162
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Nitrates in Municipal Drinking Water and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: An Ecological Cancer Case-Control Study in Taiwan

, , &
Pages 330-338 | Received 31 Jul 2009, Accepted 07 Sep 2009, Published online: 14 Jan 2010

REFERENCES

  • Andre , K. , Schraub , S. , Mercier , M. and Bontemps , P. 1995 . Role of alcohol and tobacco in the aetiology of head and neck cancer: A case-control study in the Doubs region of France . Eur. J. Cancer , 31B : 301 – 309 .
  • Barrett , J. H. , Parslow , R. C. , McKinney , P. A. , Law , G. R. and Forman , D. 1998 . Nitrate in drinking water and the incidence of gastric, esophageal, and brain cancer in Yorkshire, England . Cancer Causes Control , 9 : 153 – 159 .
  • Bartsch , H. , Ohshima , H. and Pignatelli , B. 1988 . Inhibitors of endogenous nitrosation. Mechanisms and implications in human cancer prevention . Mutat. Res. , 202 : 307 – 324 .
  • Bingham , S. A. 1999 . High-meat diets and cancer risk . Proc. Nutr. Soc. , 58 : 243 – 248 .
  • Bingham , S. A. , Hughes , R. and Cross , A. J. 2002 . Effect of white versus red meat on endogenous N-nitrosation in the human colon and further evidence of a dose response . J. Nutr. , 132 : 3522S – 3525S .
  • Bogovski , P. and Bogovski , S. 1981 . Animal species in which N-nitroso compounds induce cancer . Int. J. Cancer , 27 : 471 – 474 .
  • Breslow , N. E. and Day , N. E. 1980 . Statistical methods in cancer research. Vol. I. The analysis of case-control studies , Lyon : International Agency for Research on Cancer .
  • Cantor , K. P. 1997 . Drinking water and cancer . Cancer Causes Control , 8 : 292 – 308 .
  • Chen , C. J. and Wang , C. J. 1990 . Ecological correlation between arsenic level in well water and age-adjusted mortality from malignant neoplasms . Cancer Res. , 50 : 5470 – 5474 .
  • Chilvers , C. , Inskip , H. , Caygill , C. , Bartholomew , B. , Fraser , P. and Hill , M. 1984 . A survey of dietary nitrate in well-water users . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 13 : 324 – 331 .
  • Chiu , H. F. , Tsai , S. S. and Yang , C. Y. 2007 . Nitrate in drinking water and risk of death from bladder cancer: An ecological case-control study in Taiwan . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 70 : 1000 – 1004 .
  • Cocco , P. , Broccia , G. , Aru , G. , Casula , P. , Muntoni , S. , Cantor , K. P. and Ward , M. H. 2003 . Nitrate in community water supplies and incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Sardinia, Italy . J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health , 57 : 510 – 511 .
  • Coss , A. , Cantor , K. P. , Reif , J. S. , Lynch , C. F. and Ward , M. H. 2004 . Pancreatic cancer and drinking water and dietary sources of nitrate and nitrite . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 159 : 693 – 701 .
  • De Roos , A. J. , Ward , M. H. , Lynch , C. F. and Cantor , K. P. 2003 . Nitrate in public water supplies and the risk of colon and rectum cancers . Epidemiology , 14 : 640 – 649 .
  • Fields , S. 2004 . Global nitrogen: Cycling out of control . Environ. Health Perspect. , 112 : A557 – A563 .
  • Freedman , D. M. , Ward , M. H. and Helzlsouer , K. J. 2000 . A case-control study of nitrate in drinking water and non-Hodgkins's lymphoma in Minnesota . Arch. Environ. Health , 55 : 326 – 329 .
  • Forman , D. 1989 . Are nitrates a significant risk factor in human cancer? . Cancer Surveys , 8 : 443 – 458 .
  • Geleperin , A. , Moses , V. J. and Fox , G. 1976 . Nitrate in water supplies and cancer . Illinois Md. J. , 46 : 38 – 42 .
  • Gladen , B. and Rogan , W. 1979 . Misclassification and the design of environmental studies . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 109 : 607 – 616 .
  • Gulis , G. , Czompolyova , M. and Cerhan , J. M. 2002 . An ecologic study of nitrate in municipal drinking water and cancer incidence in Trnava District, Slovakia . Environ. Res. , 88 : 182 – 187 .
  • Herity , B. , Moriarty , M. , Bourke , G. G. J. and Daly , L. 1981 . A case-control study of head and neck cancer in the Republic of Ireland . Br. J. Cancer , 43 : 177 – 182 .
  • Hoffmann , D. , Brunnemann , K. D. , Prokopczyk , B. and Djordjevic , M. V. 1994 . Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines and areca-derived N-nitrosamines: Chemistry, biochemistry, carcinogenicity, and relevances to humans . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 41 : 1 – 52 .
  • Jensen , O. M. 1982 . Nitrate in drinking water and cancer in northern Jutland, Denmark, with special reference to stomach cancer . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety , 6 : 258 – 267 .
  • Kamiyama , S. , Ohshima , H. , Shimada , A. , Saito , N. , Bourgade , M. C. , Ziegler , P. and Bartsch , H. 1987 . Urinary excretion of N-nitrosoamino acids and nitrate by inhabitants of high- and low-risk areas for stomach cancer in northern Japan . IARC Sci. Publ. , 84 : 479 – 502 .
  • Kuo , H. W. , Wu , T. N. and Yang , C. Y. 2007 . Nitrates in drinking water and risk of death from rectal cancer in Taiwan . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 70 : 1717 – 1722 .
  • Law , G. , Parslow , R. , McKinney , P. and Cartwright , R. 1999 . Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and nitrates in drinking water: A study in Yorkshire, United Kingdom . J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health , 53 : 383 – 384 .
  • Lijinsky , W. 1986 . The significance of N-nitroso compounds as environmental carcinogens . J. Environ. Sci. Health , C4 : 1 – 45 .
  • Lu , S. H. , Ohshima , H. , Fu , H. M. , Tian , Y. , Li , F. M. , Blettner , M. , Wahrendorf , J. and Bartsch , H. 1986 . Urinary excretion of N-nitrosoamino acids and nitrate by inhabitants of high- and low-risk areas for esophageal cancer in northern China: Endogenous formation of nitrosoproline and its inhibition by vitamin C . Cancer Res. , 46 : 1485 – 1491 .
  • Mirvish , S. S. , Weisenburger , D. D. , Salmasi , S. and Kaplan , P. A. 1987 . Carcinogenicity of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea and 3-nitroso-2-oxazolidinone administered in drinking water to male MRC-Wistar rats: Induction of bone, hematopoietic, intestinal, and liver tumor . JNCI , 78 : 387 – 393 .
  • Mirvish , S. S. , Weisenburger , D. D. , Joshi , S. S. and Nickols , J. 1990 . 2-Hydroxyethylnitrosourea induction of B cell lymphoma in female Swiss mice . Cancer Lett. , 54 : 101 – 106 .
  • Mirvish , S.S. , Grandjean , A.C. , Moller , H. , Fike , S. , Maynard , T. , Jones , L. , Rosinsky , S. and Nie , G. 1992 . N-Nitrosoproline excretion by rural Nebraskans drinking water of varied nitrate content . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 1 : 455 – 461 .
  • Moller , H. , Landt , J. , Pedersen , E. , Jensen , P. , Autrup , H. and Jensen , O. 1989 . Endogenous nitrosation in relation to nitrate exposure from drinking water and diet in a Danish rural population . Cancer Res. , 49 : 3117 – 3121 .
  • Morales Suarez-Varela , M. , Llopis , A. and Tejerizo , M. L. 1995 . Impact of nitrates in drinking water on cancer mortality in Valencia, Spain . Eur. J. Epidemiol. , 11 : 15 – 21 .
  • Morales Suarez-Varela , M. , Llopis-Gonzalez , A. , Tejerizo-Perez , M. L. and Ferrandiz-Ferragud , J. 1993 . Concentration of nitrates in drinking water and its relationship with bladder cancer . J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. , 12 : 229 – 236 .
  • Morgenstern , H. 1982 . Uses of ecologic analysis in epidemiological research . Am. J. Public Health , 72 : 1336 – 1344 .
  • Polissar , L. 1980 . The effect of migration on comparison of disease rates in geographic studies in the United States . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 111 : 175 – 182 .
  • Rowland , I. R. , Granli , T. , Bockman , O. C. , Key , P. E. and Massey , R. C. 1991 . Endogenous N-nitrosation in man assessed by measurement of apparent total N-nitroso compounds in feces . Carcinogenesis , 12 : 1395 – 1401 .
  • Sandor , J. , Kiss , I , Farkas , O. and Ember , I. 2001 . Association between gastric cancer mortality and nitrate content of drinking water: Ecologic study on small area inequalities . Eur. J. Epidemiol. , 17 : 443 – 447 .
  • Schottenfeld , D. and Fraumeni , J. F. 1996 . Cancer epidemiology and prevention , 2nd , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Taiwan Water Supply Corporation, Republic of China . 1991 . The statistical data of water quality , Taiwan : Taiwan Water Supply Corporation .
  • Thouez , J. P. , Beauchamp , Y. and Simard , A. 1981 . Cancer and the physicochemical quality of drinking water in Quebec . Soc. Sci. Med. , 15D : 213 – 223 .
  • Tricker , A. R. and Preussmann , R. 1991 . Carcinogenic N-nitrosamines in the diet: Occurrence, formation, mechanisms and carcinogenic potential . Mutat. Res. , 259 : 277 – 289 .
  • Tzeng , G. H. and Wu , T. Y. 1986 . Characteristics of urbanization levels in Taiwan districts . Geogr. Res. , 12 : 287 – 323 .
  • Walker , R. 1990 . Nitrates, nitrites and N-nitroso compounds: A review of the occurrence in food and diet and the toxicological implications . Food Addit. Contam. , 7 : 717 – 768 .
  • Ward , M. H. , Mark , S. D. , Cantor , K. P. , Weisenburger , D. D. , Correa-Villasenore , A. and Zahm , S. H. 1996 . Drinking water nitrate and the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma . Epidemiology , 7 : 465 – 471 .
  • Ward , M. H. , Cantor , K. P. , Riley , D. , Merkle , S. and Lynch , C. F. 2003 . Nitrate in public water supplies and risk of bladder cancer . Epidemiology , 14 : 183 – 190 .
  • Ward , M. H. , deKok , T. M. , Levallois , P. , Brender , J. , Gulis , G. , Nolan , B. T. and VanDerslice , J. 2005 . Workgroup report: Drinking-water nitrate and health—Recent findings and research needs . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 1607 – 1614 .
  • Ward , M. H. , Cerhan , J. R. , Colt , J. S. and Hartge , P. 2006 . Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and nitrate and nitrite from drinking water and diet . Epidemiology , 17 : 375 – 382 .
  • Weyer , P. J. , Cerhan , J. R. , Kross , B. C. , Hallberg , G. R. , Kantamneni , J. , Breuer , G. , Jones , M. P. , Zheng , W. and Lynch , C. F. 2001 . Municipal drinking water nitrate level and cancer risk in older women: The Iowa women's health study . Epidemiology , 11 : 327 – 338 .
  • World Health Organization . 1984 . Guidelines for drinking water quality: Vol. 1. Recommendations , Geneva : World Health Organization .
  • Wu , Y. , Chen , J. , Ohshima , H. , Pignatelli , B. , Boreham , J. , Li , J. , Campbell , T. C. , Peto , R. and Bartsch , H. 1993 . Geographic association between urinaryexcretion of N-nitroso compounds and oesophageal mortality in China . Int. J. Cancer , 54 : 713 – 719 .
  • Yang , C. S. 1980 . Research on oesophageal cancer in China: A review . Cancer Res. , 40 : 2633 – 2644 .
  • Yang , C. Y. , Chiu , H. F. , Tsai , S. S. , Cheng , M. F. , Lin , M. C. and Sung , F. C. 2000 . Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and risk of death from prostate cancer . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 60 : 17 – 26 .
  • Yang , C. Y. 1998 . Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and risk of death from cerebrovascular disease . Stroke , 29 : 411 – 414 .
  • Yang , C. Y. , Cheng , M. F. , Tsai , S. S. and Hsieh , Y. L. 1998 . Calcium, magnesium, and nitrate in drinking water and gastric cancer mortality . Jpn. J. Cancer Res. , 89 : 124 – 130 .
  • Yang , C. Y. , Wu , D. C. and Chang , C. C. 2007 . Nitrate in drinking water and risk of death from colon cancer in Taiwan . Environ. Int. , 33 : 649 – 653 .
  • Yang , C. Y. , Tsai , S. S. and Chiu , H. F. 2009 . Nitrate in drinking water and risk of death from pancreatic cancer in Taiwan . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 72 : 397 – 401 .
  • Yi , Z. , Ohshima , H. , Bouvier , G. , Roy , P. , Zhong , J. , Li , B. , Brouet , I. , de The , G. and Bartsch , H. 1993 . Urinary excretion of N-nitrosoamino acids and nitrate by inhabitants of high- and low-risk areas for nasopharyngeal cancer in southern China . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarker Prev. , 2 : 195 – 200 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.