NHANES analtyic and reporting guidelines. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Chung, C. W., Morandi, M. T., Stock, T. H., and Afshar, M., 1999. Evaluation of a passive sampler for volatile organic compounds at ppb concentrations, varying temperatures and humidities with 24-hour exposures. II. Sampler performance, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999), pp. 3666–3671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, C. A., Pellizzari, E. D., Whitmore, R. W., Perritt, R. L., and Quackenboss, J. J., 1999. National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS): Distributions and associations of lead, arsenic and volatile organic compounds in EPA region 5, J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 9 (1999), pp. 381–392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edwards, R. D., Jurvelin, J., Saarela, K., and Jantunen, M., 2001. VOC concentrations measured in personal samples and residential indoor, outdoor and workplace microenvironments in EXPOLIS-Helsinki, Finland, Atmos. Environ. 35 (2001), pp. 4531–4543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, L. A., Noseworthy, L., Fugler, D., O'Leary, K, Karman, D., and Grande, C., 2004. Contribution of vehicle emissions from an attached garage to residential indoor air pollution levels, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 54 (2004), pp. 563–584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland, S., 1989. Modeling and variable selection in epidemiologic analysis, Am. J. Public Health 79 (1989), pp. 340–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregg, E. W., Cheng, Y. J., Cadwell, B. L., Imperatore, G., Williams, D. E., Flegal, K. M., Narayan, K. M., and Williamson, D. F., 2005. Secular trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors according to body mass index in US adults. [erratum appears in J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2005 Jul 13;294(2):182], J. Am. Med. Assoc. 293 (2005), pp. 1868–1874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinwood, A. L., Rodriguez, C., Runnion, T., Farrar, D., Murray, F., Horton, A., Glass, D., Sheppeard, V., Edwards, J. W., Denison, L., Whitworth, T., Eiser, C., Bulsara, M., Gillett, R. W., Powell, J., Lawson, S., Weeks, I., and Galbally, I., 2007. Risk factors for increased BTEX exposure in four Australian cities, Chemosphere 66 (2007), pp. 533–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, K., Krause, C., Seifert, B., and Ullrich, D., 2000. The German Environmental Survey 1990/92 (GerES II): Sources of personal exposure to volatile organic compounds, J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 10 (2000), pp. 115–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hornung, R. W., and Reed, D. R., 1990. Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values, Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 5 (1990), pp. 46–51.
   Google Scholar
• Hosmer, D. W., and Lemeshow, S., 2000. Applied logistic regression. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Jia, C., D'Souza, J, and Batterman, S., 2008. Distributions of personal VOC exposures: A population-based analysis, Environ. Int. 34 (2008), pp. 922–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. M., Harrad, S., and Harrison, R. M., 2002. Levels and sources of personal inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (2002), pp. 5405–5410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinney, P. L., Chillrud, S. N., Ramstrom, S., Ross, J., and Spengler, J. D., 2002. Exposures to multiple air toxics in New York City, Environ. Health Perspect 110 (Suppl. 4) (2002), pp. 539–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y. S., Egeghy, P. P., and Rappaport, S. M., 2008. Relationships between levels of volatile organic compounds in air and blood from the general population, J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 18 (2008), pp. 421–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantel, N., 1970. Why stepdown procedures in variable selection, Technometrics 12 (1970), pp. 621–625, .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/guide lines1.pdf Last accessed 11/01/2008. , National Center for Health Statistics. 2008. NHANES 1999–2000 addendum to the NHANES III analytic guidelines. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 8/30/02.
