REFERENCES
- Angers , R. C. , Browning , S. R. , Seward , T. S. , Sigurdson , C. J. , Miller , M. W. , Hoover , E. A. and Telling , G. C. 2006 . Prions in skeletal muscles of deer with chronic wasting disease . Science , 311 : 1117
- Bartz , J. C. , Bessen , R. A. , McKenzie , D. , Marsh , R. F. and Aiken , J. M. 2000 . Adaptation and selection of prion protein strain conformations following interspecies transmission of transmissible mink encephalopathy . J. Virol. , 74 : 5542 – 5547 .
- Bartz , J. C. , Marsh , R. F. , McKenzie , D. I. and Aiken , J. M. 1998 . The host range of chronic wasting disease is altered on passage in ferrets . Virology , 251 : 297 – 301 .
- Belay , E. D. , Gambetti , P. , Schonberger , L. B. , Parchi , P. , Lyon , D. R. , Capellari , S. , McQuiston , J. H. , Bradley , K. , Dowdle , G. , Crutcher , J. M. and Nichols , C. R. 2001 . Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in unusually young patients who consumed venison . Arch. Neurol. , 58 : 1673 – 1678 .
- Belay , E. D. , Maddox , R. A. , Williams , E. S. , Miller , M. W. , Gambetti , P. and Schonberger , L. B. 2004 . Chronic wasting disease and potential transmission to humans . Emerg. Infect. Dis. , 10 : 977 – 984 .
- Benestad , S. L. , Sarradin , P. , Thu , B. , Schönheit , J. , Tranulis , M. A. and Bratberg , B. 2003 . Cases of scrapie with unusual features in Norway and designation of a new type, Nor98 . Vet Rec. , 153 : 202 – 208 .
- Bollinger, T., Zimmer, M., Hwang, Y. T., and Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre. 2008. Summary of CWD surveillance in wild cervids in Saskatchewan, 1997–March 2008 http://www.ccwhc.ca/en/cwd/chronic_wasting_disease.php#Figure1 (http://www.ccwhc.ca/en/cwd/chronic_wasting_disease.php#Figure1)
- Booth , S. , Bowman , C. , Baumgartner , R. , Dolenko , B. , Sorensen , G. , Robertson , C. , Coulthart , M. B. , Phillipson , C. and Somorjai , R. 2004 . Molecular classification of scrapie strains in mice using gene expression profiling . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 325 : 1339 – 1345 .
- Brandner , S. , Raeber , A. , Sailer , A. , Blattler , T. , Fischer , M. , Weissmann , C. and Aguzzi , A. 1996 . Normal host prion protein (PrPC) is required for scrapie spread within the central nervous system . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 93 : 13148 – 1451 .
- Brown , P. , Preece , M. , Brandel , J. P. , Sato , T. , McShane , L. , Zerr , I. , Fletcher , A. , Will , R. G. , Pocchiari , M. , Cashman , N. R. , d'Aignaux , J. H. , Cervenáková , L. , Fradkin , J. , Schonberger , L. B. and Collins , S. J. 2000 . Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease at the millennium . Neurology , 55 : 1075 – 1081 .
- Browning , S. R. , Mason , G.L. , Seward , T. , Green , M. , Eliason , G. A. , Mathiason , C. , Miller , M. W. , Williams , E. S. , Hoover , E. and Telling , G. C. 2004 . Transmission of prions from mule deer and elk with chronic wasting disease to transgenic mice expressing cervid PrP . J. Virol. , 78 : 13345 – 13350 .
- Bruce , M. E. 2003 . TSE strain variation . Br. Med. Bull. , 66 : 99 – 108 .
- Buschmann , A. , Biacabe , A. G. , Ziegler , U. , Bencsik , A. , Madec , J. Y. , Erhardt , G. , Lühken , G. , Baron , T. and Groschup , M. H. 2004 . Atypical scrapie cases in Germany and France are identified by discrepant reaction patterns in BSE rapid tests . J. Virol. Meth. , 117 : 27 – 36 .
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2007. OIE recognizes Canada's BSE surveillance and eradication programs. CFIA news release http://www.inspection.gc.ca/ englih/corpaffr/newcom/2007/20070522e.shtml (http://www.inspection.gc.ca/ englih/corpaffr/newcom/2007/20070522e.shtml)
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2008. Animal disease information http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/disemalae.shtml (http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/disemalae.shtml)
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2008. Enhanced animal health protection from BSE http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/enhren/enhrene.shtml (http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/enhren/enhrene.shtml)
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2008. Reportable diseases, immediately notifiable and annually notifiable diseases: A guide for the agri-food community and laboratories http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/guidee.shtml (http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/guidee.shtml)
- Carlson , G. A. , Ebeling , C. , Yang , S. L. , Telling , G. , Torchia , M. , Groth , D. , Westaway , D. , DeArmond , S. J. and Prusiner , S. B. 1994 . Prion isolate specified allotypic interactions between the cellular and scrapie prion proteins in congenic and transgenic mice . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 91 : 5690 – 5694 .
- Carlson , G. A. , Goodman , P. A. , Lovett , M. , Taylor , B. A. , Marshall , S. T. , Peterson-Torchia , M. , Westaway , D. and Prusiner , S.B. 1988 . Genetics and polymorphism of the mouse prion gene complex: Control of scrapie incubation time . Mol. Cell Biol. , 8 : 5528 – 5540 .
- Casalone , C. , Zanusso , G. , Acutis , P. , Ferrari , S. , Capucci , L. , Tagliavini , F. , Monaco , S. and Caramelli , M. 2004 . Identification of a second bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy: Molecular similarities with sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 101 : 3065 – 3070 .
- Cashman , N. R. 1997 . A prion primer . Can. Med. Assoc. J. , 157 : 1381 – 1385 .
- Cashman , N. , Clarke , R. , Clifford , J. , Hueston , W. , Krewski , D. and Sosa , I. R. 2009 . Protecting the public health from prions—A trinational dialogue . Environ. Forum , 26 : 46 – 51 .
- Castilla , J. , Saá , P. , Morales , R. , Abid , K. , Maundrell , K. and Soto , C. 2006 . Protein misfolding cyclic amplification for diagnosis and prion propagation studies . Methods Enzymol. , 412 : 3 – 21 .
- Chen , S. S. , Charlton , K. M. , Balachandran , A. V. , O'Connor , B. P. and Jenson , C. C. 1996 . Bovine spongiform encephalopathy identified in a cow imported to Canada from the United Kingdom—A case report . Can. Vet. J. , 37 : 38 – 40 .
- Collinge , J. , Palmer , M. S. and Dryden , A. J. 1991 . Genetic predisposition to iatrogenic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease . Lancet , 337 : 1441 – 1442 .
- Conner , M. M. , Miller , M. W. , Ebinger , M. R. and Burnham , K. P. 2007 . A meta-BACI approach for evaluating management intervention on chronic wasting disease in mule deer . Ecol. Appl. , 17 : 140 – 153 .
- Coulthart , M. B. and Cashman , N. R. 2001 . Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: A summary of current scientific knowledge in relation to public health . Can. Med. Assoc. J. , 165 : 51 – 58 .
- Department of Agriculture–Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service . 2006 . Chronic wasting disease herd certification program and interstate movement of farmed or captive deer, elk, and moose; Final rule . Fed. Reg. , 71 : 41681 – 707 .
- Editorial Team . 2007 . Fourth case of transfusion-associated vCJD infection in the United Kingdom . Eur. Surveill. , 12 : 3117
- Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. 2008. Canada's international market: Access report 2008. In Chapter 3: Current issues: BSE; Chapter 7: Opening doors to Asia; and Chapter 9: Opening doors to Latin America and the Caribbean http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/ITC_MarketAccess_Report_2008-en.pdf (http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/ITC_MarketAccess_Report_2008-en.pdf)
- Garuto , R. M. , Reiber , C. , Alfonso , M. P. , Gastrich , H. , Needham , K. , Walker , S. , Weeks , J. , Derosa , N. , Faisst , E. , Dunn , J. , Fanelli , K. and Shilkret , K. 2008 . Risk behaviors in a rural community with a known point-source exposure to chronic wasting disease . Environ. Health , 7 : 31
- Government of Saskatchewan. 2008. Environment: Chronic wasting disease (CWD), Summary of the Provincial CWD sampling effort 1997–2008 http://www.environment.gov.sk.ca/adx/aspx/adxGetMedia.aspx?DocID=1766,300,254,94,88,Documents&MediaID=1110&Filename=Summary+of+Provincial+Sampling+Effort+1997-2008.pdf (http://www.environment.gov.sk.ca/adx/aspx/adxGetMedia.aspx?DocID=1766,300,254,94,88,Documents&MediaID=1110&Filename=Summary+of+Provincial+Sampling+Effort+1997-2008.pdf)
- Happ , G. M. , Huson , H. J. , Beckmen , K. B. and Kennedy , L. J. 2007 . Prion protein genes in caribou from Alaska . J. Wildl. Dis. , 43 : 224 – 248 .
- Horwich , A. L. and Weissman , J. S. 1997 . Deadly conformations—Protein misfolding in prion disease . Cell , 89 : 499 – 510 .
- Hsiao , K. , Baker , H. F. , Crow , T. J. , Poulter , M. , Owen , F. , Terwilliger , J. D. , Westaway , D. , Ott , J. and Prusiner , S. B. 1989 . Linkage of a prion protein missense variant to Gerstmann–Sträussler syndrome . Nature , 338 : 342 – 345 .
- Industry Canada. 2007. Science and technology strategy http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/ic1.nsf/eng/h_00856.html (http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/ic1.nsf/eng/h_00856.html)
- Khalili-Shirazi , A. , Quaratino , S. , Londei , M. , Summers , L. , Tayebi , M. , Clarke , A. R. , Hawke , S. H. , Jackson , G. S. and Collinge , J. 2005 . Protein conformation significantly influences immune responses to prion protein . J. Immunol. , 174 : 3256 – 3263 .
- Klöhn , P. C. , Stoltze , L. , Flechsig , E. , Enari , M. and Weissmann , C. 2003 . A quantitative, highly sensitive cell-based infectivity assay for mouse scrapie prions . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 100 : 11666 – 11671 .
- Kong , Q. , Zheng , M. , Casalone , C. , Qing , L. , Huang , S. , Chakraborty , B. , Wang , P. , Chen , F. , Cali , I. , Corona , C. , Martucci , F. , Iulini , B. , Acutis , P. , Wang , L. , Liang , J. , Wang , M. , Li , X. , Monaco , S. , Zanusso , G. , Zou , W. Q. , Caramelli , M. and Gambetti , P. 2008 . Evaluation of the human transmission risk of an atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion strain . J. Virol. . , 82 : 3697 – 3701 .
- Kong , Q. , Huang , S. , Zou , W. , Vanegas , D. , Wang , M. , Wu , D. , Yuan , J. , Zheng , M. , Bai , H. , Deng , H. , Chen , K. , Jenny , A. L. , O'Rourke , K. , Belay , E. D. , Schonberger , L. B. , Petersen , R. B. , Sy , M. S. , Chen , S. G. and Gambetti , P. 2005 . Chronic wasting disease of elk: Transmissibility to humans examined by transgenic mouse models . J. Neurosci. , 25 : 7944 – 7949 .
- Kuczius , T. and Groschup , M. H. 1999 . Differences in proteinase K resistance and neuronal deposition of abnormal prion proteins characterize bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie strains . Mol. Med. , 5 : 406 – 418 .
- Legname , G. , Nguyen , H. O. , Baskakov , I. V. , Cohen , F. E. , Dearmond , S. J. and Prusiner , S. B. 2005 . Strain-specified characteristics of mouse synthetic prions . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 102 : 2168 – 2173 .
- Lemyre , L. , Gibson , S. , Markon , M. P. L. , Lee , J. E. C. , Brazeau , I. , Carroll , A. , Boutette , P. and Krewski , D. 2009 . Survey of public perceptions of prion disease risks in Canada: What does the public care about? . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 72 : 1113 – 1121 .
- Li , L. , Coulthart , M. B. , Balachandran , A. , Chakrabartty , A. and Cashman , N. R. 2007 . Species barriers for chronic wasting disease by in vitro conversion of prion protein . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 364 : 796 – 800 .
- Llewelyn , C. A. , Hewitt , P. E. , Knight , R. S. , Amar , K. , Cousens , S. , Mackenzie , J. and Will , R. G. 2004 . Possible transmission of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease by blood transfusion . Lancet , 363 : 417 – 421 .
- Lumley , J. CJD Incidents Panel, Engineering and Scientific Advisory Committee-Pr, National Blood Transfusion Committee, and Serious Hazards of Transfusion Committee. 2008. The impact of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease on surgical practice . Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl. , 90 91 – 94 .
- Mahal , S. P. , Baker , C. A. , Demczyk , C. A. , Smith , E. W. , Julius , C. and Weissmann , C. 2007 . Prion strain discrimination in cell culture: the cell panel assay . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 104 : 20908 – 20913 .
- Mahal , S. P. , Demczyk , C. A. , Smith , E. A. Jr. , Klohn , P. C. and Weissmann , C. 2008 . Assaying prions in cell culture: The standard scrapie cell assay (SSCA) and the scrapie cell assay in end point format (SCEPA) . Methods Mol. Biol. , 459 : 49 – 68 .
- Marsh , R. F. , Kincaid , A. E. , Bessen , R. A. and Bartz , J. C. 2005 . Interspecies transmission of chronic wasting disease prions to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) . J. Virol. , 79 : 13794 – 13796 .
- Mathiason , C. K. , Powers , J. G. , Dahmes , S. J. , Osborn , D. A. , Miller , K. V. , Warren , R. J. , Mason , G. L. , Hays , S. A. , Hayes-Klug , J. , Seelig , D. M. , Wild , M. A. , Wolfe , L. L. , Spraker , T. R. , Miller , M. W. , Sigurdson , C. J. , Telling , G. C. and Hoover , E. A. 2006 . Infectious prions in the saliva and blood of deer with chronic wasting disease . Science , 314 : 133 – 136 .
- Miles , S. and Frewer , L. J. 2003 . Public perception of scientific uncertainty in relation to food hazards . J. Risk Res. , 6 : 267 – 283 .
- Mitra , D. , Amaratunga , C. , Sutherns , R. , Pletsch , V. , Corneil , W. , Crowe , S. and Krewski , D. 2009 . The psychosocial and socioeconomic consequences of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): A community impact study . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 72 : 1106 – 1112 .
- Mitura , V. and Di Piétro , L. 2004 . Canada's beef cattle sector and the impact of BSE on farm family income 2000–2003 . Agriculture and Rural Working Paper Series , 69 : 1 – 35 . Working Paper No
- Moens , A. 2006 . Mad cow: A case study in Canadian–American relations , Fraser Institute Digital Publication .
- O'Neill , K. 2005 . How two cows make a crisis: US–Canada trade relations and mad cow disease . Am. Rev. Can. Stud. , 35 : 295 – 319 .
- Organization International des Epizooties. 2008. Number of reported cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in farmed cattle worldwide (excluding the United Kingdom) http://www.oie.int/Eng/Info/en_esbmonde.htm (http://www.oie.int/Eng/Info/en_esbmonde.htm)
- Owen , F. , Poulter , M. , Lofthouse , R. , Collinge , J. , Crow , T. J. , Risby , D. , Baker , H. F. , Ridley , R. M. , Hsiao , K. and Prusiner , S. B. 1989 . Insertion in prion protein gene in familial Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease . Lancet , 1 : 51 – 52 .
- Palmer , M. S. , Dryden , A. J. , Hughes , J. T. and Collinge , J. 1991 . Homozygous prion protein genotype predisposes to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease . Nature , 352 : 340 – 342 .
- Peden , A. H. and Ironside , J. W. 2004 . Review: pathology of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease . Folia Neuropathol. , 42 ( suppl. A ) : 85 – 91 .
- Peden , A. H. , Head , M. W. , Ritchie , D. L. , Bell , J. E. and Ironside , J. W. 2004 . Preclinical vCJD after blood transfusion in a PRNP codon 129 herterozygous patient . Lancet. , 364 : 527 – 529 .
- Poulin, D., and Boame, A. 2003. Mad cow disease and beef trade. Statistics Canada http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/11-621-MIE/11-621-MIE2003005.htm (http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/11-621-MIE/11-621-MIE2003005.htm)
- Priola , S. A. 1999 . Prion protein and species barriers in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies . Biomed. Pharmacother. , 53 : 27 – 33 .
- Priola , S. A. and Lawson , V. A. 2001 . Glycosylation influences cross-species formation of protease-resistant prion protein . EMBO J. , 20 : 6692 – 6699 .
- PrioNet Canada. 2008. Baden meeting 2008 http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=4&app=137&cat1=546&tp=2&lk=no&title=Baden+Meeting+2008 (http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=4&app=137&cat1=546&tp=2&lk=no&title=Baden+Meeting+2008)
- PrioNet Canada. 2009. From Baden to Banff 2009 http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=4&app=137&cat1=614&tp=2&lk=no&title=From+Baden+to+Banff+2009 (http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=4&app=137&cat1=614&tp=2&lk=no&title=From+Baden+to+Banff+2009)
- Prusiner , S. B. 1982a . Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie . Science , 216 : 136 – 144 .
- Prusiner , S. B. 1982b . Research on scrapie . Lancet , 2 : 494 – 495 .
- Prusiner , S. B. 1991 . Molecular biology of prion diseases . Science , 252 : 1515 – 1522 .
- Prusiner , S. B. 1998 . Prions . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 95 : 13363 – 13383 .
- Race , R. , Meade-White , K. , Raines , A. , Raymond , G. J. , Caughey , B. and Chesebro , B. 2002 . Subclinical scrapie infection in a resistant species: Persistence, replication, and adaptation of infectivity during four passages . J. Infect. Dis. , 186 ( suppl. 2 ) : S166 – S170 .
- Raymond , G. J. , Bossers , A. , Raymond , L. D. , O'Rourke , K. I. , McHolland , L. E. , Bryant , P. K. 3rd , Miller , M. W. , Williams , E. S. , Smits , M. and Caughey , B. 2000 . Evidence of a molecular barrier limiting susceptibility of humans, cattle and sheep to chronic wasting disease . EMBO J. , 19 : 4425 – 4430 .
- Raymond , G. J. , Hope , J. , Kocisko , D. A. , Priola , S. A. , Raymond , L. D. , Bossers , A. , Ironside , J. , Will , R. G. , Chen , S. G. , Petersen , R. B. , Gambetti , P. , Rubenstein , R. , Smits , M. A. , Lansbury , P. T. Jr. and Caughey , B. 1997 . Molecular assessment of the potential transmissibilities of BSE and scrapie to humans . Nature , 388 : 285 – 288 .
- Raymond , G. J. , Raymond , L. D. , Meade-White , K. D. , Hughson , A. G. , Favara , C. , Gardner , D. , Williams , E. S. , Miller , M. W. , Race , R. E. and Caughey , B. 2007 . Transmission and adaptation of chronic wasting disease to hamsters and transgenic mice: Evidence for strains . J. Virol. , 81 : 4305 – 4314 .
- Saborio , G. P. , Permanne , B. and Soto , C. 2001 . Sensitive detection of pathological prion protein by cyclic amplification of protein misfolding . Nature , 411 : 810 – 813 .
- Safar , J. G. , Lessard , P. , Tamgüney , G. , Freyman , Y. , Deering , C. , Letessier , F. , Dearmond , S. J. and Prusiner , S. B. 2008 . Transmission and detection of prions in feces . J. Infect. Dis. , 198 : 81 – 89 .
- Sigurdson , C. J. 2008 . A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease . Vet. Res. , 39 : 41
- Sigurdson , C. J. , Nilsson , K. P. , Hornemann , S. , Manco , G. , Polymenidou , M. , Schwarz , P. , Leclerc , M. , Hammarström , P. , Wüthrich , K. and Aguzzi , A. 2007 . Prion strain discrimination using luminescent conjugated polymers . Nat. Methods , 4 : 1023 – 1030 .
- Skinner , P. J. , Abbassi , H. , Chesebro , B. , Race , R. E. , Reilly , C. and Haase , A. T. 2006 . Gene expression alterations in brains of mice infected with three strains of scrapie . BMC Genom. , 7 : 114
- Smith , A. , Young , J. and Gibson , J. 1999 . How now, mad cow? Consumer confidence and source credibility during the 1996 BSE scare . Eur. J. Market. , 33 : 1107 – 1122 .
- Supattapone , S. 2004 . Prion protein conversion in vitro . J. Mol. Med. , 82 : 348 – 356 .
- Viles , J. H. , Donne , D. , Kroon , G. , Prusiner , S. B. , Cohen , F. E. , Dyson , H. J. and Wright , P. E. 2001 . Local structural plasticity of the prion protein. Analysis of NMR relaxation dynamics . Biochemistry , 40 : 2743 – 2753 .
- Weissmann , C. 1994 . Molecular biology of prion diseases . Trends Cell. Biol. , 4 : 10 – 14 .
- Westaway , D. , Goodman , P. A. , Mirenda , C. A. , McKinley , M. P. , Carlson , G. A. and Prusiner , S. B. 1987 . Distinct prion proteins in short and long scrapie incubation period mice . Cell , 51 : 651 – 662 .
- Williams , E. S. and Young , S. 1980 . Chronic wasting disease of captive mule deer: a spongiform encephalopathy . J. Wildl. Dis. , 16 : 89 – 98 .
- Yamakawa , Y. , Hagiwara , K. , Nohtomi , K. , Nakamura , Y. , Nishijima , M. , Higuchi , Y. , Sato , Y. and Sata , T. 2003 . Atypical proteinase K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) observed in an apparently healthy 23-month-old Holstein steer . Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. , 56 : 221 – 222 . Expert Committee for BSE Diagnosis, and Ministry of Health–Labour and Welfare of Japan
- Yuan , J. , Xiao , X. , McGeehan , J. , Dong , Z. , Cali , I. , Fujioka , H. , Kong , Q. , Kneale , G. , Gambetti , P. and Zou , W. Q. 2006 . Insoluble aggregates and protease-resistant conformers of prion protein in uninfected human brains . J. Biol. Chem. , 281 : 34848 – 34858 .