An Evaluation of Surrogate Chemical Exposure Measures and Autism Prevalence in Texas

REFERENCES

• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, , 1999. Toxicological profile for mercury. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, N., Miller, E., Grant, A., Stowe, J., Osborne, V., and Taylor, B., 2004. Thimerosal exposure in infants and developmental disorders: A retrospective cohort study in the United kingdom does not support a causal association, Pediatrics. 114 (2004), pp. 584–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, J. P., 2008. Mercury, vaccines, and autism: One controversy, three histories, Am. J. Public Health 98 (2008), pp. 244–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakir, F., Damluji, S. F., Amin-Zaki, L., Murtadha, M., Khalidi, A., al-Rawi, N. Y., Tikriti, S., Dahahir, H. I., Clarkson, T. W., Smith, J. C., and Doherty, R. A., 1973. Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq, Science 181 (1973), pp. 230–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr, D. B., Landsittel, D., Nishioka, M., Thomas, K., Curwin, B., Raymer, J., Donnelly, K. C., McCauley, L., and Ryan, P. B., 2006. A survey of laboratory and statistical issues related to farmworker exposure studies, Environ Health Perspect 114 (2006), pp. 961–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, S., Enayati, A., Redwood, L., Roger, H., and Binstock, T., 2001. Autism: A novel form of mercury poisoning, Med. Hypoth 56 (2001), pp. 462–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslow, N. E., and Lin, X., 1995. Bias correction in generalised linear mixed models with a single component of dispersion, Biometrika 82 (1995), pp. 81–91, .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, B. H., 1989. The effects of methylmercury on the developing brain, Prog Neurobiol 32 (1989), pp. 447–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crump, K. S., Kjellström, T., Shipp, A. M., Silvers, A., and Stewart, A., 1998. Influence of prenatal mercury exposure upon scholastic and psychological test performance: Benchmark analysis of a New Zealand cohort, Risk Anal. 18 (1998), pp. 701–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curley, A., Sedlak, V. A., Girling, E. D., Hawk, R. E., Barthel, W. F., Pierce, P. E., and Likosky, W. H., 1971. Organic mercury identified as the cause of poisoning in humans and hogs, Science 172 (1971), pp. 65–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, P. W., Myers, G. J., Cox, C., Shamlaye, C. F., Marsh, D. O., Tanner, M. A., Berlin, M., Sloane-Reeves, J., Cernichiari, E., Choisy, O., Choi, A., and Clarkson, T. W., 1995. Longitudinal neurodevelopmental study of Seychellois children following in utero exposure to methylmercury from maternal fish ingestion: outcomes at 19 and 29 months, Neurotoxicology 16 (1995), pp. 677–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, P. W., Myers, G. J., Weiss, B., Shamlaye, C. F., and Cox, C., 2006. Prenatal methyl mercury exposure from fish consumption and child development: A review of evidence and perspectives from the Seychelles Child Development Study, Neurotoxicology 27 (2006), pp. 1106–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deb, S., and Prasad, K. B., 1994. The prevelance of autistic disorder among children with a learning disability, Br. J. Psychiat. 165 (1994), pp. 395–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debes, F., Budtz-Jørgensen, E., Weihe, P., White, R. F., and Grandjean, P., 2006. Impact of prenatal methylmercury exposure on neurobehavioral function at age 14 years, Neurotoxicol Teratol 28 (2006), pp. 536–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeStefano, F., 2007. Vaccines and autism: Evidence does not support a causal association, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther 82 (2007), pp. 756–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietert, R. M., and Dietert, J. M., 2008. Potential for early-life immune insult including developmental immunotoxicity in autism and autism spectrum disorders: Focus on critical windows of immune vulnerability, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 11 (2008), pp. 660–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhassani, S. B., 1982. The many faces of methylmercury poisoning, J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol 19 (1982), pp. 875–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellefsen, A., Kampmann, H., Billstedt, E., Gillberg, I. C., and Gillberg, C., 2007. Autism in the Faroe Islands: an epidemiological study, J. Autism Dev. Disord 37 (2007), pp. 437–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fido, A., and Al-Saad, S., 2005. Toxic trace elements in the hair of children with autism, Autism 9 (2005), pp. 290–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geier, D. A., and