   Google Scholar
• http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/10/ Last accessed 5/30/2008. , NCI. 1999. Monograph 10: Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
   Google Scholar
• Payne-Sturges, D. C., Burke, T. A., Breysse, P., Diener-West, M., and Buckley, T. J, 2004. Personal exposure meets risk assessment: A comparison of measured and modeled exposures and risks in an urban community, Environ. Health Perspect 112 (2004), pp. 589–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellizzari, E. D., Perritt, R. L., and Clayton, C. A., 1999. National human exposure assessment survey (NHEXAS): Exploratory survey of exposure among population subgroups in EPA Region V, J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 9 (1999), pp. 49–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips, M. L., Esmen, N. A., Hall, T. A., and Lynch, R., 2005. Determinants of exposure to volatile organic compounds in four Oklahoma cities, J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 15 (2005), pp. 35–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riederer, A. M., Bartell, S. M., and Ryan, P. B., 2009. Predictors of personal air concentrations of chloroform among US adults in NHANES 1999–2000, J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 19 (2009), pp. 248–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., and Lash, T. L., 2008. Modern epidemiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Sax, S. N., Bennett, D. H., Chillrud, S. N., Ross, J., Kinney, P. L., and Spengler, J. D., 2006. A cancer risk assessment of inner-city teenagers living in New York City and Los Angeles, Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (2006), pp. 1558–1566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrano-Trespalacios, P. I., Ryan, L., and Spengler, J. D., 2004. Ambient, indoor and personal exposure relationships of volatile organic compounds in Mexico City Metropolitan Area, J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol 14 (Suppl. 1) (2004), pp. S118–S132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sexton, K., Adgate, J. L., Ramachandran, G., Pratt, G. C., Mongin, S. J., Stock, T. H., and Morandi, M. T., 2004. Comparison of personal, indoor, and outdoor exposures to hazardous air pollutants in three urban communities, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004), pp. 423–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton, K., Mongin, S. J., Adgate, J. L., Pratt, G. C., Ramachandran, G., Stock, T. H., and Morandi, M. T., 2007. Estimating volatile organic compound concentrations in selected microenvironments using time–activity and personal exposure data, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70 (2007), pp. 465–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, K. W., Pellizzari, E. D., Clayton, C. A., Perritt, R. L., Dietz, R. N., Goodrich, R. W., Nelson, W. C., and Wallace, L. A., 1993. Temporal variability of benzene exposures for residents in several New Jersey homes with attached garages or tobacco smoke, J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 3 (1993), pp. 49–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/caa112.txt Last accessed 7Aug2008. , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990. Clean Air Act amendments of 1990, Title 1, Air pollution prevention and control, Part A, Air quality and emissions limitations, Section 112, National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, L. A., Pellizzari, E. D., Hartwell, T. D., Sparacino, C., Whitmore, R., Sheldon, L., Zelon, H., and Perritt, R., 1987. The TEAM (Total Exposure Assessment Methodology) Study: Personal exposures to toxic substances in air, drinking water, and breath of 400 residents of New Jersey, North Carolina, and North Dakota, Environ. Res. 43 (1987), pp. 290–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, L. A., 1987. The total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM) study: Summary and analysis: Volume 1. Washington, DC: Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, L. A., Pellizzari, E., Hartwell, T. D., Whitmore, R., Zelon, H., Perritt, R., and Sheldon, L., 1988. The California TEAM study: Breath concentrations and personal exposures to 26 volatile compounds in air and drinking water of 188 residents of Los Angeles, Antioch, and Pittsburg, CA, Atmos. Environ. 22 (1988), pp. 2141–2163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, L. A., Pellizzari, E., and Hartwell, T. D., 1985. Personal exposures, indoor–outdoor relationship and breath levels of toxic air pollutants measured for 355 persons in New Jersey, Atmos. Environ. 19 (1985), pp. 1651–1661.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisel, C. P., Zhang, J., Turpin, B. J., Morandi, M. T., Colome, S., Stock, T. H., Spektor, D. M., Korn, L., Winer, A., Alimokhtari, S., Kwon, J., Mohan, K., Harrington, R., Giovanetti, R., Cui, W., Afshar, M., Maberti, S., and Shendell, D., 2005. Relationship of indoor, outdoor and personal air (RIOPA) study: Study design, methods and quality assurance/control results, J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 15 (2005), pp. 123–137.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar