In vitro Human Epidermal Penetration of 1-Bromopropane

REFERENCES

• Aboud , J.-L. M. and Notario , R. 1999 . Critical compilation of scales of solvent parameters. Part I. Pure, non-hydrogen bond donor solvents . Pure Appl. Chem. , 71 : 645 – 718 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banu , S. , Ichihara , S. , Huang , F. , Ito , H. , Inaguma , Y. , Furuhashi , K. , Fukunaga , Y. , Wang , O. , Kitoh , J. , Ando , H. , Kikkawa , F. and Ichihara , G. 2007 . Reversibility of the adverse effects of 1-bromopropane exposure in rats . Toxicol. Sci. , 100 : 504 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berner , B. , Juang , R.-H. and Mazzenga , G. C. 1989 . Ethanol and water sorption into stratum corneum and model systems . J. Pharm. Sci. , 78 : 472 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blando , J. D. , Schill , D. P. , De La Cruz , M. P. , Zhang , L. and Zhang , J. 2010 . Preliminary study of propyl bromide exposure among New Jersey dry cleaners as a result of a pending ban on perchloroethylene . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 60 : 1049 – 1056 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. 2000. ESAC statement on the application of the EpiDerm human skin model for skin corrosivity testing. European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. http://ecvam.jrc.ec.europa.eu/publication/Epi Derm_statement.pdf (http://ecvam.jrc.ec.europa.eu/publication/Epi Derm_statement.pdf) (Accessed: 14 March 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Atochem , Elf . 1998 . Acute dermal toxicity in rats. n-Propyl bromide. CIT/Study No. 13113 TAR. N-propyl bromide. Paris: Elf Atochem. Available in public docket A-91-42 , Washington, DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Frasch , H. F. and Barbero , A. M. 2005 . Application of solid-phase microextraction to in vitro skin permeation experiments: example using diethyl phthalate . Toxicol. In Vitro , 19 : 253 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frasch , H. F. and Barbero , A. M. 2008 . The transient dermal exposure: Theory and experimental examples using skin and silicone membranes . J. Pharm. Sci. , 97 : 1578 – 1592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frasch , H. F. and Barbero , A. M. 2009 . A paired comparison between human skin and hairless guinea pig skin in vitro permeability and lag time measurements for 6 industrial chemicals . Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol. , 28 : 107 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fueta , Y. , Ishidao , T. , Kasai , T. , Hori , H. and Arashid , K. 2000 . Decreased paired-pulse inhibition in the dentate gyrus of the brain in rats exposed to 1-bromopropane vapor . J. Occup. Health , 42 : 149 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuhashi , K. , Kitoh , J. , Tsukamura , H. , Maeda , K. , Wang , H. , Li , W. , Ichihara , S. , Nakajima , T. and Ichihara , G. 2006 . Effects of exposure of rat dams to 1-bromopropane during pregnancy and lactation on growth and sexual maturation of their offspring . Toxicology , 224 : 219 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley , K. W. , Petersen , M. R. , Curwin , B. D. and Sanderson , E. T. 2006 . Urinary bromide and breathing zone concentrations of 1-Bromopropane from workers exposed to flexible foam spray adhesives . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 50 : 599 – 607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hikima , T. and Maibach , H. 2006 . Skin penetration flux and lag-time of steroids across hydrated and dehydrated human skin in vitro . Biol. Pharm. Bull. , 29 : 2270 – 2273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICCVAM. 2002. ICCVAM Evaluation of EPISKIN™, EpiDerm™ (EPI-200), and the Rat Skin Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance (TER) Assay: In vitro test methods for assessing the dermal corrosivity potential of chemicals. Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods and National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences NIH Publication No. 02-4502. http://iccvam.niehs.nih.gov/methods/dermal/ epiderm.htm (http://iccvam.niehs.nih.gov/methods/dermal/ epiderm.htm) (Accessed: 14 March 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Ichihara , G. , Kitoh , J. , Yu , X. , Asaeda , N. , Iwai , H. , Kumazawa , T. , Kumazawa , T. , Shibata , E. , Yamada , T. , Wang , H. , Xie , Z. and Takeuchi , Y. 2000a . 1-Bromopropane, an alternative to ozone depleting solvents, is dose dependently neurotoxic to rats in long-term inhalation exposure . Toxicol. Sci. , 55 : 116 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichihara , G. , Yu , X. , Kitoh , J. , Asaeda , N. , Kumazawa , T. , Iwai , H. , Shibata , E. , Yamada , T. , Wang , H. , Xie , Z. , Maeda , K. , Tsukamura , H. and Takeuchi , Y. 2000b . Reproductive toxicity of 1-bromopropane, a newly introduced alternative to ozone layer depleting solvents, in male rats . Toxicol. Sci. , 54 : 416 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichihara , G. , Miller , J. K. , Ziolkowska , A. , Itoharai , S. and Takeuchi , Y. 2002 . Neurological disorders in three workers exposed to 1-bromopropane . J. Occup. Health , 44 : 1 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichihara , G. , Li , W. , Ding , X. , Peng , S. , Yu , X. , Shibata , E. , Yamada , T. , Wang , H. , Itohara , S. , Kanno , S. , Sakai , K. , Ito , H. , Kanefusa , K. and Takeuchi , Y. 2004a . A survey on exposure level, health status, and biomarkers in workers exposed to 1-bromopropane . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 45 : 63 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichihara , G. , Li , W. , Shibata , E. , Ding , X. , Wang , H. , Liang , Y. , Peng , S. , Itohara , S. , Kamijima , M. , Fan , Q. , Zhang , Y. , Zhong , E. , Wu , X. , Valentine , W. M. and Takeuchi , Y. 2004b . Neurologic abnormalities in workers of a 1-bromopropane factory . Environ. Health Perspect. , 112 : 1319 – 1325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , H. Y. , Chung , Y. H. , Jeong , J. H. , Lee , T. M. , Sur , G. S. and Kang , J. K. 1999 . Acute and repeated inhalation toxicity of 1-bromopropane in SD rats . J. Occup. Health , 41 : 121 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , S. K. , Jo , S. W. , Jeon , T. W. , Jun , I. H. , Jin , C. H. , Kin , G. H. , Lee , D. J. , Kim , T. O. , Lee , E. S. and Jeong , T. C. 2005 . Hepatotoxic effect of 1-bromopropane and its conjugation with glutathione in male ICR mice . Arch. Pharm. Res. , 28 : 1177 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , S. K. , Jeon , T. W. , Jeong , Y. B. S. G. and Jeong , T. C. 2007 . Role of glutathione conjugation in the hepatotoxicity and immunotoxicity induced by 1-bromopropane in female BALB/c mice . J. Appl. Toxicol. , 27 : 358 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , S. K. , Kang , M. J. , Jeon , T. W. , Ha , H. W. , Yoo , J. W. , Ko , G. S. , Kang , W. , Jeong , H. G. , Lyoo , W. S. and Jeong , T. C. 2010 . Role of metabolism in 1-bromopropane-induced hepatotoxicity in mice . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 73 : 1431 – 1440 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , W. , Shibata , E. , Zhou , Z. , Ichihara , S. , Wang , H. , Wang , Q. , Li , J. , Zhang , L. , Wakai , K. , Takeuchi , Y. , Ding , X. and Ichihara , G. 2010 . Dose-dependent neurologic abnormalities in workers exposed to 1-bromopropane . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 52 : 769 – 777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , F. , Ichihara , S. , Mohideen , S. S. , Sai , U. , J. Kitoh , J. and Ichihara , G. 2009 . Comparative study on susceptibility to 1-bromopropane in three mice strains . Toxicol. Sci. , 112 : 100 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnusson , B. M. , Pugh , W. J. and Roberts , M. S. 2004 . Simple rules defining the potential of compounds for transdermal delivery or toxicity . Pharm. Res. , 21 : 1047 – 1054 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majersik , J. J. , Caravati , E. M. and Steffens , J. D. 2007 . Severe neurotoxicity associated with exposure to the solvent 1-bromopropane (n-propyl bromide) . Clin. Toxicol. , 45 : 270 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2001. NIOSH health hazard evaluation report: HETA # 2000-0233-2845; Trilithic, Inc.; Indianapolis, IN. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. January 2001 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/ 2000-0233-2845.pdf (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/ 2000-0233-2845.pdf) (Accessed: 8 March 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2002a. NIOSH health hazard evaluation report: HETA # 98-0153-2883; Custom Products, Inc.; Mooresville, NC. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. November 2002. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/1998-0153-2883.pdf (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/1998-0153-2883.pdf) (Accessed: 8 March 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2002b. NIOSH health hazard evaluation report: HETA #2000-0410-2891; STN Cushion Company; Thomasville, NC. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. August 2002. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/ 2000-0410-2891.pdf (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/ 2000-0410-2891.pdf) (Accessed: 8 March 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2003. NIOSH health hazard evaluation report: HETA #99-0260-2906; Marx Industries, Inc.; Sawmills, NC. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. June 2003. http:// www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/ 1999-0260-2906.pdf (http:// www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/ 1999-0260-2906.pdf) (Accessed: 8 March 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2009. Current intelligence bulletin 61: A strategy for assigning new NIOSH skin notations. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2009-147. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-147/pdfs/2009-147.pdf (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-147/pdfs/2009-147.pdf) (Accessed: 8 March 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2010. Health hazard evaluation report: Evaluation of 1-bromopropane use in four NJ commercial dry cleaning facilities, various locations, NJ. By Eisenberg J, Ramsey J. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH HETA No. 2008-0175-3111. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/ 2008-0175-3111.pdf (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/ 2008-0175-3111.pdf) (Accessed: 8 March 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• National Toxicology Program . 2004 . NTP-CERHR Expert Panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of 1-bromopropane . Reprod. Toxicol. , 18 : 157 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Toxicology Program. 2009. Technical report (TR)-564: Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of 1-bromopropane in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Preliminary findings. http://ntp. niehs.nih.gov/ntp/about_ntp/BSC/TRRS/2009/ November/Board_Drafts/TR564_WEB.pdf (http://ntp. niehs.nih.gov/ntp/about_ntp/BSC/TRRS/2009/ November/Board_Drafts/TR564_WEB.pdf) (Accessed: 8 March 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 2004. OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals # 428. Skin absorption: In vitro methods. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/ environment/test-no-428-skin-absorption-in-vitro-method_9789264071087-en (http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/ environment/test-no-428-skin-absorption-in-vitro-method_9789264071087-en) (Accessed: 13 May 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Perrone , J. , Marcus , S. M. , Blando , J. D. , Schill , D. , Trout , D. , Hanley , K. , Schulte , P. , Geraci , G. S. , Dotson , C. L. , Curran , C. , Mead , K. R. and Myers , D. V. 2008 . Neurologic illness associated with occupational exposure to the solvent 1-bromopropane—New Jersey and Pennsylvania (2007–2008) . Mortal. Morbid. Week. Rep. , 57 : 1300 – 1302 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raymond , L. W. and Ford , M. D. 2007 . Severe illness in furniture makers using a new glue: 1-Bromopropane toxicity confounded by arsenic . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 49 : 1009 – 1019 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sclar , G. 1999 . Encephalomyeloradiculoneuropathy following exposure to an industrial solvent . Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. , 101 : 199 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah , D. K. , Khandavilli , S. and Panchagnula , R. 2008 . Alteration of skin hydration and its barrier function by vehicle and permeation enhancers: A study using TGA, FTIR, TEWL and drug permeation as markers . Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. , 30 : 499 – 512 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith , E. B. 2005 . Basic chemical thermodynamics , 5th , 45 – 48 . London : Imperial College Press .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. Risk management program guidance for offsite consequence analysis. U.S. EPA publication EPA-550-B-99-009. http://www.epa.gov/oem/docs/chem/oca-all.pdf (http://www.epa.gov/oem/docs/chem/oca-all.pdf) (Accessed: 8 March 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2003 . Protection of stratospheric ozone: Listing of substitutes for ozone-depleting substances—n-Propyl bromide; Proposed rule . Fed. Reg. (part III, 40 CFR part 82) , 68 ( 106 ) : 33284 – 33316 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , P. D. , Sahmel , J. , Knutsen , J. , Spencer , J. and Bunge , A. L. 2011 . Dermal absorption of benzene in occupational settings: Estimating flux and applications for risk assessment . Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 41 : 111 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalkowsky , S. H. and He , Y. 2003 . Handbook of aqueous solubility data , Vol. 68 , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar