342
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Characterization of Metal and Trace Element Contents of Particulate Matter (PM10) Emitted by Vehicles Running on Brazilian Fuels—Hydrated Ethanol and Gasoline with 22% of Anhydrous Ethanol

, , &
Pages 901-909 | Published online: 17 Jun 2010

REFERENCES

  • Artelt , S. , Kock , H. , König , H. P. , Levsen , K. and Rosner , G. 1999a . Engine dynamometer experiments: Platinum emissions from differently aged three-way catalytic converters . Atmos. Environ. , 33 : 3559 – 3567 .
  • Artelt , S. , Creutzenberg , O. , Kock , H. , Levsen , K. , Nachtigall , D. , Heinrich , U. , Rühle , T. and Schlögl , R. 1999b . Bioavailability of fine dispersed platinum as emitted from automotive catalytic converters: A model study . Sci. Total Environ. , 228 : 219 – 242 .
  • Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. 2005. NBR 6601: Road vehicles—Determinations of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide and particulate material on exhaust gas. Rio de Janeiro. http://www.abnt.org.br (http://www.abnt.org.br)
  • Cadle , S. H. , Mulawa , P. A. , Ball , J. , Danase , C. , Weibel , A. , Sagebiel , J. C. , Knapp , K. T. and Snow , R. 1997 . Particulate emission rates from in-use high-emitting vehicles recruited in Orange County, California . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 31 : 3405 – 3412 .
  • Carvalho-Oliveira , R. , Pozo , R. M. K. , Lobo , D. J. A. , Lichtenfels , A. J. F. C. , Martins-Junior , H. A. , Bustilho , J. O. W. V. , Saiki , M. , Sato , I. M. and Saldiva , P. H. N. 2005 . Diesel emissions significantly influence composition and mutagenicity of ambient particles: A case study in São Paulo. Brazil . Environ. Res. , 98 : 1 – 7 .
  • CETESB (Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo). 2007. Report of air quality in São Paulo State 2006. http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br (http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br)
  • Chellam , S. , Kulkarni , P. and Fraser , M. P. 2005 . Emissions of organic compounds and trace metals in fine particulate matter from motor vehicles: A tunnel study in Houston, Texas . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 55 : 60 – 72 .
  • Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente (Conama) . 2002 . “ Resolução n. 315, de 29 de outubro de 2002 ” . In New steps of control program for the air pollution by self-driven vehicles , Brasília, DF : Diário Oficial da União .
  • Dominici , F. , McDermott , A. , Daniels , M. , Zeger , S. L. and Samet , J. M. 2005 . Revised analysis of the national morbidity, mortality and air pollution study: Mortality among residents of 90 cities . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 68 : 1071 – 1092 .
  • Dreher , K. L. , Jaskot , R. H. , Lehmann , J. R. , Richard , J. H. , McGee , J. K. , Ghio , A. J. and Costa , D. L. 1997 . Soluble transition metals mediate residual oil fly ash induced acute lung injury . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 50 : 285 – 305 .
  • Geller , M. D. , Ntziachristos , L. , Mamakos , A. , Samaras , Z. , Schmitz , D. A. , Froines , J. R. and Sioutas , C. 2006 . Physicochemical and redox characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emitted from gasoline and diesel passenger cars . Atmos. Environ. , 40 : 6988 – 7004 .
  • Kitto , M. E. , Anderson , D. L. , Gordon , G. E. and Olmez , I. 1992 . Rare earth distributions in catalysts and airborne particles . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 26 : 1368 – 1374 .
  • Kleeman , M. J. , Schauer , J. J. and Cass , G. R. 2000 . Size and composition distribution of fine particulate matter emitted from motor vehicles . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 34 : 1132 – 1142 .
  • Krewski , D. and Rainham , D. 2007 . Ambient air pollution and population health: Overview . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 70 : 275 – 283 .
  • Krewski , D. , Burnett , R. , Jerrett , M. , Pope , C.A , Rainham , D. , Calle , E. , Thurston , G. and Thun , M. 2005 . Mortality and long-term exposure to ambient air pollution: Ongoing analysis based on the American Cancer Society cohort . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 68 : 1093 – 1109 .
  • Moldovan , M. , Palacios , M. A. , Gómez , M. M. , Morrison , G. , Rauch , S. , McLeod , C. , Ma , R. , Caroli , S. , Alimonti , A. , Petrucci , F. , Bocca , B. , Schramel , P. , Zischka , M. , Pettersson , C. , Wass , U. , Luna , M. , Saenz , J. C. and Santamaría , J. 2002 . Environmental risk of particulate and soluble platinum group elements released from gasoline and diesel engine catalytic converters . Sci. Total Environ. , 296 : 199 – 208 .
  • Morawska , L. and Zhang , J. J. 2002 . Combustion sources of particles. 1. Health relevance and source signatures . Chemosphere , 49 : 1045 – 1058 .
  • Morcelli , C. P. R. , Figueiredo , A. M. G. , Sarkis , J. E. S. , Enzweiler , J. , Kakazu , M. and Sigolo , J. B. 2005 . PGEs and other traffic-related elements in roadside soils from São Paulo. Brazil . Sci. Total Environ. , 345 : 81 – 91 .
  • Palacios , M. A. , Gómez , M. , Moldovan , M. , Morrison , G. , Rauch , S. , McLeod , C. , Ma , R. , Laserna , J. , Lucena , P. , Caroli , S. , Alimonti , A. , Petrucci , F. , Bocca , B. , Schramel , P. , Lustig , S. , Zischka , M. , Wass , U. , Stenbom , B. , Luna , M. , Saenz , J. C. , Santamaria , J. and Torrens , J. M. 2000 . Platinum-group elements: Quantification in collected exhaust fumes and studies of catalyst surfaces . Sci. Total Environ. , 257 : 1 – 15 .
  • Petrucci , F. , Bocca , B. , Alimonti , A. and Caroli , S. 2000 . Determination of Pd, Pt and Rh in airborne particulate and road dust by high resolution ICP-MS: A preliminary investigation of the emission from automotive catalysts in the urban area of Rome . J. Anal. Atomic Spectrom. , 15 : 525 – 528 .
  • Pope , C. A. III and Dockery , D. W. 2006 . Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 56 : 709 – 742 .
  • Pope , C. A. III , Burnett , R. T. , Thun , M. J. , Calle , E. E. , Krewski , D. , Ito , K. and Thurston , G. D. 2002 . Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 287 : 1132 – 1141 .
  • Ravindra , K. , Bencs , L. and Van Grieken , R. 2004 . Platinum group elements in the environment and their health risk . Sci. Total Environ. , 318 : 1 – 43 .
  • Saldiva , P. H. , Clarke , R. W. , Coull , B. A. , Stearns , R. C. , Lawrence , J. , Murthy , G. G. , Diaz , E. , Koutrakis , P. , Suh , H. , Tsuda , A. and Godleski , J. J. 2002 . Lung inflammation induced by concentrated ambient air particles is related to particle composition . Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 165 : 1610 – 1617 .
  • Sánchez-Ccoyllo , O. R. , Ynoue , R. Y. , Martins , L. D. , Astolfo , R. , Miranda , R. M. , Freitas , E. D. , Borges , A. S. , Fornaro , A. , Freitas , H. , Moreira , A. and Andrade , M. F. 2008 . Vehicular particulate matter emissions in road tunnels in São Paulo, Brazil . Environ. Monitor. Assess. , DOI 10.1007/s10661-008-0198-5
  • Silva , F. C. , Bergamasco , A. F. and Vendite , L. L. 2007 . Heavy metal transference models in sugar cane fertilized with urban waste compost . Eng. Agríc. , 27 : 119 – 128 .
  • Teixeira , L. S. G. , Bezerra , M. A. , Lemos , V. A. , Santos , H. C. , Jesus , D. S. and Costa , A. C. S. 2005 . Determination of copper, iron, nickel, and zinc in ethanol fuel by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using on-line preconcentration system . Separation Sci. Technol.. , 40 : 2555 – 2565 .
  • Valavanidis , A. , Salika , A. and Theodoropoulou , A. 2000 . Generation of hydroxyl radicals by urban suspended particulate air matter. The role of iron ions . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 2379 – 2386 .
  • Vedal , S. 1997 . Ambient particles and health: lines that divide . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 47 : 551 – 581 .
  • World Health Organization . 1991 . Environmental health criteria 125: Platinum , Geneva : International Programme on Chemical Safety .
  • Yang , C.-Y. , Chen , Y.-S. , Yang , C.-H. and Ho , S.-C. 2004 . Relationship between ambient air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Kaohsiung, Taiwan . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 67 : 483 – 493 .
  • Zereini , F. , Wiseman , C , Alt , F. , Messerschmidt , J. , Müller , J. and Urban , H. 2001 . Platinum and rhodium concentration in airborne particulate matter in Germany from 1988 to 1998 . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 35 : 1996 – 2000 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.