Geier, M. R., 2003. An assessment of the impact of thimerosal on childhood neurodevelopmental disorders, Pediatr. Rehab 6 (2003), pp. 97–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geier, D. A., and Geier, M. R., 2006a. An evaluation of the effects of thimerosal on neurodevelopmental disorders reported following DTP and Hib vaccines in comparison to DTPH vaccine in the United States, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 69 (2006a), pp. 1481–1495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geier, D. A., and Geier, M. R., 2006b. A meta-analysis epidemiological assessment of neurodevelopmental disorders following vaccines administered from 1994 through 2000 in the United States, Neuro Endocrinol. Lett 27 (2006b), pp. 401–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geier, D. A., and Geier, M. R., 2007a. A case series of children with apparent mercury toxic encephalopathies manifesting with clinical symptoms of regressive autistic disorders, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70 (2007a), pp. 837–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geier, D. A., and Geier, M. R., 2007b. A prospective study of mercury toxicity biomarkers in autistic spectrum disorders, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70 (2007b), pp. 1723–1730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., Jørgensen, P. J., Clarkson, T., Cernichiari, E., and Viderø, T., 1992. Impact of maternal seafood diet on fetal exposure to mercury, selenium, and lead, Arch. Environ Health 47 (1992), pp. 185–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., White, R. F., Debes, F., Araki, S., Yokoyama, K., Murata, K., Sørensen, N., Dahl, R., and Jørgensen, P. J., 1997. Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury, Neurotoxicol. Teratol 19 (1997), pp. 417–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamada, R., and Osame, M., 1996. "Minamata disease and other mercury syndromes". In: Chang, L. W., ed. Toxicology of metals. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Lewis Press; 1996. pp. 337–352.
   Google Scholar
• Hertz-Picciotto, I., Croen, L. A., Hansen, R., Jones, C. R., van de Water, J., and Pessah, I. N., 2006. The CHARGE study: An epidemiologic investigation of genetic and environmental factors contributing to autism, Environ Health Perspect. 114 (2006), pp. 1119–1125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine, , 2004. "Immunization safety review: Vaccines and autism (2004)". In: Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (HPDP), Institute of Medicine of The National Academies. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• James, S. J., Melnyk, S., Jernigan, S., Cleves, M. A., Halsted, C. H., Wong, D. H., Cutler, P., Bock, K., Boris, M., Bradstreet, J. J., Baker, S. M., and Gaylor, D. W., 2006. Metabolic endophenotype and related genotypes are associated with oxidative stress in children with autism, Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet 141B (2006), pp. 947–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, S. J., Cutler, P., Melnyk, S., Jernigan, S., Janak, L., Gaylor, D. W., and Neubrander, J. A., 2004. Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80 (2004), pp. 1611–1617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewandowski, T. A., 2006. Questions regarding environmental mercury release, special education rates, and autism disorder: An ecological study of Texas by Palmer et al. [letter], Health Place 12 (2006), pp. 749–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen, K. M., Lauritsen, M. B., Pedersen, C. B., Thorsen, P., Plesner, A. M., Andersen, P. H., and Mortensen, P. B., 2003. Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism: Negative ecological evidence from Danish population-based data, Pediatrics 112 (2003), pp. 604–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molenberghs, G., and Verbeke, G., 2005. Models for discrete longitudinal data. New York: Springer; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Myers, G. J., and Davidson, P. W., 1998. Prenatal methylmercury exposure and children: Neurologic, developmental, and behavioral research, Environ. Health Perspect. 106 (suppl. 3) (1998), pp. 841–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, G. J., Marsh, D. O., Cox, C., Davidson, P. W., Shamlaye, C. F., Tanner, M. A., Choi, A., Cernichiari, E., Choisy, O., and Clarkson, T. W., 1995a. A pilot neurodevelopmental study of Seychellois children following in utero exposure to methylmercury from a maternal fish diet, Neurotoxicology 16 (1995a), pp. 629–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, G. J., Marsh, D. O., Davidson, P. W., Cox, C., Shamlaye, C. F., Tanner, M., Choi, A., Cernichiari, E., Choisy, O., and Clarkson, T. W., 1995b. Main neurodevelopmental study of Seychellois children following in utero exposure to methylmercury from a maternal fish diet: Outcome at six months, Neurotoxicology 16 (1995b), pp. 653–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oken, E., Wright, R. O., Kleinman, K. P., Bellinger, D., Amarasiriwardena, C. J., Hu, H., Rich-Edwards, J. W., and Gillman, M. W., 2005. Maternal fish consumption, hair mercury, and infant cognition in a U.S. Cohort, Environ. Health Perspect. 113 (2005), pp. 1376–1380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, R. F., Blanchard, S., Stein, Z., Mandell, D., and Miller, C., 2006. Environmental mercury release, special education rates, and autism disorder: An ecological study of Texas, Health Place 12 (2006), pp. 203–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, R. F., Blanchard, S., and Wood, R., 2008. Proximity to point sources of environmental mercury release as a predictor of autism prevalence, Health Place (2008), [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, S. K., Schwartz, B., Todd, J., and Pickering, L. K., 2004. Thimerosal-containing vaccines and autistic spectrum disorder: a critical review of published original data, Pediatrics 114 (2004), pp. 793–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piantadosi, S., Byar, D. P., and Green, S. B., 1988. The ecological fallacy, Am. J. Epidemiol 127 (1988), pp. 893–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schechter, R., and Grether, J. K., 2008. Continuing increases in autism reported to California's developmental services system: mercury in retrograde, Arch. Gen. Psychiat 65 (2008), pp. 19–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seigneur, C., Lohman, K., Vijayaraghavan, K., Jansen, J., and Levin, L., 2006. Modeling atmospheric mercury deposition in the vicinity of power plants, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc 56 (2006), pp. 743–751.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szklo, M., and Nieto, F. J., 1993. [The role of public health reviews], Rev. Sanid. Hig. Publica (Madr.) 67 (1993), pp. 331–334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• www.tceq.state.tx.us/compliance/monitoring/air/monops/windroses.html Last accessed 20Jun2008. , Texas Commision on Environmental Quality. 1984–1992. Wind roses.
   Google Scholar
• www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/annual/fish/consumption_bans Last accessed 01Jun2008. , Texas Department of Parks and Wildlife. 2008. Fish consumption bans and advisories.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, W. W., Price, C., Goodson, B., Shay, D. K., Benson, P., Hinrichsen, V. L., Lewis, E., Eriksen, E., Ray, P., Marcy, S. M., Dunn, J., Jackson, L. A., Lieu, T. A., Black, S., Stewart, G., Weintraub, E. S., Davis, R. L., and DeStefano, F., 2007. Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Early thimerosal exposure and neuropsychological outcomes at 7 to 10 years, N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (2007), pp. 1281–1292, .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsubaki, T., and Irukayama, K., 1997. Minamata disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J. G., Higgins, J. P. T., and Brayne, C. E. G., 2006. Systematic review of prevalence studies of autism spectrum disorders, Arch. Dis. Child 91 (2006), pp. 8–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, T. A., Mars, A. E., Buyske, S. G., Stenroos, E. S., Wang, R., Factura-Santiago, M. F., Lambert, G. H., and Johnson, W. G., 2007. Risk of autistic disorder in affected offspring of mothers with a glutathione S-transferase P1 haplotype, Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med 161 (2007), pp. 356–361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Windham, G. C., Zhang, L., Gunier, R., Croen, L. A., and Grether, J. K., 2006. Autism spectrum disorders in relation to distribution of hazardous air pollutants in the San Francisco Bay Area, Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (2006), pp. 1438–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, Y., Walsh, W. J., McGinnis, W. R., and Praticò, D., 2006. Altered vascular phenotype in autism: Correlation with oxidative stress, Arch. Neurol. 63 (2006), pp. 1161–1164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young, H. A., Geier, D. A., and Geier, M. R., 2008. Thimerosal exposure in infants and neurodevelopmental disorders: An assessment of computerized medical records in the Vaccine Safety Datalink, J. Neurol. Sci 271 (15) (2008), pp. 110–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoroglu, S. S., Armutcu, F., Ozen, S., Gurel, A., Sivasli, E., Yetkin, O., and Meram, I., 2004. Increased oxidative stress and altered activities of erythrocyte free radical scavenging enzymes in autism, Eur. Arch. Psychiat. Clin. Neurosci 254 (2004), pp. 143–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar