455
Views
45
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Mood Disorders Hospitalizations, Suicide Attempts, and Suicide Mortality Among Agricultural Workers and Residents in an Area With Intensive Use of Pesticides in Brazil

, , , , &
Pages 866-877 | Published online: 17 Jun 2010

REFERENCES

  • Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 2005. Agri-Food past, present and future: Brazil. Canada, Ontario. www.ats.agr.gc.ca/latin/4034_e.pdf (http://www.ats.agr.gc.ca/latin/4034_e.pdf) (Accessed: 05.27.09 ).
  • Alavanja , M. C. R. , Hoppin , J. A. and Kamel , F. 2004 . Health effects of chronic pesticide exposure: Cancer and neurotoxicity . Annu. Rev. Public Health , 25 : 155 – 197 .
  • Aldridge , J. E. , Meyer , A. , Seidler , F. J. and Slotkin , T. A. 2005 . Alterations in central nervous system serotonergic and dopaminergic synaptic activity in adulthood after prenatal or neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 1027 – 1031 .
  • Aldridge , J. E. , Seidler , F. J. , Meyer , A. , Thillai , I. and Slotkin , T. A. 2003 . Serotonergic systems targeted by developmental exposure to chlorpyrifos: Effects during different critical periods . Environ. Health Perspect. , 111 : 1736 – 1743 .
  • Amr , M. M. , Halim , Z. S. and Moussa , S. S. 1997 . Psychiatric disorders among Egyptian pesticide applicators and formulators . Environ. Res. , 73 : 193 – 199 .
  • Bertolote , J. M. , Fleischmann , A. , Butchart , A. and Besbelli , N. 2006 . Suicide, suicide attempts and pesticides: A major hidden public health problem . Bull. WHO , 84 : 260
  • Beseler , C. , Stallones , L. , Hoppin , J. A. , Alavanja , M. C. , Blair , A. , Keefe , T. and Kamel , F. 2006 . Depression and pesticide exposures in female spouses of licensed pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study cohort . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 48 : 1005 – 1013 .
  • Besseghini , V. H. 1997 . Depression and suicide in children and adolescents . Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , 816 : 94 – 98 .
  • Bloomquist , J. R. 1996 . Ion channels as targets for insecticides . Annu. Rev. Entomol. , 41 : 163 – 190 .
  • Brazil Ministry of Agriculture. 2009. Statistics. www.agricultura.gov.br (http://www.agricultura.gov.br) (Accessed: 05.27.09 ).
  • Buzan , R. D. and Weissberg , M. P. 1992 . Suicide: Risk factors and prevention in medical practice . Annu. Rev. Med. , 43 : 37 – 46 .
  • Céline , F. , Ouissame , M. F. and Nasser , H. 2006 . Long-term adaptive changes induced by serotonergic antidepressant drugs . Exp. Rev. Neurother. , 6 : 235 – 245 .
  • Chebabo , S. R. , Santos , M. D. and Albuquerque , E. X. 1999 . The organophosphate sarin, at low concentrations, inhibits the evoked release of GABA in rat hippocampal slices . Neurotoxicology , 20 : 871 – 882 .
  • Clegg , D. J. and van Gemert , M. 1999 . Expert panel report of human studies of chlorpyrifos and/or other organophosphate exposures . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B , 2 : 257 – 279 .
  • Cole , D. C. , Carpio , F. , Julian , J. and Léon , N. 1998 . Assessment of peripheral nerve function in an Ecuadorian rural population exposed to pesticides . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 55 : 77 – 91 .
  • Corrigan , F. M. , Wienburg , C. L. , Shore , R. F. , Daniel , S. E. and Mann , D. 2000 . Organochlorine insecticides in substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 59 : 229 – 234 .
  • Costa , L. G. 2008 . Neurotoxicity of pesticides: A brief review . Front. Biosci. , 13 : 1240 – 1249 .
  • Courtet , P. , Baud , P. , Abbar , M. , Boulenger , J. P. , Castelnau , D. , Mouthon , D. , Malafosse , A. and Buresi , C. 2001 . Association between violent suicidal behavior and the low activity allele of the serotonin transporter gene . Mol. Psychiat. , 6 : 338 – 341 .
  • Dudley , M. , Kelk , N. , Florio , T. , Howard , J. , Waters , B. , Haski , C. and Alcock , M. 1997 . Suicide among young rural Australians 1964–1993: A comparison with metropolitan trends . Soc. Psychiat. Epidemiol. , 32 : 251 – 260 .
  • Faria , N. M. , Facchini , L. A. , Fassa , A. G. and Tomasi , E. 1999 . A cross-sectional study about mental health of farm-workers from Serra Gaucha . Brazil. Rev. Saude Publica , 33 : 391 – 400 .
  • Faria , N. M. , Victora , C. G. , Meneghel , S. N. , de Carvalho , L. A. and Falk , J. W. 2006 . Suicide rates in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: Association with socioeconomic, cultural, and agricultural factors . Cad. Saude Publica. , 22 : 2611 – 2621 .
  • FASE, Foundation for Advancements in Science and Education . 1996 . Exporting risks: Pesticide exports from US ports, 1992–1994 Los Angeles
  • FASE, Foundation for Advancements in Science and Education . 1998 . Exporting risks: Pesticide exports from US ports, 1995–1996 Los Angeles
  • Faure , C. , Mnie-Filali , O. and Haddjen , N. 2006 . Long-term adaptive changes induced by serotonergic antidepressant drugs . Exp. Rev. Neurother. , 6 : 235 – 245 .
  • Gunnell , D. , Fernando , R. , Hewagama , M. , Priyangika , W. D. , Konradsen , F. and Eddleston , M. 2007 . The impact of pesticide regulations on suicide in Sri Lanka . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 36 : 1235 – 1242 .
  • Huff , R. A. , Corcoran , J. J. , Anderson , J. K. and Abou-Donia , M. B. 1994 . Chlorpyrifos oxon binds directly to muscarinic receptors and inhibits cAMP accumulation in rat striatum . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , 269 : 329 – 335 .
  • IBGE, Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics. 2009. www.ibge.gov.br (http://www.ibge.gov.br) (Accessed: 05.27.09 ).
  • Jaga , K. and Dharmani , C. 2007 . The interrelation between organophosphate toxicity and the epidemiology of depression and suicide . Rev. Environ. Health , 22 : 57 – 73 .
  • Kamel , F. , Engel , L. S. , Gladen , B. C. , Hoppin , J. A. , Alavanja , M. C. and Sandler , D. P. 2007 . Neurologic symptoms in licensed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study . Hum. Exp. Toxicol. , 26 : 243 – 250 .
  • Kirby , M. L. , Barlow , R. L. and Bloomquist , J. R. 2002 . Selective effects of cyclodiene insecticides on dopamine release in mammalian synaptosomes . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 181 : 89 – 92 .
  • Kou , J. and Bloomquist , J. R. 2007 . Neurotoxicity in murine striatal dopaminergic pathways following long-term application of low doses of permethrin and MPTP . Toxicol. Lett. , 171 : 154 – 161 .
  • Kuter , K. , Smialowska , M. , Wieronska , J. , Zieba , B. , Wardas , J. , Pietraszek , M. , Nowak , P. , Biedka , I. , Roczniak , W. , Konieczny , J. , Wolfarth , S. and Ossowska , K. 2007 . Toxic influence of subchronic paraquat administration on dopaminergic neurons in rats . Brain Res. , 1155 : 196 – 207 .
  • Levin , K. A. and Leyland , A. H. 2005 . Urban/rural inequalities in suicide in Scotland, 1981–1999 . Soc. Sci. Med. , 60 : 2877 – 2890 .
  • Liu , J. and Pope , C. N. 1998 . Comparative presynaptic neurochemical changes in rat striatum following exposure to chlorpyrifos or parathion . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 53 : 531 – 544 .
  • London , L. , Flisher , A. J. , Wesseling , C. , Mergler , D. and Kromhout , H. 2005 . Suicide and exposure to organophosphate insecticides: Cause or effect? . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 47 : 308 – 321 .
  • Longnecker , M. P. , Rogan , W. J. and Lucier , G. 1997 . The human health effects of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and an overview of organochlorines in public health . Annu. Rev. Public Health , 18 : 211 – 244 .
  • Mariussen , E. and Fonnum , F. 2006 . Neurochemical targets and behavioral effects of organohalogen compounds: An update . Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 36 : 253 – 289 .
  • Matsuda , K. , Buckingham , S. D. , Kleier , D. , Rauh , J. J. , Grauso , M. and Sattelle , D. B. 2001 . Neonicotinoids: Insecticides acting on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors . Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , 22 : 573 – 580 .
  • Meyer , A. , Seidler , F. J. , Aldridge , J. E. , Tate , C. A. , Cousins , M. M. and Slotkin , T. A. 2004 . Critical periods for chlorpyrifos-induced developmental neurotoxicity: Alterations in adenylyl cyclase signaling in adult rat brain regions after gestational or neonatal exposure . Environ. Health Perspect. , 112 : 295 – 301 .
  • Meyer , A. , Seidler , F. J. , Cousins , M. M. and Slotkin , T. A. 2003b . Developmental neurotoxicity elicited by gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos: When is adenylyl cyclase a target? . Environ. Health Persp. , 111 : 1871 – 1876 .
  • Meyer , A. , Chrisman , J. R. , Moreira , J. C. and Koifman , S. 2003a . Cancer mortality among agricultural workers from Serrana region, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil . Environ. Res. , 93 : 264 – 271 .
  • Middleton , N. , Gunnell , D. , Frankel , S. , Whitley , E. and Dorling , D. 2003 . Urban–rural differences in suicide trends in young adults: England and Wales, 1981–1998 . Soc. Sci. Med. , 57 : 1183 – 1194 .
  • Miettinen , O. S. and Wang , J. D. 1981 . An alternative to the proportionate mortality ratio . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 114 : 144 – 148 .
  • Minayo , M. C. S. 2005 . “ Suicídio: violência auto-infligida ” . In Impacto da violência na saúde dos brasileiros , 205 – 240 . Brasília : Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigililância em Saúde .
  • Nemeroff , C. B. 1998 . The neurobiology of depression . Sci. Am. , 278 : 42 – 49 .
  • Nutt , D. J. 2002 . The neuropharmacology of serotonin and noradrenaline in depression . Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. , 17 ( suppl. 1 ) : S1 – S12 .
  • Olivier , K. Jr. , Liu , J. and Pope , C. 2001 . Inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation in vitro by paraoxon and chlorpyrifos oxon in cortical slices from neonatal, juvenile, and adult rats . J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. , 15 : 263 – 269 .
  • Paul , V. , Balasubramaniam , E. and Kazi , M. 1994 . The neurobehavioural toxicity of endosulfan in rats: A serotonergic involvement in learning impairment . Eur. J. Pharmacol. , 270 : 1 – 7 .
  • Pearce , J. , Barnett , R. and Jones , I. 2007 . Have urban/rural inequalities in suicide in New Zealand grown during the period 1980–2001? . Soc. Sci. Med. , 65 : 1807 – 1819 .
  • Pires , D. X. , Caldas , E. D. and Recena , M. C. P. 2005 . Pesticide use and suicide in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul . Brazil. Cad. Saude Publica , 21 : 598 – 605 .
  • Pope , C. N. 1999 . Organophosphorus pesticides: do they all have the same mechanism of toxicity? . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B , 2 : 161 – 181 .
  • Raines , K. W. , Seidler , F. J. and Slotkin , T. A. 2001 . Alterations in serotonin transporter expression in brain regions of rats exposed neonatally to chlorpyrifos . Dev. Brain Res. , 130 : 65 – 72 .
  • Ray , S. K. and Poddar , M. K. 1990 . Interaction of central serotonin and dopamine in the regulation of carbaryl-induced tremor . Eur. J. Pharmacol. , 181 : 159 – 166 .
  • Recena , M. C. P. , Pires , D. X. and Caldas , E. D. 2006 . Acute poisoning with pesticides in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil . Sci. Total Environ. , 357 : 88 – 95 .
  • Rehner , T. A. , Kolbo , J. R. , Trump , R. , Smith , C. and Reid , D. 2000 . Depression among victims of south Mississippi's methyl parathion disaster . Health Soc. Work , 25 : 33 – 40 .
  • Richardson , J. and Chambers , J. 2003 . Effects of gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos on postnatal central and peripheral cholinergic neurochemistry . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. , 66 : 275 – 289 .
  • Roberge , M. , Hakk , H. and Larsen , G. 2004 . Atrazine is a competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterase but does not affect the estrogen receptor . Toxicol. Lett. , 154 : 61 – 68 .
  • Salvi , R. M. , Lara , D. R. , Ghisolfi , E. S. , Portela , L. V. , Dias , R. D. and Souza , D. O. 2003 . Neuropsychiatric evaluation in subjects chronically exposed to organophosphate pesticides . Toxicol. Sci. , 72 : 267 – 271 .
  • Schuh , R. A. , Lein , P. J. , Beckles , R. A. and Jett , D. A. 2002 . Noncholinesterase mechanisms of chlorpyrifos neurotoxicity: Altered phosphorylation of Ca2+/cAMP response element binding protein in cultured neurons . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 182 : 176 – 185 .
  • Shafer , T. J. , Meyer , D. A. and Crofton , K. M. 2005 . Developmental neurotoxicity of pyrethroid insecticides: Critical review and future research needs . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 123 – 136 .
  • Shahroukhi , A. , Ghasemi , A. , Poorabdolhossein , F. , Asgari , A. and Khoshbaten , A. 2007 . The effect of paraoxon on GABA uptake in rat cerebellar synaptosomes . Med. Sci. Monit. , 13 : BR194 – BR199 .
  • Sharp , D. S. , Eskenazi , B. , Harrison , R. , Callas , P. and Smith , A. H. 1986 . Delayed health hazards of pesticide exposure . Annu. Rev. Public. Health , 7 : 441 – 471 .
  • Singh , G. K. and Siahpush , M. 2002 . Increasing rural–urban gradients in US suicide mortality, 1970–1997 . Am. J. Public. Health. , 92 : 1161 – 1167 .
  • Slotkin , T. A. and Seidler , F. J. 2007 . Comparative developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphates in vivo: transcriptional responses of pathways for brain cell development, cell signaling, cytotoxicity and neurotransmitter systems . Brain Res. Bull. , 72 : 232 – 274 .
  • Smith , C. 2001 . Pesticide exports from US ports, 1997–2000 . Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health , 7 : 226 – 274 .
  • Stallones , L. and Beseler , C. 2002 . Pesticide illness, farm practices, and neurological symptoms among farm residents in Colorado . Environ. Res. , 90 : 89 – 97 .
  • Tomizawa , M. and Casida , J. E. 2005 . Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: Mechanisms of selective action . Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. , 45 : 247 – 268 .
  • Uphouse , L. , Eckols , K. , Croissant , D. and Stewart , G. 1990 . Serotonergic changes following proestrous treatment with p,p’-DDT . Neurotoxicology , 11 : 533 – 538 .
  • van Wijngaarden , E. 2003 . An exploratory investigation of suicide and occupational exposure . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 45 : 96 – 101 .
  • Ward , T. R. and Mundy , W. R. 1996 . Organophosphorus compounds preferentially affect second messenger systems coupled to M2/M4 receptors in rat frontal cortex . Brain Res. Bull. , 39 : 49 – 55 .
  • White , K. J. , Walline , C. C. and Barker , E. L. 2005 . Serotonin transporters: Implications for antidepressant drug development . Am. Assoc. Pharmaceut. Sci. J. , 7 : E421 – 433 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.